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PubMed2006

Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. In the first experiment, 4 doses (5, 50, 500, and 5,000 mg/L) of 5 essential oil compounds were evaluated using in vitro 24-h batch culture of rumen fluid with a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet (18% crude protein; 30% neutral detergent fiber). Treatments were control (CON), eugenol (EUG), guaiacol, limonene, thymol (THY), and vanillin. After 24 h, the pH was determined, and samples were collected to analyze ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The highest dose of all compounds decreased total VFA concentration and increased the final pH. Eugenol at 5 mg/L tended to reduce the proportion of acetate and the acetate to propionate ratio, at 50 and 500 mg/L tended to reduce ammonia N concentration, and at 500 mg/L reduced the proportion of propionate and branched-chain VFA concentration, without affecting total VFA concentration. All other treatments had minor effects or changes occurred only after total VFA concentration decreased. In the second experiment, 8 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1,320 mL) were used in 3 replicated periods (6 d of adaptation and 3 d of sampling) to study the effects of THY and EUG on rumen microbial fermentation. Fermenters were fed 95 g/d of DM of a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet (18% crude protein; 30% neutral detergent fiber). Treatments were CON, 10 mg/L of monensin (positive control), and 5, 50, or 500 mg/L of THY and EUG, and were randomly assigned to fermenters within periods. During the last 3 d of each period, samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after the morning feeding and analyzed for peptides, amino acids, and ammonia N concentrations, and total and individual VFA concentrations. Monensin changed the VFA profile as expected, but inhibited nutrient digestion. Eugenol and THY decreased total VFA concentration and changed the VFA profile, and only 5 mg/L of THY tended to reduce the proportion of acetate, increased the proportion of butyrate, and increased the large peptides N concentration without decreasing total VFA concentration. Most of these essential oil compounds demonstrated their antimicrobial activity by decreasing total VFA concentration at high doses. However, EUG in batch fermentation and 5 mg/L of THY in continuous culture modified the VFA profile without decreasing total VFA concentration, and EUG in batch fermentation decreased ammonia N concentration.

Acetates↗

PubMed1998

Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components.

The effects of 11 plant essential oils for maize kernel protection against Aspergillus flavus were studied. Tests were conducted to determine optimal levels of dosages for maize protection, effects of combinations of essential oils, and residual effects and toxicity of essential oils to maize plants. Principal constituents of eight essential oils were tested for ability to protect maize kernels. Essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (origanum), Teloxys ambrosioides (the flavoring herb epazote), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) caused a total inhibition of fungal development on maize kernels. Thymol and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde significantly reduced maize grain contamination. The optimal dosage for protection of maize varied from 3 to 8%. Combinations of C. zeylanicum with the remaining oils gave efficient control. A residual effect of C. zeylanicum was detected after 4 weeks of kernel treatment. No phytotoxic effect on germination and corn growth was detected with any of these oils.

Acrolein↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute poisoning of an infant by cutaneous application of a local counterirritant and pulmonary antiseptic salve].

The case of acute poisoning reported here raises the question of the harmlessness of preparations destined for cutaneous application in infants. After describing the method perfected for the identification and estimation of camphor, menthol and thymol in biological material, the authors present the toxicological, clinical and biological arguments in favour of the notion that the cutaneous resorption of these substances was responsible for this acute intoxication in an infant. Particular attention should be paid to poisoning which may result, in the newborn and infant, from the cutaneous application of active substances.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1999

Caffeine-sensitive calcium stores regulate synaptic transmission from retinal rod photoreceptors.

We investigated the role of caffeine-sensitive intracellular stores in regulating intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) and glutamatergic synaptic transmission from rod photoreceptors. Caffeine transiently elevated and then markedly depressed [Ca(2+)](i) to below prestimulus levels in rod inner segments and synaptic terminals. Concomitant with the depression was a reduction of glutamate release and a hyperpolarization of horizontal cells, neurons postsynaptic to rods. Caffeine did not affect the rods' membrane potentials indicating that caffeine likely acted via some mechanism(s) other than a voltage-dependent deactivation of the calcium channels. Most of caffeine's depressive action on [Ca(2+)](i), on glutamate release, and on I(Ca) in rods can be attributed to calcium release from stores: (1) caffeine's actions on [Ca(2+)](i) and I(Ca) were reduced by intracellular BAPTA and barium substitution for calcium, (2) other nonxanthine store-releasing compounds, such as thymol and chlorocresol, also depressed [Ca(2+)](i), and (3) the magnitude of [Ca(2+)](i) depression depended on basal [Ca(2+)](i) before caffeine. We propose that caffeine-released calcium reduces I(Ca) in rods by an as yet unidentified intracellular signaling mechanism. To account for the depression of [Ca(2+)](i) below rest levels and the increased fall rate of [Ca(2+)](i) with higher basal calcium, we also propose that caffeine-evoked calcium release from stores activates a calcium transporter that, via sequestration into stores or extrusion, lowers [Ca(2+)](i) and suppresses glutamate release. The effects of store-released calcium reported here operate at physiological calcium concentrations, supporting a role in regulating synaptic signaling in vivo.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed2000

Caries inhibition efficacy of an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a fluoride dentifrice containing a fixed combination of essential oils (Thymol, Menthol, Eucalyptol, and Methyl Salicylate) in preventing caries in Sprague Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dentifrice contains 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) as the fluoride source and a silica abrasive system. A fluoride-free placebo and a clinically proven USP dentifrice reference standard for SMFP/silica were included as controls. Three groups of 45 SDV-free Sprague Dawley weanlings were infected by a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus sobrinus and fed cariogenic diet NIH 2000 ad libitum. Animals were treated twice daily (once on weekends) with the assigned dentifrice using a cotton-tipped applicator, for 5 wks, after which they were terminated and caries scored using Larson's modification of the Keyes method. RESULTS: Analyses of variance were used to compare inter-group means, the total E lesion score was the primary efficacy variable. Compared with the fluoride-free vehicle control, the experimental dentifrice and USP reference standard dentifrice produced a statistically significant reductions of 18.3% and 12.2% respectively for total caries score (P<0.001). Compared with the clinically tested USP positive control dentifrice, the experimental dentifrice produced a statistically significant reduction in the total caries score of 6.9% (P=0.028). The results of this study show that 1) both the new dentifrice containing essential oils and USP dentifrice are statistically significantly effective in reducing caries in the rat model, 2) the anticaries activity of the SMFP dentifrice is not adversely affected with the addition of essential oils.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Effect of an essential oil-containing dentifrice on dental plaque microbial composition.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of 6 months use of an essential oil-containing (EO) antiplaque/antigingivitis fluoride dentifrice on the balance of the oral microbial flora and on the emergence of resistant microbial forms by analysis of dental plaque and saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dentifrice essential oils consisted of a fixed combination of thymol, menthol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol. An identical fluoride-containing dentifrice without the essential oils served as the control. A subgroup of 66 subjects from a clinical trial population of 321 was randomly selected for characterization of their dental plaque microflora. Saliva was also cultured to monitor for the emergence of opportunistic pathogens. Supragingival plaque and saliva were harvested at baseline, after which subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were sampled again after 3 and 6 months of product use prior to clinical examination. Plaque was characterized for microbial content by phase contrast microscopy for recognizable cellular morphotypes and by cultivation on nonselective and selective culture media. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the test agent against selected Actinomyces and Veillonella isolated bacterial species was conducted at all time points to monitor for the potential development of bacterial resistance. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the microbial flora obtained from subjects using the essential oil-containing dentifrice and the vehicle control for all parameters and time periods except for the percentage of spirochetes at 6 months and for percentage of "other" microorganisms at 3 months. The EO group exhibited a lower adjusted mean for both parameters. Additionally, there was no evidence of the development of bacterial resistance to the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils or the emergence of opportunistic pathogens.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed2001

[New data on composition of esssential oil from inflorescence of everlasting (Helichrysum arenarium(L.) Moench.)].

We investigated the composition of essential oil obtained from inflorescence of Helichrysum arenarium (everlasting) which is a perennial herb, native in our home and in Middle and South East Europe. We used essential oils obtained from Hungarian and Polish mercantile samples and a plant sample cultivated in Hungary (Soroksár) by steam-distillation. The GC and GC-MS investigation revealed the presence of more than 60 compounds from which 24 were identified. The identified compounds are as follows: linalool, alpha-terpineol, carvone monoterpenes; anethol, anisaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, beta-asarone, butylhydroxyanisole aromatic components; alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, gamma-muurolene, delta-cadinene, copaene, alpha-gurjunene, caryophyllenol, delta-cadinol and globulol sesquiterpenes as well as caprilic, pelargonic, caprinic, laurinic acids and methyl palmitate as alkyl carbonic acid and their derivatives. We established that the main components of essential oil of Hungarian and Polish mercantile samples is methyl palmitate (28.5% and 21.7% respectively) but of cultivated sample is caprinic acid (19.8%). Comparing our results of essential oil composition with those obtained from other Helichrysum species it is surprising that the alkyl carbonic acids are the dominant essential oil constitutents of Helichrysum arenarium.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2002

Interdental mutans streptococci suppression in vivo: a comparison of different chlorhexidine regimens in relation to restorative material.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the suppressive effect of four different chlorhexidine (CHX) regimens on the interdental levels of mutans streptococci (MS) on enamel and various restorative materials in a group of adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 128 subjects with high salivary MS counts were allocated to (A) a single professional tooth cleaning with a 1% CHX gel, (B) duplicate applications of a dental varnish containing 1% CHX and 1% thymol, (C) a single application of a 40% CHX varnish, (D) daily tooth brushing with a 1% CHX gel for 2 weeks . Interdental plaque samples were collected at baseline, 1 week, and 3 months after termination of CHX treatment. RESULTS: The baseline MS levels were significantly higher in plaque from composite surfaces than in plaque from enamel surfaces. All methods decreased the interdental MS levels compared with the baseline on enamel, composite and amalgam surfaces. On both clinically sound enamel and amalgam surfaces, the outcomes in Groups B, C and D were similar and significantly better than in Group A. On composite surfaces, the 40% CHX varnish (C) and the CHX brushing (D) were significantly more effective in decreasing MS than the low-CHX varnish (B) and the professional CHX cleaning (A).

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunoglobulins in persons with long-term exposure to halothane.

In 18 persons (anaesthetists and anaesthetic nurses) with a history of long-term exposure to low concentrations of halothane the activity of aminotransferases, GGTP, and alkaline phosphatase, the bilirubin level and thymol turbidity test were determined and no significant abnormalities were found. On the other hand, determinations of immunoglobulons showed changes in the raised IgM level in 15 out of 18 persons, the difference between the normal level and that found in the present studies being statistically significant. The levels of IgA and IgG were within the normal range. Raised IgM level may be due to stimulation of the immune system by halothane.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Comparison of chemical constituents of essential oils from Elsholtzia splendens and cultivated Mosla chinensis by GC-MS analysis].

Xiangru (Labiatae) is a well-known drug used in Chinese traditional medicine. Chemical constituents of essential oils from Elsholtzia splendens and cultivated Mosla chinensis were compared by GC-MS/DS combination on SE-54 capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm). Forty-three components were identified in Elsholtzia splendens Nakai ex F.Maekawa. The total content of the components in the essential oil was found to be 90.61%. Among them the major constituents are elsholtzia ketone (80.81%). Fifty components were identified in cultivated Mosla chinensis, with a total content of 93.91% in the essential oil. The major constituents are carvacrol (51.11%), thymol (22.00%), and etc.

Butanones↗

PubMed2004

Chlorhexidine concentration in saliva after topical treatment with an antibacterial dental varnish.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the salivary levels of chlorhexidine (CHX) after a single professional treatment with an antibacterial dental varnish (Cervitec) containing 1% CHX and 1% thymol. METHODS: Unstimulated whole saliva from 21 healthy young adults was collected at baseline and up to 24 hours after treatment at designated time intervals and the CHX levels in saliva were quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography. Post-treatment saliva samples were added to suspensions of mutans streptococci and supragingival dental plaque for a growth inhibition. RESULTS: CHX concentration in saliva showed a peak value (76.5 microg/ml) after 5 minutes followed by a slow decrease with time. The elevation was statistically significant (P < 0.05) up to 4 hours after the application of the varnish and the recorded values were back to baseline levels after 24 hours. The 2- and 4-hour post-treatment saliva samples inhibited growth of mutans streptococci by 46% and 33%, respectively.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1992

Iodized talc pleurodesis for the treatment of pleural effusions.

This prospective study was designed to determine the efficacy of iodized talc pleurodesis in patients with pleural effusions. Thirty-four patients underwent this treatment (three bilaterally) between October 1, 1989, and March 31, 1991. All patients had to have complete or nearly complete lung reexpansion after tube thoracostomy with fluid drainage less than 100 ml in 24 hours. A slurry containing 5 gm of talc and 3 gm of thymol iodide was instilled into the pleural space through the chest tube. Chest tubes were removed after complete reexpansion and clearing of the effusions, usually in 3 to 5 days. The patients' ages ranged from 26 to 88 years (average 50 years). Eighteen patients had lung carcinoma, two had mesothelioma, and one each had carcinoma of the ovary, breast, or anorectum, multiple myeloma, schwannoma, or Hodgkin's lymphoma. Two patients had an unknown adenocarcinoma primary and five other patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. One patient had congestive heart failure. Nineteen patients had left, 12 had right, and three had bilateral pleural effusions. The effusion was serosanguineous in 26 and serofibrinous in eight patients. Serial chest radiography showed complete response in all patients. The period of follow-up ranged from 1 to 21 (average 4.9) months, with no recurrences. Twenty-three patients have died during the follow-up period, and there was no sign that reaccumulated pleural effusion existed in any, despite clinical evidence of systemic tumor progression. These observations indicate that intrapleural instillation of a slurry of iodized talc is a safe, adequate, and effective treatment for control of neoplastic or benign pleural effusions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Increase and decrease in formic acid concentration in urine samples stored at room temperature.

Formic acid concentrations are not stable in urine samples stored at room temperature. Formic acid may increase or decrease due to bacterial contamination. Enterococci and E. coli produce formic acid under anaerobic conditions at pH values of more than 6.0. In urine sample stored at room temperature, E. coli caused a decrease in formic acid. The main substrate of formic acid formation by bacteria seems to be citric acid. Formic acid in urine is stable at room temperature for at least 7 days when concentrated acetic acid (50 microliters/10 ml) or 50 g/l thymol in isopropanol (50 microliters/10 ml) is added.

Acetates↗

PubMed2005

Use of laser fluorescence in monitoring the durability and cariostatic effects of fluoride and chlorhexidine varnishes on occlusal caries: a clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and caries-preventive effects of a fluoride varnish (Fluor Protector; 0.1% fluoride) and a chlorhexidine varnish (Cervitec; 1% chlorhexidine and 1% thymol) on initial caries of occlusal fissures and to monitor the durability of the varnishes by the use of a fluorescence system, DIAGNOdent (Dd). METHOD AND MATERIALS: Nineteen subjects underwent professional tooth cleaning at the beginning of the study. Afterward, fluorescence measurements (baseline) were obtained from 56 test sites and 28 control sites on the central fossae of molars. Each subject had Fluor Protector and Cervitec application on randomly assigned experimental teeth, and applications were followed by Dd measurements. Measurements were repeated after 1 and 6 months. RESULTS: There was an increase in fluorescence values immediately after application of varnish in the two test groups. One month after varnish application, Dd scores for group Fluor Protector were not significantly different from Dd scores obtained immediately after application (P = .108), whereas Dd scores for group Cervitec decreased significantly (P = .007). For both test groups, there was a significant decrease between the values obtained immediately after application and those acquired after 6 months. There was also a significant decrease between 1 month and 6 months for test groups and a slight but significant increase for the control group (P = .011). No significant difference was found between the Fluor Protector and Cervitec groups after 6 months. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the Dd system may be used to monitor the existence of these two varnishes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Analysis on the volatile oil in Origanum vulgare].

OBJECTIVE: To analysis compositions of the volatile oil in Origanum vulgare. METHODS: GC-MS condition: using programmed temperature gas chromatography cinitial temperature was 60 degrees C, and then raising the temperature (5 degrees C/min) to 240 degrees C, mass-to-electric charge ratio was 10 to 425. RESULTS: GC-MS identified 29 kinds of contents. CONCLUSION: Thymol and carvacrol are main compositions of the volatile oil in Origanum vulgare.

Cymenes↗

PubMed1987

Drug-induced Ca2+ release from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. II. Releases involving a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channel.

Calcium ions that have been preloaded into isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum subfractions in the presence of ATP and pyrophosphate may be released upon addition of a large number of diverse pharmacologic substances. We report here that not only caffeine, but also Ca2+ ions, thymol, quercetin, menthol, halothane, chloroform, 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzimidazole, ryanodine, tetraphenylboron, ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, W-7, doxorubicin, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, and low concentrations of Ag+ induce Ca2+ release from such triadic sarcoplasmic reticulum. All these drugs induce increased undirectional Ca2+ efflux. We believe all these drug-induced Ca2+ releases are mediated by Ca2+ efflux through the same ion channel since these releases are all greatly attenuated when light sarcoplasmic reticulum is substituted for triads and are even more pronounced when transverse tubule-free terminal cisternae are substituted for triads, and all these forms of drug-induced Ca2+ release are inhibited by submicromolar concentrations of ruthenium red, and by submillimolar concentrations of tetracaine, 9-aminoacridine, and Ba2+, yet they are not affected by nifedipine even at a concentration of 50 microM.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Asteraceae. Identification of an 8,9-epoxythymol-diester as the contact allergen of Arnica sachalinensis].

A pharmacist developed an allergic contact dermatitis while working with Arnica sachalinensis. Patch testing with sesquiterpene lactones was negative. The contact allergen of A. sachalinensis was identified as 10-acetoxy-8,9-epoxy-thymol-isobutyrate. This compound, or structurally related 8,9-epoxythymol-diesters, are often found in Asteraceae. In addition to sesquiterpene lactones, epoxythymol-diesters should be considered as contact allergens. Cross reactions between the two groups of compounds are not expected and could not be demonstrated in our patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

[Significance of laboratory diagnostic study parameters of the hepatobiliary system in the evaluation of cardiovascular diseases--results of cross sectional and longitudinal studies in patients with suspicious cardiovascular findings in an epidemiologic follow-up study].

With the help of an approx. 280 000 inhabitants check of x-ray-morphological suspects of a heart disease the laboratory parameters thymol turbidity test, zinc-sulphate turbidity test, total protein, serum protein electrophoresis and the enzymes "ASAT" and "ALAT" in longitudinal section and cross-section were examined in an intervention study during 5 years. All these parameters show standard values on the average, but compared to a healthy reference they showed significant differences, which relations to heart and vessel diseases could be deduced from. This referred especially to age-inverse behaviour of the transaminases only concerning male test persons. The examination of the longitudinal section confirmed exactly the results of the cross-section analysis. On the one hand it underlines the results got from the cross-section and in the second place it contributes to the efficient diagnostics by learning undone a repetition of these laboratory examinations during the period of 5 years with such a defined population. The relations of the particularities mentioned obviously refer to subclinical fields. Effects of therapy do not reflect in the laboratory findings.

Adolescent↗