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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Insecticidal activity of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on Spodoptera litura F. larvae.

The inhibitors of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis such as alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and bis (cyclohexylammonium) sulphate (BCHA) have been used to protect crop plants from pathogenic fungi. In this communication the insecticidal activity of these inhibitors on tobacco caterpillar, S. litura has been reported. All the inhibitors exhibited insecticidal activity; MGBG being more effective than others. The results suggest, for the first time, a possible avenue for the control of insect pests by specific inhibition of insect PA biosynthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Isolation and identification of paralytic peptides from hemolymph of the lepidopteran insects Manduca sexta, Spodoptera exigua, and Heliothis virescens.

Seven paralytic peptides were isolated and identified from lepidopteran hemolymph. All of these peptides cause rapid, rigid paralysis when injected into Manduca sexta and some other lepidopteran larvae. Each peptide contains 23 amino acid residues including 2 cysteines and the carboxyl termini are acidic. Synthetic peptides in the disulfide or reduced forms, and as carboxyl-terminal acids or amides were equally paralytic. The most potent paralytic peptide, Mas PP I, has the following sequence: H-Glu-Asn-Phe-Ala-Gly-Gly-Cys-Ala-Thr-Gly-Tyr-Leu- Arg-Thr-Ala-Asp-Gly-Arg-Cys-Lys-Pro-Thr-Phe-OH. The two peptides from M. sexta hemolymph are remarkable in that they are autoparalytic (i.e. factors in collected hemolymph that are paralytic when injected into the same larvae).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Hormonal regulation of macromolecular synthesis in testes and accessory reproductive glands of Spodoptera litura during post-embryonic and adult development.

In S. litura testicular growth during the last larval instar and early pupal stage is associated with significant increase in DNA, RNA and protein contents. DNA synthesis is stimulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in the penultimate instar testes. 20-HE injection in ligated late last instars increases the testicular weight and protein content. Accessory reproductive gland (ARG) development takes place during the mid and late pupal stages. Protein synthesis in the pharate adult ARG is stimulated by 20-HE. Juvenile hormone has no effect on ARG protein synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The characterization of microsporidian isolates (Nosematidae: Nosema) from five important lepidopteran pests in Taiwan.

Microsporidian isolates from five lepidopteran pests-Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella, and Pieris spp.-were compared by spore morphology, infectivity to S. litura, Western-blot banding patterns, the sequences of small subunit rRNA gene (SSUrRNA sequence), and random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). All the isolates could infect experimentally and multiply in the larvae of S. litura. The S. exigua isolate showed the highest virulence to the larvae of S. litura while the P. xylostella isolate showed the lowest. No significant differences either in spore morphology or in SSUrRNA sequences of these isolates were found. The SSUrRNA sequences of these isolates confirmed they are members of the genus Nosema. Based on the result of Western-blot hybridization with the rabbit anti-Nosema spodopterae spore antiserum, three serotypes could be distinguished: N. spodopterae (S. litura isolate) and Pi. spp. isolate; S. exigua and H. armigera isolates; and P. xylostella isolate. The amplicons of RAPD-PCR with 60 primers yielded clear patterns that were selected and used for identification and also for phylogenic analysis of these five isolates. Based on analysis by the computer, isolates could be clearly divided into three groups that were coincident with the serotypes; therefore we suggest that N. spodopterae and isolates of Pi. spp., S. exigua, and H. armigera are more closely related in phylogenesis. In addition, in the amplification with the Nosema bombycis specific primer set, only DNAs from P. xylostella isolate and N. bombycis yielded amplicons. Therefore, we suggest that four isolates, excluding the P. xylostella isolate, are N. spodopterae, and the taxonomic position of P. xylostella isolate needs to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of field-collected ascovirus isolates by DNA hybridization, host range, and histopathology.

Six field-collected ascovirus isolates obtained from five noctuid species in the continental United States were compared with respect to the general relatedness of their DNA, host range, and histopathology. Two isolates were from Spodoptera frugiperda, and the other four were from Autographa precationis, Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa zea, and Trichoplusia ni. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed that the six isolates belonged to three distinct viral species, with the isolates from S. frugiperda composing one species, those from A. precationis and H. virescens a second species, and those from H. zea and T. ni a third species. The host range and histopathology of each isolate was studied in eight noctuid species, S. frugiperda, Spodoptera ornithogalli, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera eridania, H. virescens, H. zea, A. precationis, and Feltia subterranea. Though some variation existed between the different isolates of each viral species, distinct patterns were apparent for each. The viral species from S. frugiperda had a host range that was limited primarily to Spodoptera species and both isolates of this virus only replicated and caused significant pathology in the fat body, whereas the viral species from A. precationis and H. virescens had a much broader host range that included most of the species tested, but also had a tissue tropism primarily restricted to the fat body. The viral species from T. ni and H. zea readily infected all the hosts tested, where the principal site of replication and significant pathology was the epidermis. In many test hosts, however, this viral species also replicated and caused significant pathology in the tracheal epithelium and to a lesser extent in the fat body. Aside from contributing to knowledge of ascovirus biology, these studies indicate that DNA hybridization profiles combined with studies of host range and tissue tropism can be used as characters for defining ascovirus species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Stages of infection during the tripartite interaction between Xenorhabdus nematophila, its nematode vector, and insect hosts.

Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are mutually associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema and are pathogenic to a broad spectrum of insects. The nematodes act as vectors, transmitting the bacteria to insect larvae, which die within a few days of infection. We characterized the early stages of bacterial infection in the insects by constructing a constitutive green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Xenorhabdus nematophila strain. We injected the GFP-labeled bacteria into insects and monitored infection. We found that the bacteria had an extracellular life cycle in the hemolymph and rapidly colonized the anterior midgut region in Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Electron microscopy showed that the bacteria occupied the extracellular matrix of connective tissues within the muscle layers of the Spodoptera midgut. We confirmed the existence of such a specific infection site in the natural route of infection by infesting Spodoptera littoralis larvae with nematodes harboring GFP-labeled Xenorhabdus. When the infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes reached the insect gut, the bacterial cells were rapidly released from the intestinal vesicle into the nematode intestine. Xenorhabdus began to escape from the anus of the nematodes when IJs were wedged in the insect intestinal wall toward the insect hemolymph. Following their release into the insect hemocoel, GFP-labeled bacteria were found only in the anterior midgut region and hemolymph of Spodoptera larvae. Comparative infection assays conducted with another insect, Locusta migratoria, also showed early bacterial colonization of connective tissues. This work shows that the extracellular matrix acts as a particular colonization site for X. nematophila within insects.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Utilization of fodder yeast and agro-industrial by-products in production of spores and biologically - active endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis.

A number of newly-devised fermentation media were evaluated with respect to their ability to support sporulation and biosynthesis of endotoxins by strains of Bacillus thuringiensis that are biologically active against Spodoptera littoralis, Heliothis armigera, and Spodoptera exigua. Fodder yeast from dried cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be used as a complete mono-component medium for production of highly active spore-delta-endotoxin complexes from B. thur., vars. entomocidus, kurstaki and galleriae. Highest sporulation titers were obtained at 2% fodder yeast concentration with endotoxin yields ranging between 7 to 9 grams per liter of medium. Ground horse beans and kidney bean seeds could also be used successfully as complete media for sporulation and endotoxin production. Extracts of potato tubers and sweet potato roots were efficient media for active endotoxin production from B. thur. var. kurstaki, although the obtained yields were much lower than those produced in fodder yeast media. The utilization of fish meal, cotton seed meal, and residues of chicken from the slaughter-house as media for the production of endotoxins active against Spodoptera littoralis, was not successful. On the other hand, minced citrus peels, ground seeds of dates, and wheat bran could be successfully used in combination with fodder yeast as media for production of endotoxins, active against Heliothis armigera and Spodoptera exigua. Re-utilization of culture supernatants in a second fermentation cycle after supplementation with some nutrients gave promising results with some of the strains tested. The data obtained are discussed in view of their feasibility of application.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed1995

Replication of a Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis virus in a newly established Mamestra brassicae cell line.

A continuous cell line, designated MbL-3, was newly established from minced neonate larvae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae. This new cell line is heteroploid, containing triploid cells predominantly at the frequency of about 50%. Doubling time of the cell population is 33 hrs. The Akutsu isolate of a Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MbNPV) was examined for replication in 16 continuous cell lines, including the cell line MbL-3, from seven lepidoptera species: Mamestra brassicae, Pseudaletia separata, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella. Of these cell lines, only the MbL-3 cells supported a high replication of the virus. Four other Mamestra cell lines and a P. separata cell line showed a low virus-susceptibility, while the other cell lines were not permissive for the virus infection. Maximum infection rate of MbL-3 cells to the Akutsu isolate was 23.4%. The growth kinetics of this virus isolate in MbL-3 cells showed that the virus was released from infected cells 24 hrs p.i. and reached a maximal titer 96 hrs p.i. The number of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) reached a maximum of 10(7.5) PIBs/ml 120 hrs p.i.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Toxicity and receptor binding properties of a Bacillus thuringiensis CryIC toxin active against both lepidoptera and diptera.

This study describes an investigation into the relationship among toxicity, specificity, and binding of CryIC delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai HD-229. In vivo bioassays of larvae using inclusions (Aedes aegypti) or solubilized toxin (Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Manduca sexta) revealed that CryIC was toxic to both dipteran and lepidopteran larvae. In vitro saturation binding assays with CryIC toxin labeled in vivo with [35S]methionine revealed specific and saturable binding to brush border membrane vesicles from both resistant and susceptible insect species. In contrast, dissociation binding experiments showed that the relative toxicities and specificities of CryIC to the insect species tested were correlated with the extent of irreversible binding to the insects' midgut brush border membrane vesicles.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Recovery of infectious pariacoto virus from cDNA clones and identification of susceptible cell lines.

Pariacoto virus (PaV) is a nodavirus that was recently isolated in Peru from the Southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania. Virus particles are non enveloped and about 30 nm in diameter and have T=3 icosahedral symmetry. The 3.0-A crystal structure shows that about 35% of the genomic RNA is icosahedrally ordered, with the RNA forming a dodecahedral cage of 25-nucleotide (nt) duplexes that underlie the inner surface of the capsid. The PaV genome comprises two single-stranded, positive-sense RNAs: RNA1 (3,011 nt), which encodes the 108-kDa catalytic subunit of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and RNA2 (1,311 nt), which encodes the 43-kDa capsid protein precursor alpha. In order to apply molecular genetics to the structure and assembly of PaV, we identified susceptible cell lines and developed a reverse genetic system for this virus. Cell lines that were susceptible to infection by PaV included those from Spodoptera exigua, Helicoverpa zea and Aedes albopictus, whereas cells from Drosophila melanogaster and Spodoptera frugiperda were refractory to infection. To recover virus from molecular clones, full-length cDNAs of PaV RNAs 1 and 2 were cotranscribed by T7 RNA polymerase in baby hamster kidney cells that expressed T7 RNA polymerase. Lysates of these cells were infectious both for cultured cells from Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm) and for larvae of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth). The combination of infectious cDNA clones, cell culture infectivity, and the ability to produce milligram amounts of virus allows the application of DNA-based genetic methods to the study of PaV structure and assembly.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparative study on the susceptibility of cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus and Agrotis ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus.

The common cutworm (Agrotis segetum) and the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) are serious soil pests of many vegetable and field crops all over the world. We have demonstrated the cross-infectivity of two baculoviruses, A. segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgseNPV) and A. ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipNPV) for these two insect pests. The susceptibility of A. segetum to AgipNPV was confirmed by DNA restriction endonuclease analyses of DNA isolated from virus harvested from infected A. segetum larvae. For an initial comparison of both viruses, partial polyhedrin sequences were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Both viruses shared a very similar polyhedrin gene sequence resulting in only three amino acid substitutions. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that both viruses belong to NPV group II and are most closely related to a clade consisting of Spodoptera exigua NPV, Spodoptera frugiperda NPV, and Spodoptera littoralis NPV. Since AgipNPV shows high virulence for both cutworm species, it appears to be a suitable candidate as a single biological control agent of A. segetum and A. ipsilon.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Biological and molecular characterization of a multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus from Thysanoplusia orichalcea (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

A multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (ThorMNPV) that was co-isolated with a single nucleocapid ThorSNPV from mixed infected larvae of Thysanoplusia orichalcea L. (Lepidoptea: Noctuidae) is characterized. Scanning electron microscopy of ThorMNPV showed a dodecahedral-shaped occlusion body (OB). The occluded virions contained one to as many as eight nucleocapsids/virion. Virion band profiles in gradient centrifugation were consistent in at least 10 rounds of centrifugation from different virion sample preparations. The ThorMNPV had high virulence to third instar Trichoplusia ni and Pseudoplusia includens with LD50 values of 17 and 242OBs per larva, respectively. However, ThorMNPV did not cause mortality in Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Anticarsia gemmatalis, and Helicoverpa zea. ThorMNPV replicates in cells of various tissues such as the fat body and tracheal epithelium cells. T. ni High 5 cells were permissive to ThorMNPV in terms of infection and viral DNA transfection, but SF-21 was less permissive and the infection process was slower. Production of OBs by ThorMNPV in the nuclei of SF-21 was not well pronounced. The genome size of ThorMNPV was estimated to be 136 kb. The polyhedrin gene open reading frame (ORF) was cloned and completely sequenced. The promoter sequence is identical to that of Autographa californica MNPV. Phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences of the polh, lef-8, and lef-9 revealed that ThorMNPV is a member of the Group I NPVs and is related but distinct from the AcMNPV/Rachiplusia ou NPV/Bombyx mori NPV cluster.

Amino Acid Sequence↗