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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Airway inflammatory effect of hydrogen peroxide in guinea pigs.

Reactive oxygens are now considered to be important substances in promoting inflammatory process. Recently, airway inflammation has attracted attention closely linked to bronchial asthma. The present study was undertaken to examine whether hydrogen peroxide, one of the reactive oxygens, could produce airway inflammation. Airway inflammation was assessed by airway vascular permeability in terms of pontamine sky blue (PSB) exudation. Airway resistance was measured with a modified Konzett-Rössler method and was expressed as a change in ventilation overflow. Inhalation of hydrogen peroxide (0.01-1.0 M) markedly caused a PSB exudation in a concentration-dependent manner in all of the trachea, main bronchus, and lungs. The hydrogen peroxide-induced PSB exudation effect was attenuated was attenuated by pretreatment with catalase, although heat-inactivated catalase had no inhibitory effect. Deferoxamine, which inhibits conversion of hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radical, decreased the PSB exudation induced by hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, inhalation of hydrogen peroxide (1.0 M) caused a significant and biphasic increase in ventilation overflow. This airway constriction was suppressed by pretreatment with inhaled catalase, but not by inhaled deferoxamine. These results indicate that hydrogen peroxide causes an intense airway inflammation; this inflammatory effect may be mediated not only by hydrogen peroxide itself but also by hydroxyl radical. Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical may thus play an important role in bronchial asthma and bronchitis through inducing airway inflammation.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis due to Bacillus cereus.

We present a case of a rapidly progressive pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis and pneumonia in a 52-year-old woman with severe aplastic anemia. Bacillus cereus was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, blood cultures, and pseudomembrane biopsy specimens; despite intensive antibiotic treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a B. cereus infection that has caused pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis, possibly because of the production of bacterial toxins.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

A cotton rat model of human parainfluenza 3 laryngotracheitis: virus growth, pathology, and therapy.

Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infection led to laryngotracheitis in cotton rats. Laryngeal virus titers peaked at 10(5.0)-10(6.0) plaque-forming units (pfu)/g of tissue from days 2 through 5 after inoculation with 10(5.5) pfu of PIV3. Lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrates were present in the subglottic and proximal tracheal regions, whereas respiratory epithelial cells were blunted with loss of cilia. Topical therapy with moderate doses of triamcinolone acetonide, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, greatly reduced the extent of lesions. Interferon-gamma messenger RNA production was increased by infection and was suppressed by the highest dose of glucocorticoid. Topical glucocorticoid therapy, with or without concurrent topical immunotherapy with antibody to PIV3, did not lead to a rebound of viral replication.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients with diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

This study focused on 401 children less than 5 years old who were hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) and diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and who were investigated for the presence of both bacterial and viral respiratory tract pathogens as well as for selected diarrheal pathogens. The most common manifestations of ALRI were pneumonia (374 cases), bronchiolitis (12 cases), and tracheobronchitis (11 cases). The majority (77%) of the illnesses were in children less than 2 years of age, and 88% of the children were malnourished. A respiratory tract pathogen was identified in 30% of the patients, and a diarrheal pathogen was identified in 34%. The overall case-fatality rate in children with ALRI and diarrhea was 8%. The case-fatality rate was 14% in children with bacterial pneumonia and diarrhea, 3% in those with viral pneumonia and diarrhea, and 14% in malnourished children with shigellosis and ALRI. The most common respiratory tract pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza viruses, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of nonbacterial agents of acute lower respiratory tract infection in Thai children.

From January 1986 to December 1987, 596 children less than 5 years of age with lower respiratory tract infection (LRI)--manifested as laryngitis, croup, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia--were studied for evidence of infection with respiratory tract viruses Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Of the 596 children in the study, 315 were ambulatory and 281 were hospitalized. Virologic studies included isolation and rapid diagnosis of virus from specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and serologic studies of blood samples. Cultures of NPA for C. trachomatis were performed for children less than 6 months of age who had pneumonia. Of the LRI cases, 45% were associated with viral infections of the respiratory tract and 12.1% were associated with C. trachomatis. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) accounted for 45.2% of infections with viral agents and was associated with acute bronchitis, acute bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Parainfluenza type 3 virus was the most common virus found in conjunction with laryngitis and croup. The incidence of infections due to RSV peaked in July and August, while that of infections due to parainfluenza viruses peaked in February and March; influenza viruses and adenoviruses were isolated throughout the year.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Ulcerative and plaque-like tracheobronchitis due to infection with Aspergillus in patients with AIDS.

Tracheobronchitis is an uncommon manifestation of infection due to Aspergillus species, occurring in < 7% of cases of pulmonary aspergillosis. At least 58 cases of invasive aspergillus tracheobronchitis have been described since 1962. We describe four patients with AIDS, all of whom were severely immunocompromised, who had ulcerative tracheobronchitis due to Aspergillus species demonstrated histologically. Three patients had received corticosteroids or were neutropenic at presentation. At bronchoscopy, three patients had some degree of diffuse tracheobronchitis, multiple ulcerative or "plaque-like" inflammatory lesions, and occasionally nodules involving the mainstem and segmental bronchi. The remaining patient had a single deep ulceration of the proximal trachea. Aspergillus was isolated from biopsy specimens from all four patients. There were varied degrees of invasion of the mucosa, submucosa, and cartilage on histological examination in three patients, one of whom had evidence of disseminated aspergillosis. Two patients subsequently developed pulmonary parenchymal disease due to Aspergillus. A review of aspergillus tracheobronchitis, including a discussion of airway disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, is presented.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

Lower respiratory tract infections following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

All episodes of lower respiratory tract infection that developed among 96 patients surviving for > 24 hours after cardiac arrest were prospectively studied over an 18-month period. Pneumonia developed in 23 (24.0%) of patients after a mean of 7 days (SD, +/- 6.2 days). The development of four superinfections raised the cumulative incidence to 28.1%. Purulent tracheobronchitis was diagnosed in three instances. The causative agent of pneumonia was identified in 18 episodes, three of which were polymicrobial. Gram-positive cocci represented 57.1% of isolates, and Staphylococcus aureus--the most frequently isolated microorganism in this population--accounted for two-thirds of all gram-positive cocci. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in six episodes, five of which were associated with previous antibiotic use. Nine (39.1%) of the 23 patients in the group with pneumonia died, but only one of these deaths was considered to be directly related to pneumonia. In conclusion, pneumonia is a common complication of patients surviving cardiac arrest, but, with adequate treatment, its influence on outcome is marginal. Gram-positive cocci are the predominant pathogens, although infection with P. aeruginosa should be considered among patients receiving antibiotics.

Bronchitis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experience with cefsulodin therapy for lower respiratory tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adults without cystic fibrosis or granulocytopenia.

Cefsulodin was administered as the sole antipseudomonal therapy to 14 adults without cystic fibrosis or granulocytopenia for infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At dosages of 1.0-1.5 g intravenously every 6 hr, peak serum antipseudomonal activity consistently exceeded 1:16. Twelve patients (86%) showed a favorable therapeutic response: six (43%) with eradication of P. aeruginosa from the respiratory tract and six (43%) with persistent colonization. Two patients (14%) did not respond to cefsulodin therapy. In five cases (36%), P. aeruginosa resistant to cefsulodin appeared during the course of therapy, in two cases contributing to therapeutic failure; three strains also acquired cross-resistance to two or more other antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics. Cefsulodin was well tolerated, with no evidence of organ toxicity or other adverse effects discerned. These therapeutic results are comparable with or superior to those reported with other antipseudomonal drugs studied in single-drug regimens for treatment of P. aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XXI. Acute respiratory infections.

Acute respiratory infections represent an important cause of mortality in developing countries, especially among malnourished infants. The microbial etiologies are numerous and complex. Since vaccines effective against the likely major pathogens in the youngest children are not available, the acute respiratory infection control programs designed by the World Health Organization are based on simple schemes to classify illness according to severity and to treat bacterial infections early, thus preventing severe complications. These programs require careful planning to anticipate and circumvent local problems, and their efficacy should be monitored with care. In addition, research is needed in many areas: definition of the spectrum of organisms involved and the pathogenesis of severe infection; delineation of markers that will accurately identify patients needing antibiotics or hospitalization; performance of controlled trials of intervention strategies that will unequivocally identify effective methods; design and production of new, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic tools; and development of vaccines that will be effective in the target populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine in the treatment of experimental viral infections.

The potential antiviral activity of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine was evaluated in a coordinated study at five institutions. Experimental models in five species, the mouse, rabbit, swine, cat, and ferret, were established with use of 10 viruses: Herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2, murine cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, Shope fibroma virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, feline panleukopenia virus, and ferret distemper virus. Criteria for selection were: (1) representation from a number of major groups of viruses, (2) reproduction of natural routes of infection, and (3) simulation of potentially treatable viral infections of man. Antiviral activity was observed for 5-iododeoxyuridine in H. hominis infections in hairless mice and influenza in swine, and a slight degree of efficacy was noted in rabbits infected with Shope fibroma virus. Toxicity was also observed in most of the experimental models. There was a suggestion of antiviral activity with 6-azauridine in swine infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus; however, enhancement of disease and some toxicity were seen in most of the other models. Efficacy of these two compounds was not well substantiated by these studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The epidemiology of tracheobronchitis in pediatric practice.

Epidemiologic characteristics of childhood tracheobronchitis occurring over a 104-month period in Chapel Hill, NC, were ascertained and compared to those of other pediatric lower respiratory illness (LRI) syndromes. Tracheobronchitis accounted for 40% of all LRI seen at the community's only pediatric practice. Tracheobronchitis incidence was highest during the first two years of life, through the ratio of tracheobronchitis incidence to total LRI incidence increased with age. A viral pathogen or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from 23% of tracheobronchitis cases; the agents most commonly isolated were parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and M. pneumoniae. Influenza virus, particularly type B, was isolated more commonly in tracheobronchitis than in other LRI syndromes. Over all age groups, peak incidence of tracheobronchitis, like that of pneumonia and bronchiolitis, occurred during the winter months. In school-age children, however, tracheobronchitis incidence was more likely than that of other syndromes to be elevated in late winter or early spring, when several influenza B outbreaks occurred in Chapel Hill. Available evidence suggests that risk of chronic respiratory disease is related inversely to age at which acute respiratory infection first occurs, and that a component of wheezing may not be required to confer such risk. These considerations, coupled with the high incidence of tracheobronchitis early in life, warrant further description of this syndrome and assessment of its implications.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Death associated with inadvertent hydrocodone overdose in a child with a respiratory tract infection.

A 3-year-old child died of the combined effects of a bacterial superinfection and a relative overdose of hydrocodone prescribed for a cough due to a presumed viral respiratory tract infection. This case illustrates the importance of evaluating the effects of prescribed medication in assessing the cause and mechanism of death in children dying suddenly of presumed natural disease.

Bronchitis↗