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PubMed1996

Effectiveness of a family skills training program for substance use prevention with inner city African-American families.

The effectiveness of the Safe Haven Program for the prevention of substance use, a family skills training program for African-American families, was evaluated through a nonequivalent comparison, repeated measures, quasi-experimental design which included pre- and posttest parent and child interviews, including the Moos Family Environment Scale and the Achenbock and Edelbrock Child Behavior Checklist. The results indicate that the Safe Haven Program is effective in increasing parenting efficacy and behaviors toward children, improving the childrens' risk and protective factors and behaviors, and supporting treatment reductions in the parent and family illegal substance use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of two perceptual voice evaluation training programs for naive listeners.

Studies have raised concerns about the reliability of traditional clinical perceptual voice evaluation. References, training, and the analysis-by-synthesis method were proposed to improve this reliability. However, no study has directly compared the effectiveness of these methods. This study compared two training programs that are based on an anchors method and a paired comparison method. The aim of the programs was to improve the ability of naive listeners to detect subtle differences in breathiness. This study found that trained listeners showed significant improvement after training. Equivocal results were found as to which of these training methods was more effective. However, it is suggested that listeners should be trained before they use the analysis-by-synthesis method. The findings of this study provided more information on developing the theoretical framework proposed by Kreiman et al, in particular the "nature" of the internal representations of voice quality. An exemplar-based approach for processing breathiness is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs.

The effects of adding L-carnitine to a whole-body and respiratory training program were determined in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Sixteen COPD patients (66 +/- 7 years) were randomly assigned to L-carnitine (CG) or placebo group (PG) that received either L-carnitine or saline solution (2 g/day, orally) for 6 weeks (forced expiratory volume on first second was 38 +/- 16 and 36 +/- 12%, respectively). Both groups participated in three weekly 30-min treadmill and threshold inspiratory muscle training sessions, with 3 sets of 10 loaded inspirations (40%) at maximal inspiratory pressure. Nutritional status, exercise tolerance on a treadmill and six-minute walking test, blood lactate, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory muscle strength were determined as baseline and on day 42. Maximal capacity in the incremental exercise test was significantly improved in both groups (P < 0.05). Blood lactate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and heart rate at identical exercise levels were lower in CG after training (P < 0.05). Inspiratory muscle strength and walking test tolerance were significantly improved in both groups, but the gains of CG were significantly higher than those of PG (40 +/- 14 vs 14 +/- 5 cmH2O, and 87 +/- 30 vs 34 +/- 29 m, respectively; P < 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in CG than in PG (1.6 +/- 0.7 vs 2.3 +/- 0.7 mM, P < 0.05). The present data suggest that carnitine can improve exercise tolerance and inspiratory muscle strength in COPD patients, as well as reduce lactate production.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Curricula of associate degree mental health/human-services training programs.

Over 100 community college programs engaged in training people for mental health/human-services employment were studied in order to describe the curriculum most generally offered and variations most frequently found. In general, the programs have developed similarly: major emphasis on experiential learning of group dynamics, on techniques of interpersonal assistance, and on apprenticeship field work experience; and lesser emphasis on the organizational aspects of care and on relevant theoretical literature. Nevertheless, substantial differences exist between programs; for example, the specialization of the curriculum, the credit awarded for field work experience, and the types of settings used for field placements.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

Effects of an intensive 12-wk training program by elite swimmers on neutrophil oxidative activity.

The effects of an intensive 12-wk training program by 12 national-level swimmers on neutrophil oxidative activity were studied. Eleven sedentary (untrained) subjects (6 males and 5 females) served as environmental controls. Blood samples (10 ml) were taken at rest from an antecubital vein and neutrophils isolated by standard separation techniques. The oxidative burst activity of isolated neutrophils was assessed with an in vitro flow cytometric assay that used the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123. Two-way ANOVA (repeated measures) showed that oxidative activity was lower (P < 0.05) in the elite swimmers compared with the sedentary control group across the 12-wk period. Analysis of cells from swimmers in training was made: repeated measures ANOVA provided evidence of a significant decline (P < 0.05) in the number of cells responding positively ito in vitro challenge. Despite this decline, there was no significant difference in self-reported upper respiratory tract infection rate between the swimmers and sedentary individuals. These data show that: (i) elite swimmers undertaking intensive training have a significantly lower neutrophil oxidative activity at rest than do age- and sex-matched sedentary individuals; (ii) aspects of oxidative activity in swimmers are further suppressed during periods of strenuous training, and (iii) the extent of the suppression does not appear to be of clinical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fellowship training programs in blood banking and transfusion medicine: results of a national survey.

This report details the results of a 1995 survey of the 40 fellowship training programs in blood banking and transfusion medicine in the United States approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Fellows primarily enter transfusion medicine training after completing a pathology residency, and are subsequently employed in an academic or university setting, or a blood donor center. Program directors indicated that either the current level, or fewer, transfusion medicine specialists will be needed in the future. The educational content of fellowship training was examined, as well as aspects of proficiency and competency in several areas. Research is an important part of most fellowship programs, and a majority of program directors felt that some formal training in clinical medicine should be a part of fellowship training in transfusion medicine. The information obtained from this survey should be helpful to both fellowship applicants and program directors in delineating important aspects of fellowship training in blood banking and transfusion medicine.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed2006

Movement disorders fellowship training program at Columbia University Medical Center in 2001-2002.

Data regarding the clinical experience of movement disorders subspecialty training are currently not available. In order to provide information to help design a well-rounded clinical experience, we reviewed the number and types of patients seen by all clinical movement disorders fellows over the course of 1 year at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC). We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients seen by four full-time clinical fellows and one part-time fellow during the 2001-2002 academic year, using billing records to tabulate all clinic visits and patient charts to certify diagnosis. One thousand six hundred sixty-two patients (1,132 new and 530 follow-ups) were seen by five fellows. Each full-time fellow evaluated and treated a mean of 263 new patients, 116 follow-up patients, and 15 in-patient consultations. The part-time clinical fellow evaluated and treated 81 new patients and 65 follow-up patients. Approximately half of the new patients had idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Full-time fellows saw equivalent numbers of patients but they evaluated few patients with uncommon movement disorders. Weekly video rounds allowed all fellows to see many more patients, aiding the recognition of movement phenomenology and enhancing understanding of diagnoses and treatment strategies. Thus, CUMC fellows evaluate a large number of patients with a wide range of diagnoses within a 1-year period. Video rounds allow greater exposure to uncommon diagnoses. Similar data from other movement disorder training programs are needed to help create guidelines for formal accreditation and to improve clinical training in this subspecialty.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1999

Incorporating a developmental perspective in doctoral training: survey of clinical child psychology training programs and introduction to the special section.

Examined the degree to which clinical child programs incorporate and integrate developmental theory into their training, and introduced the contributions of 6 leaders in the field to this special section. Fifty-one clinical child doctoral programs responded to the survey. Results indicate that 3 types of training programs are operating: (a) child emphasis (n = 7), which do not have a formal clinical child training program but do have a faculty member who has child research interests; (b) clinical child (n = 37), which have a group of faculty members with specific child research and clinical interests and a formalized program of study; and (c) developmental-clinical programs (n = 7), which are similar to clinical child programs but require a substantive amount of developmental psychology course work and endorse a developmental psychopathology perspective. Findings reveal that clinical child programs have become increasingly differentiated and specialized over the past 20 years, but, with the exception of developmental-clinical programs, most programs are still neglecting to incorporate developmental theory into training. This issue, as well as concerns about the future direction of clinical child doctoral training is addressed in this special section on the Importance of Incorporating Developmental Theory Into Clinical Child Training.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of a manager training program on sanitary conditions in restaurants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a food manager training and certification program in increasing compliance with restaurant sanitary codes. METHODS: Using routine sanitary inspection records, the authors compared pre- and post-training inspection scores for 94 restaurants falling into three groups: a "mandatory" group (managers' attendance was mandated for these restaurants); a "voluntary" group (managers attended the training voluntarily); and a control group (no staff attended the training program). RESULTS: Restaurants for which managers were mandated to attend a training and certification program demonstrated a significant improvement in inspection scores, an improvement that was sustained over a two-year follow-up period. The mean inspection scores for a control group did not change significantly over time. However, improvements were not noted in all areas of food safety. CONCLUSIONS: Food manager training and certification programs may be an effective way to improve the sanitary conditions of restaurants and reduce the spread of foodborne illnesses.

Boston↗
PubMed2002

Strategies used by interdisciplinary rural health training programs to assure community responsiveness and recruit practitioners.

In this article, the strategies used by five US rural interdisciplinary training grant programs to respond to local needs and to promote recruitment in rural communities are described. The programs provide training to 17 health care disciplines and serve disadvantaged Hispanic, African-American, Amish, Native American, and Anglo populations. Four programs are based in academic institutions; one is based in a community health center. The programs provide services to the rural communities through individual clinical or case management services, population-level interventions, and collaborative research. All programs use specific mechanisms (e.g. case conferences or participation in local coalitions) to facilitate collaboration with residents and to link student activities with community or individual needs. Unique strategies include the use of problem-based learning and community health workers on the interdisciplinary team to increase responsiveness. The programs also provide educational support to students while they work in the rural communities. Finally, the primary strategy used to promote recruitment is the training experience in rural communities. The programs also appear to indirectly improve the environment of rural practice.

Case Management↗
PubMed1987

Applicants' choice of a residency training program.

The authors present results from a survey of senior medical students in the class of 1981 concerning their selection of residency training programs in psychiatry. Generally, students were more influenced by clinical training opportunities and quality of life factors and not much influenced by the philosophy of the program. The implications of the findings are discussed from the perspectives of both advising and recruiting medical students.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sources of information on postgraduate medical training programs - 2004 update.

This is the biennial update listing directories, journal articles, Web sites, and general books that aid the librarian, house officer, or medical student in finding information on medical residency and fellowship programs. The World Wide Web provides the most current and complete source of information about postgraduate training programs and specialties. This update goes beyond postgraduate training resources to include selected Web sites and books on resume writing, practice management, personal financial issues, the "Match," exam preparation, job hunting, and the DEA license application process. Print resources are included if they provide information not on the Internet or have features that are particularly useful. The Internet continues to be a major marketing tool for hospitals seeking to recruit the best and brightest for their residency and fellowship programs. Even the smallest community hospital usually has a presence on the 'Net.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2002

An interdisciplinary cancer prevention and control training program in public health.

Description. From 1988 through September 2001 the Cancer Prevention and Control Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham has supported 52 pre- and postdoctoral trainees in Public Health disciplines, with 31% of the trainees members of minority groups (21% African Americans). Strengths of the program are director, co-director, and advisor accessibility, latitude in selecting research topics, and focus on prevention and control. Public health trainees have co-authored 135 publications and made 141 other professional contributions. The program plans to add trainees in outcomes research and a second advisor for each trainee to enhance its inherent interdisciplinarity.

Alabama↗
PubMed1996

Career characteristics of graduates of a Medical Scientist Training Program, 1970-1990.

PURPOSE: To describe the career characteristics of the graduates of the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) at Duke University School of Medicine. METHOD: Surveys and information at administrative offices were used to collect data on all the 1970-1990 MSTP graduates in the summer of 1995. Of the 147 graduates, all but three had completed postgraduate training. In addition, data were available for 35 recent graduates (1991-1995), most of whom were in transition from training and fellowship positions to career positions. RESULTS: Of the 144 graduates from 1970 through 1990, 84 (58%) had selected careers in internal medicine or pathology. A total of 106 (74%) were involved in careers in academic medicine or research. Of these, 87 (82%) held full-time faculty appointments and devoted major efforts to basic or clinical research. Of this group, 59 (68%) were primary investigators receiving grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Of the 12 women graduates, 11 had careers in academic medicine or research, and seven were primary investigators on NIH grants. At the present time, 11 of 43 (26%) of the matriculating MSTP students are women. Five of the seven underrepresented-minority students in the MSTP have entered in the last five years. CONCLUSION: This study reinforces and extends previous conclusions concerning the success of federally funded MSTPs in producing physician scientists who compete favorably for NIH funding.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1992

Effects of a 1-year exercise training program on myocardial ischemia in patients after myocardial infarction.

To determine the effects of exercise training on exercise-induced ischemia in patients following myocardial infarction, the experience of 13 patients with exercise-induced ST depression, who were moderate-to-high intensity trained for 1 year, has evaluated. After training, the maximum ST depression was significantly less (1.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.8 mm; p < 0.01), despite an increased maximal rate-pressure product (RPP; heart rate x blood pressure/100; 241.3 +/- 44 vs. 262.0 +/- 58; p < 0.01). For the onset of 0.1 mV of ST depression, we found a significant increase in RPP from 204.1 +/- 34.7 to 234.1 +/- 49.4 (p < 0.01) and also in heart rate (117.1 +/- 15.1 vs. 125.1 +/- 21.7 b.p.m.; p < 0.05), blood pressure (167.6 +/- 18 vs. 180.3 +/- 18 mm Hg; p < 0.01) and workload (93.8 +/- 17.4 vs. 121.1 +/- 23.2 W; p < 0.01). The relationship between ST depression and RPP (RPP/STmax) was favorably modified after training. The ratio RPP/STmax improved significantly from 143.6 +/- 49.4 to 209.1 +/- 69.5 (p < 0.0001). These findings support the hypothesis that a 1-year moderate-to-high training program in some patients following myocardial infarction can elicit adaptations that may well be attributed, at least in part, to an improvement in coronary blood flow.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Black attrition in physician assistant training programs.

We report on correlates of attrition for Blacks and Whites in physician's assistant training programs. The data reveal an unusually high rate of attrition for Blacks (65 per cent) and, in particular, for Black males (59 per cent). This latter group, regardless of educational background and other potential predicators of educational success, encounters significant difficulty in the educational process. An understanding of this attrition phenomenon is useful for designing admissions policies which identify a larger percentage of low risk recruits to health professions education.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Join the classroom and the workplace for a unique inhouse training program.

Course assignments that link the classroom and the workplace can transform a routine inhouse supervisory training program into one that is tailored specifically to the participants. Besides making the program more relevant to the supervisor, this strategy allows him to continually demonstrate his capabilities to his manager.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2003

[Development and evaluation of a psychoeducational parent group training program for families with autistic children].

In the introduction of this study, the concept of "psychoeducational parent training" is analyzed, and an outline of the research literature on "parent training in families with autistic children" is presented. Based on these findings a psychoeducational group parent training, which focused on (1) addressing issues of nature, etiology, treatment and family-related consequences of autism (2) teaching child management and education skills was developed, and the training outcomes were evaluated within a 3-months-follow-up design. A total of 24 parents of 23 autistic children (mean age: 9 yrs.) participated in the center-based training program which was performed in three small groups in different areas of Germany in 3 one-day sessions succeeding in 1-month-intervals. The outcome variables included: (a) group training assessments by parents; they evaluated quality of trainer variables, curriculum, and group atmosphere using a questionnaire format of bipolar rating scale-items (b) parental 3-months-follow-up assessments of the effects of group training on parent-child interactions and family adaptation, using a questionnaire based on rating scales, and a semi-structured questionnaire on training-related child and parent behaviors in the family. The parent training resulted in (a) a high degree of parent satisfaction with the training format and (b) positive effects on daily parent-child interactions from the perspective of parents. These findings provide some evidence for both clinical and social validity of the parent training procedure examined in this study.

Adolescent↗