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PubMed2001

[Effectiveness of a new toothbrush with irrigation and suctioning capabilities (ty e-Brush) for removing supragingival plaque].

Patients with dysphagia typically have poor oral health. Because of improper swallowing, they cannot easily and safely clean their mouths. As a solution for such a problem, a manual toothbrush with both irrigation and suctioning functions has been developed, called the "e-Brush". The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleaning effectiveness of the new e-Brush (9 mm and 11 mm in bristle length) for removing supragingival plaque, compared with a conventional toothbrush, GUM # 211 by Butler. In this study, 12 subjects (12 female of average age 20.6) were selected, and plaque control record (PCR) and scrubbing method were used. The following results were obtained: 1. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recognized between e-Brush/9 mm (55.54 +/- 18.27%) and the others (e-Brush/11 mm: 30.88 +/- 8.14%, GUM # 211: 35.42 +/- 9.32%). 2. Bristles 9 mm in length were more effective than 11 mm bristles (p < 0.05). 3. Irrigation/suctioning function is more effective than the conventional tooth-brushing method. 4. The irrigation function of e-Brush was meritorious in making almost all users comfortable. These results suggest that this new oral hygiene device, "e-Brush/9 mm", is effective for improving oral care management for patients with dysphagia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clinical plaque removing efficacy of a new power toothbrush.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of adding a pulsating bristle action to the established oscillating/rotating action of the Braun Oral-B Ultra Plaque Remover (D9) on plaque removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plaque removal was evaluated using the modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index in a double blind randomized, crossover study involving 32 healthy volunteers without any dental training. After 2 weeks use of the D9 during which time subjects received training in its use, subjects abstained from oral hygiene for 48 hours. They were then assessed for plaque after which they brushed their teeth using an experimental toothbrush randomly set to either the D9 oscillating/rotating action or to the new 3D action with an additional pulsating movement of the brush head in the direction of the long axis of the bristles. After brushing, plaque was again evaluated. Following a further 2 weeks of normal home use of the D9, subjects returned and the procedure was repeated using the brush set in the second mode. RESULTS: Both toothbrush actions were found to be effective at removing plaque from all sites and surfaces in the mouth. The 3D action was consistently more effective than that of the D9, the difference being statistically significant for the whole mouth, the upper jaw, the lingual surfaces and for all interproximal sites, in particular in the upper jaw.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative studies on the cleansing action of short head toothbrushes with various bristle fields].

With 20 probands (dental students) comparative clinical-experimental studies on the cleaning effect of short headed toothbrushes with different arrangement of the bristles were performed. The following was found: 1. Position and form of the bristle bundles of short headed toothbrushes--as far as they are at all useful--do not appear to have any influence on the efficiency of the cleaning of teeth in a periodontally healthy dentition without any special positional anomalies of the teeth. 2. Cleaning the oral dental surfaces involves considerable difficulties and usually is successful only after repeated instructing. 3. Mesial and distal dental surfaces are cleaned to about the same extent. 4. Even with skilled persons (instructed dental students) optimum cleaning of the teeth is achieved only after about 4 minutes of intensive cleaning.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed2001

Plaque removal efficacy of two rotating/oscillating electric toothbrushes.

This study compared the plaque removal efficacy of the Philips Jordan HP510 and Braun Oral-B D9 electric toothbrushes in two clinical trials. In Trial I, a single-blind randomized split-mouth study, 24 subjects received an oral prophylaxis and abstained from all oral hygiene procedures for 24 hours before each quadrant was professionally brushed for 30 seconds. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Turesky-modified Quigley and Hein index (Q&H) and the approximal plaque index (API). Trial II was a two-week, single-blind balanced cross-over study comprising 54 subjects. At baseline, the subjects received an oral prophylaxis and instruction in the use of the assigned brush. Two weeks later, they returned to the clinic with 24-hour plaque accumulation. Plaque (Q&H, API) was scored before and after supervised brushing (30 sec/quadrant). After a prophylaxis, the subjects received the other brush with instructions on use, and the procedure was repeated. In Trial I, plaque was removed almost equally well by both brushes, with the HP510 and the D9 reducing Q&H from 1.46 and 1.47 (baseline) to 0.53 and 0.58, respectively, on average over all teeth. For the premolars and molars in particular, use of the HP510 resulted in statistically significantly lower Q&H scores than the D9 (0.70 vs. 0.81). In Trial II, the HP510 resulted in significantly better plaque scores than the D9 on Q&H (0.55 vs. 0.67) and API (23% vs. 28%) for all teeth. The buccal surfaces contributed the largest difference in Q&H. Statistically significant differences were also found in scores of the posterior teeth for Q&H (0.75 vs. 0.86) and API (31% vs. 38%). In conclusion, both rotating/oscillating electric toothbrushes were highly effective in plaque removal. The HP510 removed more plaque than the D9, particularly from the posterior teeth. It appeared that the smaller height and the Active Tip of HP510's brush head could have resulted in better posterior and approximal access.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Short-term clinical study comparing supragingival plaque removal and gingival bleeding reduction of the Philips Jordan HP735 to a manual toothbrush in periodontal patients in a maintenance program.

The Philips Jordan HP735 was compared to a manual brush for plaque removal efficacy and reduction of gingival bleeding. Subjects in a periodontal maintenance program were randomly divided into two groups; Group I (n = 27), average age 36.9 years, brushed with the manual brush; and Group II (n = 22), average age 32.9 years, brushed with the Philips Jordan HP735 electric brush. A dichotomous plaque and bleeding index was used at six sites on all teeth at baseline, three, six and nine weeks. The subjects did not use any other cleaning devices during the study. No significant statistical difference in plaque score or bleeding score was found between the two groups at baseline. Plaque scores did not statistically significantly decrease over time in either group, and there was no significant difference in plaque removal between groups during the study. The bleeding index decreased significantly in the electric toothbrushing group; however, due to the large variation in bleeding scores between subjects, the difference in the number of bleeding sites was not statistically significant between the two groups. In conclusion, in a group of periodontal patients in a maintenance phase, using an electric toothbrush did not significantly enhance plaque removal, but did decrease bleeding compared to baseline. The difference in bleeding percentages was not statistically significant compared to a manual brush.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of sonic toothbrush use on permanent dental luting cements.

The aim of this project was to assess the effects of sonic toothbrushes on commonly used permanent luting cements. While results showed differences between the tensile bond strengths of the three cements, the differences were similar between the two groups: sonic and nonsonic toohbrush exposure. These findings suggest that the sonic toothbrush had no significant effect on the tensile bond strengths of any of the three tested cements.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of toothbrushing on the material loss, roughness, and color of intrinsically and extrinsically stained porcelain used in metal-ceramic restorations: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: Because of abrasion by toothbrushing, dental materials in the oral cavity are subjected to substance loss to a different extent depending on the hardness of the material. This study investigated the color-change effect of substance loss and change of roughness resulting from toothbrushing of internally and externally stained metal ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metal-ceramic specimens 15 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were made. Blue colorant suspension was applied over the enamel porcelain (enamel-stained), in the body porcelain (dentin-stained), and over the opaque porcelain (opaque-stained). One group was not stained. Each group was made up of seven samples. All specimens were brushed in an experimental device. Material loss, roughness measurements, and spectrophotometric evaluations were made before and after brushing. Overall color change, chroma change, and value change were calculated with the use of the CIE-LAB uniform color scale. RESULTS: Significant substance loss as a result of brushing was observed. No significant differences between chroma changes, between value changes of different groups, or between overall color changes of dentin- and enamel-stained groups were found. The difference between overall color changes of opaque-dentin and opaque-enamel stained groups was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Staining should be done as deeply as possible to obtain durable color appearance.

Dental Porcelain↗
PubMed2002

Designing the next generation of a sonic toothbrush.

With the goal of aiding consumers' ability to achieve better oral health, oral hygiene products continue to evolve. Powered toothbrushes are an increasing part of this oral hygiene effort. This article summarizes the clinical and sensory testing associated with the Sonicare Elite, a new generation of sonic toothbrush. Important aspects of brush design such as bristle motion, head and neck shape, bristle configuration and trim, ergonomic design, and user interface are discussed. Further, the article discusses the mix of objective clinical and laboratory tests and subjective sensory and consumer tests that are utilized to ensure the product design meets the consumer's desire to achieve better oral health in a manner that is both pleasing and effective.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Clinical evaluation of the plaque removal efficacy and safety of the Sonicare Elite toothbrush.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of a new oral hygiene device, the Sonicare Elite toothbrush, with the established efficacy and safety of the original Sonicare toothbrush (Sonicare Advance). MATERIALS AND METHODS: These two products were evaluated in a 2-week, crossover, single blind clinical trial with 45 subjects. At the baseline visit, a soft-tissue intraoral exam was performed and subjects were randomly assigned to the first treatment. Subjects were given each product for a period of 7 days to become familiar with its use. After the familiarization period, subjects reported for two clinical evaluations. Both plaque removal efficacy and safety were recorded at each evaluation. Plaque was scored using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index and safety recorded by an intraoral examination of the soft tissue. After the first treatment arm, subjects crossed over to the other treatment arm and repeated the product use and evaluation sequence. Paired analysis (two-way analysis of variance) was used to detect differences between the two groups. RESULTS: The results indicated that both devices were effective in removing supragingival plaque. The Sonicare Elite was statistically superior, on a percentage reduction basis, in removing supragingival plaque from the dentition taken as a whole (ANOVA; P < 0.05) and was particularly better in hard-to-reach areas such as posterior teeth and interproximal sites (ANOVA; P < 0.05). Neither treatment group exhibited soft tissue concerns, confirming the safety of both these oral hygiene products.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

The reduction of gingivitis using battery-powered toothbrushes over a one-month period.

This study measured the ability of two powered toothbrushes (Crest SpinBrush and Crest SpinBrush Pro) to reduce gingivitis relative to baseline levels over a one-month period. This study made use of a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, parallel design. Subjects were examined for Löe-Silness GI scores at baseline and at one month. The primary efficacy variable was GI score change at one month from the baseline GI score. Within-group comparisons to baseline were performed using paired t-tests. Secondarily, treatment group differences were examined using an analysis of covariance model, with baseline as the covariate. Separate analyses were performed for Löe-Silness GI scores and for the number of gingival bleeding sites. All comparisons were two-sided and used the 0.05 level of significance. A total of 87 subjects completed the study. Of these, there were 57 females and 30 males, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years with a mean age of 33.1 years. Baseline GI scores were 0.487 and 0.449 for the Crest SpinBrush and Crest SpinBrush Pro, respectively, and were not statistically significantly different. Both brushes demonstrated highly statistically significant reductions in GI vs. baseline (all p < 0.001), and delivered an approximately 60% reduction in GI. Baseline bleeding site scores were 37.6 and 34.4 for the Crest SpinBrush and Crest SpinBrush Pro, respectively, and were not statistically significantly different. Both brushes demonstrated highly statistically significant reductions in bleeding vs. baseline (all p < 0.001), and delivered an approximately 60% reduction in bleeding sites. None of the ANCOVA comparisons between brush groups were statistically significant (all p > or = 0.354). Both the Crest SpinBrush Pro and Crest SpinBrush powered toothbrushes were highly effective at reducing gingivitis when used per manufacturer's instructions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effectiveness of Sonicare power toothbrush to remove chlorhexidine stains.

PURPOSE: To describe the effect of Sonicare power toothbrush on removing chlorhexidine stains from human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cases with chlorhexidine staining were treated with Sonicare power toothbrush for a 4-week period. Clinical evaluations occurred at baseline, 2 weeks from baseline and 4 weeks from baseline. Stain level was assessed with the Lobene Tooth Stain Index. The labial surface of each stained incisor or canine was divided into two regions: margin and body. RESULTS: Sonicare reduced the average area of stain score by 58.5-63.3% after 2 weeks and 68.3-76.7% after 4 weeks. The average intensity of stain scores was reduced by 50.0-56.5% and 58.9-69.6% after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dental plaque as a biofilm and new research on biofilm removal by power toothbrushes.

Dental researchers have only recently begun to regard dental plaque as a biofilm. Dental plaque biofilm is a complex, heterogeneous structure of bacteria cells, a sticky extracellular matrix, and fluid channels. The biofilm must be modeled accurately for laboratory studies to be meaningful. To that end, researchers have compared the sonicare toothbrush to the Braun Oral-B 3D Excel Plaque Remover for the removal of interproximal dental plaque biofilm in an in vitro model. This article defines the concept of biofilms in the oral cavity and reviews how biofilm modeling is showing differences in toothbrush performance.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2003

Influence of the Sonicare toothbrush on the structure and thickness of laboratory grown Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of powered brushing with the Sonicare electronic toothbrush on the structure and thickness reduction of S. mutans biofilms using digital time-lapse microscopy (DTLM) and confocal microscopy (CM) techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: S. mutans biofilms grown on glass microscope slides on BHI and 2% sucrose were exposed to Sonicare for 15 seconds with the bristle tips just contacting the slide, and at distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm above the slide. RESULTS: With direct bristle contact, the reduction in biofilm thickness was greater than 99%. DTLM showed the break up and detachment of biofilm caused by the shear forces generated by the rapid bristle motion in real time. The Sonicare was shown to significantly reduce biofilm thickness even when the bristles were 1 mm above the biofilm. The percent biofilm thickness reduction was inversely proportional to the bristle distance. This study demonstrates the Sonicare toothbrush effectively removed biofilm from hard flat surfaces both by direct bristle contact and by fluid dynamic shear forces alone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Readiness for toothbrushing of young children.

The authors attempt to establish the types of guidance in toothbrushing suitable for young children. They examined the ability of preschool children to learn toothbrushing, and attempted to clarify the readiness of each age-group.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of prophylactic polishing pastes and toothbrushing on the surface roughness of resin composite materials in vitro.

Polishing composite restorations at recall prophylaxis may affect their surface roughness. This investigation evaluated the effect of prophy paste on the surface roughness of a microfilled (Filtek A110) and a microhybrid (Filtek Z250) resin composite before and after simulated toothbrushing. Twenty, two-sided samples of both materials were fabricated in acrylic molds against a Mylar strip (baseline). Three roughness readings were recorded for each surface using a Surfanalyzer 5400 to determine the mean roughness. The samples were finished and polished with the Sof-Lex disk system and the surface roughness (Ra) was re-measured. Samples were randomly assigned and five surfaces for each material were polished with Nupro coarse, medium, fine or Clinpro prophy paste and the surface roughness measured again. All surfaces were brushed 60,000 times at 1.5Hz using a 2N brush-head force (Manly V-8 cross-brushing machine) in a 50:50 (w/w) slurry of toothpaste and water. The surface roughness was measured followed by the application of prophy paste as previously described and this final roughness recorded. Data were analyzed using repeated measures two-factor ANOVA with TUKEY HSD pairwise comparison as appropriate (alpha = 0.05). No significant difference in surface roughness was determined between the microfilled and microhybrid materials at baseline or disk treatment, yet significant differences were observed following brushing and/or prophy paste application. In conclusion, although baseline and disk treated surfaces were not significantly different in microfilled versus microhybrid composites, subsequent prophy paste application and/or simulated toothbrushing caused significant differences.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Quality of the bristle-end rounding in ten brands of children's toothbrushes].

Animal and clinical studies have shown that sharp, unpolished toothbrush bristles may injure gingival tissue, and their contribution to cervical abrasion is widely discussed. The aim of the present study was to compare the end-roundness and smoothness of the bristle tips of ten commercially available children's toothbrushes (Elmex Lernzahnbürste, Aronal Oko Dent Kinder, Signal Kids, Dr. Best Milchzahn, Dr. Best Best Friends, Colgate Grip'Ems, Colgate My First, Oral B Mickey for Kids, Oral B Disneys' Mickey Mouse, Blend-a-med Blendi). From forty brushes five tufts each were selected randomly and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (45 degrees) at a viewing angle of 45 degrees. On micrographs six bristles located in the first three rows that could clearly be evaluated were analyzed visually for end rounding and evaluated by shape factor (SF) analysis by a blinded single examiner. Mean SF was reported highest for Aronal Oko Dent Kinder at 0.278 (+/- 0.004) followed by Dr. Best Milchzahn (0.277 [+/- 0.005]) and Elmex Lernzahnbürste (0.277 [+/- 0.005]). These values were significantly different from those found for Colgate My First (0.258 [+/- 0.023]) and Colgate Grip'Ems (0.267 [+/- 0.012]) (p<0.001; ANOVA, Bonferroni). More than half of the surfaces of the bristle tips examined were rated as non-acceptable for Signal Kids (75%) and Dr. Best Best Friends (100%). For all the other brands more than 50% of the bristle surfaces were judged as being acceptable. Despite of being flattened during usage, rounded bristle tips with a smooth surface are desirable. A good quality of bristle tips could only be observed in half of the brands examined.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

[Bristle anchoring and bristle end-rounding in adults' toothbrushes].

Scanning electron microscopic study of bristle heads of 8 toothbrush brands commercially available in the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland has shown qualitative variations in the rounding of bristle ends. The percentage of acceptable end rounding of the bristles was for 4 brands above 75% and for 2 brands 55-56%. For 2 products, the percentage was below 40%. The new method of welding bristle bundles at their base into the head of the toothbrush was used only by one producer.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

An assessment of Plax pre-brushing dental rinse used according to directions with supervised toothbrushing.

This study assessed the use of a pre-brushing rinse followed with toothbrushing with toothpaste in compliance with label directions. The treatment pre-brushing rinse was compared to a placebo pre-brushing rinse in a cross-over design. The study was started with 20 subjects. One subject developed a throat infection after the first session and was administered an antibiotic prescription and the data was not included in the analyses. No side effects or reactions to the solutions were observed or reported during or following the study. At baseline, the two groups were found to have similar plaque area scores on buccal, lingual, and total tooth surfaces. After rinsing with the pre-brushing solution (Plax) and brushing with an American Dental Association-approved toothbrush and a commercially-available fluoride toothpaste, there was significantly less plaque area when compared to the same regimen with the placebo pre-brushing rinse. For both buccal and lingual plaque area scores the differences were statistically significant at the p less than .05 level favoring Plax. On all surfaces the subjects removed significant amounts of plaque area following rinsing and brushing with toothpaste compared to their baseline scores.

Adolescent↗