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PubMed2006

Oral trauma, mouthguard awareness, and use in two contact sports in Turkey.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of dental hard and soft tissue injuries during participation in contact sports, and the awareness and use of mouthguards in a young adult sample of semi-professional or amateur boxers and tae kwon do participants in Turkey. The samples consisted of 274 young adults [174 male (63.5%) and 100 female (36.5%)] aged between 17 and 27 years of which 185 (67.5%) were tae kwon do practitioners, and 89 (32.5%) were boxers. The participants answered a standard questionnaire. All answers were evaluated and then statistical analyses were performed. Of the total sample, 61 of the subjects (22.3%) suffered dental trauma. Of these sufferers, 32 (17.3%) were boxers and 29 (32.6%) were tae kwon do practitioners. It was found that 19 (6.9%) athletes lost their teeth post-trauma. Of the 54 subjects (19.7%) suffering soft tissue injuries, 44 were female (81.5%), while only 10 were male (18.5%), of which 40 (74.1%) were tae kwon do practitioners and 14 (25.9%) were boxers. Of the total sample of 274 subjects, 228 (83.2%) were well informed about mouthguard usage. Of the total sample, 153 (55.8%) of the subjects used mouthguards, all of which were boil-and-bite type. The results of our study indicate that dentists and sports authorities in Turkey should promote the use of mouthguards in contact sports such as tae kwon do and boxing, which have a serious risk for dental and oral soft tissue trauma and tooth loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Severe trauma in the primary dentition--diagnosis and treatment of sequelae in permanent dentition.

A 2-year 6-month male presented after an intrusive injury sustained at 15 months of age. Intra-oral radiographs showed coronal dilaceration of the germ of the permanent central incisor and the presence of a calcified tissue mass in the area of the trauma which was identified after surgical removal as the permanent upper left lateral incisor. Immediate treatment and long-term options are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Malocclusion, dental injuries and dental anomalies in the primary dentition of Belgian children.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion, dental injuries and dental anomalies in a sample of 3-5-year-old Belgian children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 3-5-year-olds attending kindergartens in the municipality of Leuven, Belgium. METHODS: A total of 750 boys and girls participated in the study. The children were examined at the University School Health Centre in connection with their obligatory medical check-up. The clinical examination was performed by one examiner using generally accepted criteria for these oral conditions. RESULTS: 10.1% of the examined children had posterior cross-bite whereas over-bite was seen in only 2.0% of the sample. Open-bite was detected in 32.0% of the studied population. Boys showed a tendency for a higher frequency of malocclusions than girls. Traumatic injuries were identified in 18.0% of children. These were almost entirely restricted to maxillary incisors. Crown fractures were responsible for 42% of all injuries. The following dental anomalies were seen: six cases of supernumerary teeth, three cases of hypodontia, five cases of double teeth and one case of conical maxillary lateral incisor. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the importance of early detection of these oral conditions in order to permit effective and long-term planning, according to the child's individual requirements.

Belgium↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiology of dental trauma: a review of the literature.

This article reviews recent reports describing the aetiology of dental trauma from national and international studies as well as the different classifications currently used to report dental injuries. It also discusses possible preventive measures to reduce the increasing frequency of dental trauma. Reported studies demonstrate that males tend to experience more dental trauma in the permanent dentition than females, however, there does not appear to be a difference between the sexes in the primary dentition. Accidents within and around the home were the major sources of injury to the primary dentition, while accidents at home and school accounted for most of the injuries to the permanent dentition. The most frequent type of injury was a simple crown fracture of the maxillary central incisors in the permanent dentition while injuries to the periodontal tissues were more common in the primary dentition. When preventive measures are being planned, knowledge of aetiology is important. More prospective studies from representative populations are required to understand the complexities of dental trauma epidemiology and to allow implementation of preventive strategies to reduce the increasing frequency of dental trauma.

Accidents↗
PubMed2002

Treatment time of traumatic dental injuries in a cohort of 16-year-olds in northern Sweden.

The aim of the present study was to account for treatment time and number of visits required for treatment of traumatic dental injuries in a cohort of 16-year-olds, born in 1975, and residing in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden, and to analyze the correlation between total treatment time and background factors. The study material comprised 1012 dental records from the Public Dental Health Service containing information on dental injuries to primary and/or permanent incisors or canines. The mean total treatment time per individual was 1.3 h, with a range of 0.1 to 27.5 h. For injuries to the primary dentition, the mean number of visits per individual was 2.2. One visit was sufficient in 21% of the trauma episodes. In the permanent dentition, each trauma episode required a mean of 3.4 visits, and 90% of the patients had to return for follow-up visits. The correlation between explanatory variables and total treatment time was described and analyzed by linear multiple regression analyses. Degree of severity and number of injured teeth were two parameters of major significance to treatment time. Treatment by a specialist had an impact on time in the permanent but not in the primary dentition. In the permanent dentition, the treatment time increased if the dental injury occurred before the age of 11 years. Treatment time was not dependent on where the clinic was located or on gender of the injured child. Different diagnoses could explain 33% of the variation in treatment time in the permanent dentition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Traumatic injuries to teeth in Swedish children living in an urban area.

The prevalence of dental injuries in the permanent dentition was studied in a population comprising 1635 Swedish school children aged 7-15 years. A retrospective study of dental injuries in the deciduous dentition was also carried out. A total of 483 (30%) children in the material had experienced dental injuries. Twelve per cent of the injuries had been sustained before the age of 7 years and 18 per cent after that age. The majority of injuries had occurred between the ages 3-10 years. In the permanent dentition, over 75 per cent of the injuries recorded had been sustained before the age of 11 years. Boys had a higher trauma frequency than girls, the sex ratio being 1.2:1 in the deciduous dentition and 1.6:1 in the permanent dentition. Thirty per cent of the injured deciduous teeth required some kind of treatment. The corresponding figure for the permanent dentition was 46 per cent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The dental health of 3-year-old children in east Cumbria 1993.

A study of the dental health of 135 3-year-old children, with reference to social class group, was undertaken in East Cumbria District between September and December 1993. Caries free subjects numbered 110 (81.5 per cent), the mean number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth was 0.59; the value of the decayed component of the dmft index was 0.49. Caries experience was confined to 25 (18.5 per cent) individuals whose mean dmft was 3.20, seven of these subjects experienced rampant decay to the maxillary incisor teeth and three had received a dental general anaesthetic. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between dental caries and social class. Trauma to the maxillary incisors had occurred in 17 (12.6 per cent) children, with discolouration and fracture of the enamel and dentine the most prevalent types of injuries sustained. A relatively high proportion of the subjects, 39 (28.9 per cent), had experienced erosion to palatal surfaces of the maxillary incisors. The most prevalent type of erosion was that involving both enamel and dentine. Only 14 (10.4 per cent) children examined used fluoride supplements in this low-fluoride area; 98 (72.6 per cent) subjects reported registration with a dentist.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1986

Dental complications during and after tracheal intubation.

Surveyed were 133 directors of training programs in anesthesiology. The directors reported an average incidence of 1:1,000 dental injuries during or after 1,135,212 tracheal intubations in 1 year. A well-documented dental evaluation before delivery of anesthetics and appropriate precautions and protective devices during intubation will prevent most dental trauma related to the delivery of general anesthetics. Also, early use of dental and risk management services often will ensure timely resolution of such problems.

Anesthesia, Endotracheal↗
PubMed1998

Treatment injuries in dentistry--cases from one year in the Swedish Patient Insurance Scheme.

Eight hundred and fifty-one claims submitted to the Swedish Patient Insurance Scheme were studied and analysed. The most frequent claim referred to root fractures of roots with posts, and to root perforations also related to root posts. Other relatively frequent claims referred to pulpal complications in connection with fixed prosthodontics, root perforations related to endodontic treatment, and dysaesthesia. The mean latency time (the time from the actual treatment to the diagnosis of the injury) was for root fractures 10.6 months, and the mean latency time for root perforations that were not directly observed during preparation was 15.9 months. Pulpal complications of teeth treated with crowns or fixed partial dentures had a mean latency time of 7.6 months. Injuries with a low frequency were, for example, fracture of vital abutments for crowns or fixed partial dentures, damage to tissue by electrosurgery or to the floor of the mouth by drilling, or perforations to the antrum. Two cases of particles dropped into the patient's eye were also reported.

Crowns↗
PubMed2000

Bone-like tissue growth in the root canal of immature permanent teeth after traumatic injuries.

Following a severe traumatic incident to permanent immature teeth, the growth of calcified tissue in the pulp space may occasionally occur. This calcified tissue may be diffuse or in intimate contact with the dentine. It has been suggested that a wide open apex, severe damage to the root sheath, and the absence of infection are only some of the predisposing factors leading to this metaplasia of pulp tissue into bone-like tissue. Five cases are described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Epidemiology of dental trauma in Denmark: overview and some new points of information].

It is virtually impossible to compare the results of the many studies of traumatic dental injuries, primarily because information is lacking or inaccurate. Another reason, however, is that the basic materials differ substantially. Most studies are based on special groups comprising trauma patients exclusively, and furthermore these are often selected patients, although this fact is not always made clear. In recent years a number of Danish studies have attempted to examine the trauma problem on a population basis. The results of these studies are discussed, a few new results are added and attention is pointed out to problems needing further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

An evaluation of after-office-hour dental trauma in Singapore.

The purpose of this study was to assess the post-traumatic sequelae and treatment outcome and the corresponding prognostic factors at the initial emergency visit. Over a 5-year period, the authors collected case records from 129 dental trauma patients. These patients had been referred subsequent to receiving emergency treatment after office hours at the Accident and Emergency Department of Singapore General Hospital. After the exclusion of 31 cases with concomitant fracture of maxilla and/or mandible and cases with insufficient documentation, the final study sample consisted of 98 patients (41 males, 57 females) who had sustained injuries to 264 permanent teeth. The main cause of dental trauma was falls (56%), and the main type of injuries was periodontal tissue injuries with or without concomitant injuries to hard tissue, including root fracture (73%). For the final evaluation, teeth with insufficient recall period were excluded before univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. It was found that for 100 teeth with luxation type of injuries, the presence of concomitant hard tissue injuries retained prognostic significance for pulpal outcome (p < 0.001) after adjusting for severity of luxation, while the severity of luxation was the only significant factor for periodontal outcome (p < 0.001). For 34 avulsed teeth, the stage of root development was the major factor associated with the pulpal outcome (p = 0.003), while extra-alveolar storage media were found to be significantly related to the periodontal outcome (p < 0.001). For 72 teeth with hard tissue injuries, first-visit interval played a significant role in the outcome (p = 0.03). Although the sample size in the root fracture group was too small for such statistical analysis, the results indicated that patient education on dental trauma was an important factor. Thorough standardized documentation was also recommended to facilitate optimal follow-up management and future research as well as medico-legal purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Complications of injuries to deciduous teeth].

The traumatisms of the temporary teeth are very frequent. They are bound to the acquirement of the march, to the games, to the sport and to the accidents of the public way. Favoured by the presence one improved proalveoly, they constitute a dental emergency of makes some important risks of complications. Indeed, these traumatisms, in case of belated conference and/or of maladjusted treatment or conducted pain, could induce some complications and have some aesthetic and functional after effects on the dental germ underlying. Some of these complications observed in some patients are stakes in evidence by some iconographic illustrations.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

[Treatment of dental trauma in childhood with particular consideration of splint therapy].

Injuries to the periodontium as well as to the crowns and roots of teeth are the most common results of traumatic insults in childhood. The main problem in the fixation of luxated teeth is associated with the state of dentition and the anatomy of the deciduous and permanent teeth. In a clinical follow-up examination the quality of several splints for treating luxated teeth was evaluated. We observed that some acrylic cap splints showed marked mechanical faults and poor fit. Modification of the Construction technique could eliminate such problems.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Traumatized anterior teeth in children: a review of the literature.

This article reviews the incidence, predisposing factors, aetiology, classification, clinical features, treatment modalities and complications of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth in children. This review is primarily based on articles selected from Medline concerning traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth of children up to August 2000. The anterior teeth are important both functionally and esthetically. Fracture of such teeth could affect the appearance of an individual and their ability to eat properly. Epidemiological studies worldwide on traumatic injuries to anterior teeth in children shows that the prevalence is relatively high with more boys affected than girls. The commonest reported aetiological factor is fall. There is need to review the various aspect of this subject and update the treatment technique. Preventive measures to minimise its occurrence such as early orthodontic treatment of procline incisors and the use of mouth protectors during contact sports were highlighted. In addition it was suggested that children be supervised when they are playing and the public be educated on first aid management of dental trauma.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Traumatised primary teeth in Nigerian children attending University Hospital: the consequences of delays in seeking treatment.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence, causes, types and severity of trauma to primary teeth in a hospital population, and to evaluate the interval between injury and treatment. The records of 1809 children treated in a two year period at the Ibadan University College Hospital were reviewed. There were 122 children aged one to seven years, with the highest frequency of trauma in the four and five year age groups, with no significant difference between boys and girls. Falls (88 per cent) were the commonest cause, and 57 children (47 per cent) had two injuries per episode of trauma. The majority (94 per cent) were luxation injuries and 6 per cent were fractures. Eighty-nine per cent of the injuries affected the maxilla, and the maxillary central incisors were the most frequently affected teeth, accounting for 68 per cent of all injuries. Only 11 per cent of the injuries presented for treatment on the day of trauma, while 10 per cent presented later than one year after trauma. The results suggest that the parents of these children with dental trauma do not bring the children for early treatment. The findings underscore a need to improve oral health awareness in general, but more importantly they emphasise that parents should obtain treatment for their children as soon as possible following any episode of dental trauma.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1997

Preimplant guided bone regeneration in the anterior maxilla.

Guided bone regeneration is a clinical procedure aimed at promoting bone formation at sites where there is severe bone loss. The purpose of this article was to demonstrate reconstruction of deformations of the alveolar process resulting from traumatic injuries to maxillary incisor teeth by guided bone regeneration procedures followed by insertion of dental implants. In both cases, submembranous space-making was stabilized by human demineralized freeze-dried bone. Implant insertion at the sites of bone augmentation resulted in successful restorations. Histologic examination of biopsy samples from the submembranous hard tissue revealed particles of demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts partially surrounded by uninflamed connective tissue and by vital bone adjacent and adhered to the demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft particles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Trauma quiz. Terribly troublesome, trauma teeth.

Unfortunately, we come across many traumatised teeth during our practising career. Some of these traumatic injuries are rather simple to treat whereas others provide us with a real challenge. It is absolutely essential that the diagnosis of the injury be known before any treatment is attempted. When it comes to trauma, however, defining the exact form of treatment can often be very difficult. In this paper I will discuss some of the cases that I have managed and leave it up to YOU to decide whether my treatment has been correct, incorrect or whether there is some other form of treatment that we have at our disposal that could have been attempted.

Adolescent↗