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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

A new method for hemodynamic and echocardiographic assessment of conscious dogs: comparison with thiopental-morphine anaesthesia.

A method allowing assessment of cardiac structure and function in the conscious dog using readily available instrumentation is desirable and should provide physiologic advantages when compared to anaesthesia. Accordingly, we studied 19 dogs (22 +/- 2.5 kg), using two-dimensional echocardiographic and Swan-Ganz and femoral artery catheterization; ten were conditioned to permit conscious studies and nine received anaesthesia. Dogs receiving anaesthesia were induced with intravenous thiopental (16 +/- 4 mg/kg), followed by a maintenance dose (7 +/- 1 mg/kg/h) plus morphine sulphate (213 +/- 5 micrograms/kg/h). Cardiac index, mean blood pressure, and systemic vascular resistance were similar between groups. However, anaesthesia as compared to conscious studies resulted in a marked tachycardia (147 +/- 30 bpm, vs 98 +/- 19 bpm, p less than 0.0005), significantly lower right atrial pressure (5 +/- 2 mmHg vs 8 +/- 2 mmHg, p less than 0.05), and a trend towards a lower pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (6 +/- 5 mmHg vs 9 +/- 3 mmHg). Simultaneous echocardiography showed left ventricular diastolic cross sectional area to be smaller in the anaesthesia group (8.5 +/- 1.7 cm2 vs 10.4 +/- 1.5 cm2, p less than 0.05); however, ejection fraction in the two groups was similar. Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf), normalized for heart rate and preload, was significantly lower in the anaesthetised dogs (0.63 +/- 0.22 circ/sec vs 0.89 +/- 0.26 circ/sec, p less than 0.05); this decline in Vcf, in association with a lower systolic wall stress (85 +/- 29 10(3) dynes/cm2 vs 119 +/- 23 10(3) dynes/cm2, p less than 0.05) indicates that thiopental-morphine anaesthesia depresses contractility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1975

Arterial blood gas tensions and acid-base status of Wistar rats during thiopental and halothane anesthesia.

Arterial blood gas tensions and acid-base status of spontaneously-breathing, unanesthetized Wister rats were compared with values obtained during 4 hr of thiopental and 6 hr of halothane (1%) anesthesia. During thiopental anesthesia, marked respiratory depression occurred (PaCO-2:57.0 plus or minus 10.0 MM Hg, PaO-2:70.4 plus or minus 11.2 MM Hg). Thirty-six percent of the rats died. During inhalation of room air and 1% halothane, PaO-2 decreased also, whereas PaO-2 did not change. Twenty-seven percent of the original number of rats died. Lowered arterial oxygen tension may have caused death; no rats died during inhalation of oxygen and 1% halothane. This technic insured sufficient analgesia for surgical procedures without marked alterations of the acid base status and is recommended for long-term anesthesia of small laboratory animals like rats.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

[The amount of histamine released in vivo by hypnotics (thiopental, methohexital, propofol) studied by assays of plasma histamine].

Accidents observed during induction of anaesthesia are most often linked to non-specific histamine liberation. The sale of new hypnotics (Methohexital and Propofol), has brought the hope that their histamine-liberation potential would be lower. The study was done in patients who were at risk of histamine-liberation (atopics, drug allergies etc.). Two series of patients were studied after anti H1 and tranquilizer premedication. Histamine liberation by Propofol versus Thiopental as the inducer was studied in the first group. In the second, the combination was Methohexital versus Thiopental. In both series studied the new hypnotics Propofol and Methohexital did not release histamine non-specifically in atopics at risk. Neither clinical reactions non increase of histamineamia were seen. It is concluded that these two new drugs are safe.

Drug Hypersensitivity↗
PubMed1989

First-pass uptake of verapamil, diazepam, and thiopental in the human lung.

The first-pass uptake of verapamil, diazepam, and thiopental in the human lung was determined using multiple-indicator dilution techniques. These three drugs represent lipid-soluble agents that differ in their ionic characteristics at physiological pH. Verapamil, a basic lipophilic amine, underwent significant uptake, with 50% of the drug accumulating in lung tissue during the first pass. With diazepam, a nonbasic lipophilic amine, there was 30% uptake during the first pass through the human lung--significantly less than that observed with verapamil. With thiopental, an acidic lipophilic barbiturate, only 14% of the injected drug accumulated in the lung during the first pass. Taken together, these data are consistent with observations from animal studies, which indicate that extensive pulmonary uptake is greater with basic amine drugs that are moderately to highly lipid-soluble. Also, the relatively high first-pass uptake of verapamil in the human lung suggests a quantitatively significant role of this nonrespiratory function of the lung in the early pharmacokinetics of intravenous verapamil.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Oral airway insertion tolerance: a study comparing thiopental and propofol.

An oral airway frequently is utilized in maintaining a patent airway. However, a patient must be able to tolerate such an aid. This study suggests that propofol induction is superior to thiopental (Pentothol) induction in this regard, because it allows for prompt and earlier airway insertion. Propofol, a phenol derivative, is an ultra-short-acting intravenous and maintenance agent. It features a rapid onset, short duration of action and rapid distribution and elimination, allowing patients to make a quick recovery. One-hundred fifty-two patients were studied in comparing propofol induction with pentothol induction. Oral airway insertion was attempted in all patients, and tolerance was evaluated. There was a statistically significant difference between thiopental induction and propofol induction in the non-smoking groups, showing that propofol induction was superior. In the smoking groups, no statistically significant differences were noted. Manifestations of airway irritability occurred in both groups. However, laryngospasms and respiratory distress occurred only in the pentothol group, with one of these patients requiring intubation. Patients who have irritable and/or difficult airways may benefit from oral airway insertion that is preceded by propofol induction.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1989

[Calculation of the amount of thiopental used in induction of anesthesia].

A retrospective investigation was undertaken of the amount of thiopental employed in induction of anaesthesia. This revealed that only three factors were of significance for the dosage employed: age, weight and cardiac disease. In patients over the age of 70 years, the dosage could be reduced by 30%. In patients of more than 10% overweight, the dosage could be reduced by 7% and in patients who were 10% underweight, the dosage was increased by 10%. In cases of heart disease the dosage was reduced by 20% in the proportion of 5 mg thiopental per kg body-weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[GABAergic mechanisms of the function of hippocampal-reticulo-neocortical system structures of the brain under thiopental anesthesia].

In experiments on rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in the brain structures thiopental exhibited properties of a pronounced GABA receptor agonist. Muscimol potentiated the suppressive effect of the general anesthetic agent on electrographic and behavioral correlates of excitability of the periaqueductal gray matter, mesencephalic reticular formation and especially dorsal hippocampus and frontal neocortex. On the contrary, bicuculline reduced the anesthetic effect of thiopental but potentiated the inhibitory action of the cortex and hippocampus on the midbrain formations as compared with the effects of the barbiturate proper.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Potassium permeability in pancreatic beta-cell. The effect of thiopental.

We studied the effects of the barbiturate thiopental on mouse beta-cell membrane potential and electrical activity under conditions where K+ permeability was stimulated by increases in cytosolic Ca2+. Thiopental (1 mM) antagonized the hyperpolarizing effect of increases in cytosolic Ca2+, increased either by exposure of islets to 50 mM K+ or by reduction of cellular ATP content by 2,4 dinitrophenol.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of etomidate, midazolam, and thiopental on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and the additive effects of fentanyl and nitrous oxide.

In 30 patients undergoing spinal disc operations, the effects of bolus injections followed by intravenous infusions of thiopental, etomidate, and midazolam on median nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) were studied. Possible additive effects of fentanyl and nitrous oxide were also evaluated. Serial SSEP measurements were made before and for 25 minutes after the start of anesthesia. After induction with one of the three intravenous agents, fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg) was administered and SSEPs were again measured 1 and 5 minutes after administration. Sixty-five% nitrous oxide in 35% oxygen was administered after tracheal intubation and was followed by final SSEP measurements. The three intravenous agents affected SSEP signals differently. Etomidate increased both amplitude and latency. Thiopental decreased amplitude and increased latency. Midazolam had no effect on amplitude but increased latency. The addition of fentanyl and nitrous oxide had different effects in response to the three intravenous induction agents. This study emphasizes the differences in SSEP responses not only to different intravenous induction agents but also to the addition of fentanyl and nitrous oxide.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Sensitive HPLC assay for thiopental in human serum after simple preparation of the samples. Its application for clinical research.

A simple, precise and sensitive micro method for the determination of thiopental in human serum is presented. After deproteinization with acetonitrile the supernatant was directly injected into a reversed phase HPLC system with UV photometrical detection at 280 nm. The limit for the detection of thiopental was less than 0.1 microgram/ml serum. Time consuming extraction of the serum sample was not necessary. The method can be recommended for clinical routine analysis; its suitability has been demonstrated in several studies.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1976

Thiopental anaesthesia and the acid-base balance in the blood of experimental dogs.

An analysis of basic parameters representative of the acid-base balance was made in arterial blood samples from 140 clinically healthy dogs, under a general intravenous Thiopental anaesthesia. The following mean values +/- S.E.M. were obtained: pH = 7.33 +/- 0.01; pCO2 = 47.16 +/- 0.95; base excess = -2.12 +/- 0.27; buffer base = 46.63 +/- 0.37. The results showed a prevalent trend of lower values of pH, base excess and buffer base and higher values of pCO2 than those found commonly in human clinical practice. Special attention was paid to the respiratory component of the acid-base balance (ABB) revealing certain undesirable side effect of Thiopental anaesthesia.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1979

Ketamine and thiopental sleep responses in guinea pigs in hyperbaric helium-oxygen.

One-hundred twenty three guinea pigs, randomly divided into four groups, were exposed to the following normoxic environments: Group I, 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air; Group II, 1 ATA helium-oxygen (heliox); Group III, 20 ATA heliox; and Group IV, 31 ATA heliox. Each group was divided into five subgroups; each subgroup received a different and graduated intravenous dose of ketamine in one of these environments. An additional 172 guinea pigs were exposed either to 1 ATA air or 31 ATA heliox and given thiopental. The duration of sleep, determined by failure of the animals to right themselves, was then used to construct dose-response curves for the two drugs in the hyperbaric environments. Results demonstrated less pressure antagonism of anesthesia with ketamine than with thiopental. For both drugs, pressure not only increased the dose required to induce sleep but also decreased the duration of sleep, when it occurred, by as much as 50% compared to effects of the same doses at surface pressure.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1966

Thiopental anesthesia and tannic acid diagnostic enemas.

The administration to albino rats of tannic acid as a retention enema (in doses of 0.2 g./kg. body weight and over) prolonged the duration of anesthesia induced by thiopental given immediately before, or 72 hours after, the tannic acid. This dose of tannic acid corresponds, on the basis of body weight, to a radiodiagnostic enema of 2 1. of 0.25% tannic acid in barium sulfate suspension given to a child weighing 25 kg. By excluding certain hypothermic effects of tannic acid, it was concluded that thiopental potentiation was probably due to impairment by the tannic acid of the liver's ability to detoxify the barbiturate. The results suggest that a drug which is detoxified in the liver should be administered three to five days after a tannic acid-barium sulfate radiodiagnostic enema only with considerable caution.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1984

Age-related changes in CNS-sensitivity to hexobarbital and thiopental in the rat.

CNS-sensitivity to hexobarbital and thiopental was determined with an EEG-threshold method in rats of different ages. The results show that the threshold dose decreases by 15% for both barbiturates when the rats are between 50 and 150 days of age. Brain concentrations of hexobarbital also decreased with increasing age and show that the changes in threshold doses are due to changes in CNS-sensitivity. Anesthesia times after threshold determinations decrease with increasing age for thiopental, but there was no change in anesthesia times after hexobarbital thresholds. At 90-100 days of age there was a significant increase in EEG-threshold for hexobarbital, and brain concentrations in the same age interval indicate a decreased CNS-sensitivity.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Narcosis, blood glucose, plasma insulin and renin concentrations: experimental research with Althesin, thiopental and ketamine.

In the rat, narcotic doses of Althesin injected intraperitoneally did not modify blood glucose concentration nor plasma insulin concentration. On the contrary, a reduction of blood glucose concentration, associated with an increase of plasma insulin concentration was observed when narcotic doses of thiopental and ketamine were administered. Plasma renin concentrations decreased after injection of Althesin and thiopental but increased after injection of ketamine.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗
PubMed1983

[Recovery after ketamine-diazepam and thiopental-fentanyl-infusion anesthesia with jet-ventilation for laryngomicroscopy].

Using two infusion anaesthesiamethods for laryngomicroscopy in 187 non-selected patients we studied the recovery phase with the aid of a special questionnaire filled in by the recovery room nurse. Premedication was with Thalamonal and atropine. Muscle relaxation was achieved by a succinylcholine drip. Induction doses: fentanyl 0.05-0.1 mg and thiopental 3-5 mg/kg bodyweight (Th-group) or diazepam 10-20 mg and ketamine 1 mg/kg bodyweight (K-group). Infusion doses: Thiopental 11.7 mg/min. (Th-group) or diazepam 0.2 mg/min. and ketamine 2 mg/min (K-group). Anaesthesia lasted for 20-30 min. We observed and noted during recovery: Breathing, cough-frequency and -quality, alertness, reaction to speech and stimulation, orientation, motor behaviour and well-being. Anaesthesia was sufficient in both groups. The patients of the K-group woke up earlier and their laryngeal reflexes seemed to stabilize quicker than in the Th-group. Because of the elevation of blood pressure caused by the stimulation of the laryngoscopy both methods are not recommended for patients at risk from high blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The effect of thiopental sodium, methoxyflurane and halothane on the acid-base status in sheep.

Experiments have been carried out on 20 adult fat-tailed ewes to determine the effects of thiopental sodium, methoxyflurane and halothane on acid-base status of the saliva loss during prolonged surgical anaesthesia. The rate of loss of base in saliva depends on the volume of saliva produced, which fell sharply at the onset of anesthesia with the volatile anaesthesia. Plasma pH and plasma pvCO2 excess were both increased by the volatile anaesthetics but fell sharply during thiopental anaesthesia. Plasma pH and plasma PvCO2 showed no consistent relationship.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1981

[Anesthesia, blood glucose, insulin and plasma renin. Experimental research with althesin, thiopental and ketamine].

In the rat, narcotic doses of Althesin injected intraperitoneally did not modify blood glucose concentration nor plasma insulin concentration. On the contrary a reduction of blood glucose concentration, associated with an increase of plasma insulin concentration was observed when narcotic doses of thiopental and ketamine were. Plasma renin concentration decreased after injection of Althesin and thiopental while increased after injection of ketamine.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗