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PubMed2006

Java project on periodontal diseases. The natural development of periodontitis: risk factors, risk predictors and risk determinants.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors, risk predictors and risk determinants for onset and progression of periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this longitudinal, prospective study all subjects in the age range 15-25 years living in a village of approximately 2000 inhabitants at a tea estate on Western Java, Indonesia, were selected. Baseline examination was carried out in 1987 and follow-up examinations in 1994 and 2002. In 2002, 128 subjects could be retrieved from the original group of 255. Baseline examination included evaluation of plaque, bleeding on probing, calculus, pocket depth, attachment loss and presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, spirochetes and motile microorganisms. RESULTS: The mean attachment loss increased from 0.33 mm in 1987 to 0.72 mm in 1994 and 1.97 mm in 2002. Analysis identified the amount of subgingival calculus and subgingival presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans as risk factors, and age as a risk determinant, for the onset of disease. Regarding disease progression, the number of sites with a probing depth > or = 5 mm and the number of sites with recession were identified as risk predictors and male gender as a risk determinant. CONCLUSION: Screening of these parameters early in life could be helpful in the prevention of onset and progression of periodontal diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Cultivation on solid media of spirochetes in subgingival plaque from advanced marginal periodontitis in humans.

Six solid substrates were compared for suitability to support growth of spirochetes from 18 subgingival plaque samples in patients with advanced marginal periodontitis. The following substrates with rabbit serum were tested: BHIA-SC + blood, RGCA-SC + blood, GM-1 +/- blood and MGM-1 +/- blood. All media contained rifampicin and polymyxin B. After incubation in a glovebox (70% N2, 20% H2, 10% CO2) for 14 days spirochete colonies were semiquantitated and the colony morphologies described. The spirochetes in six of the primary samples and in the related colonies after cultivation were identified ultrastructurally by number of endoflagella. The results showed that the colony morphologies were more related to the substrate used than to the various types of spirochetes, and that individual colonies contained different types of spirochetes. The substrates MGM-1, RGCA-SC, and BHIA-SC, all with blood, showed the highest recoveries of about 5%. Spirochetes with less than four endoflagella grew on all substrates, but the MGM-1 + blood and RGCA-SC + blood media seemed the most versatile as they showed growth of all types of spirochetes observed in the primary samples.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Enzyme activities from eight small-sized oral spirochetes.

The purpose of the present investigation was to detect strains of small-sized oral spirochetes isolated from subgingival plaque for protease, peptidase, lipase, glycosidase, phosphatase, hyaluronidase and chondroitinsulfatase activities. The analyses were routinely carried out with cultures in the early stationary phase of growth after 4 days incubation. Both culture media and harvested spirochete cells were examined for the different enzyme activities. The enzymes were assayed by use of the API ZYM system, by p-nitroanilide derivatized peptides, and by hydrolyzing of mucopolysaccharides incorporated in solid bacterial medium. Relatively strong activities of trypsin-like enzymes, mainly bound to the cells, were observed in all strains. Similarly all strains showed acid phosphatases bound to the cells, too. Extracellular hyaluronidase- and chondroitinsulfatase activities were detected qualitatively in all strains after 7 days growth. The activities of the two mucopolysaccharide degrading enzymes almost disappeared after 10 subcultivations. Weak lipase (butyrate), higher lipase (caprylate), and weak phosphoamidase activities were observed in all cell pellets. No glycosidase activities were found. The observations are discussed by regarding the spirochetal enzymes as potential virulence factors for the development of marginal periodontitis.

Aminopeptidases↗

PubMed1986

Nutrient and environmental growth factors for eight small-sized oral spirochetes.

The present investigation was carried out in order to obtain better information about the growth requirements for small-sized oral spirochetes containing two endoflagella from each cell-end. Eight strains of such spirochetes were isolated from subgingival plaque in patients suffering from advanced marginal periodontitis. The strains were maintained under anaerobic conditions in a fluid basal BHI medium with 15% inactivated rabbit serum, 0.07% Noble Agar and 5 micrograms/ml cocarboxylase. Firstly, the effect of trace amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere and pH in the medium on growth of the spirochete strains were examined. Secondly, the effect of different sera incorporated in the medium was examined, and thirdly, the effect of important growth factors in serum was studied by adding different serum components to the fluid basal medium instead of rabbit serum. Growth was always determined after 4 days' incubation at 35 degrees C, either by counting numbers of spirochete cells in a Petroff-Hauser counting chamber or by measuring the turbidity of the culture spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. There was no difference in growth by using an atmosphere containing 1% oxygen or an anaerobic atmosphere. It was found that serum (rabbit or human) was an essential growth component, and no single growth factor could replace rabbit serum. Only a long chain fatty acid mixture and an amino acid solution could, to a minor extent, stimulate growth compared to the basal medium without rabbit serum. Sodium bicarbonate inhibited growth of all strains. Finally, none of the strains fermented a series of low molecular weight carbohydrates, but all strains produced H2S and indole.

Bicarbonates↗

PubMed1990

Microbial patterns in pooled subgingival plaque samples from young adults with advanced marginal periodontitis.

Different bacterial profiles of subgingival plaque have been described for different clinical categories of marginal periodontitis. In the present investigation the subgingival microflora was studied in young adults with advanced marginal periodontitis. From 12 patients pooled subgingival plaque samples from 5 advanced stages of diseased sites were examined by direct differential phase-contrast microscopy and by cultivation on enriched and selective media. The proportions of the following genera and species were calculated: black-pigmented Bacteroides sp., B. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella sp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga sp., Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter sp., and Candida sp. Spirochete identification was carried out ultrastructurally. Calculated percent minimum similarity levels between the individuals revealed that each patient harbored its characteristic cultivable subgingival microflora different from the other individuals. The spirochetes seemed to constitute the subgingival bacterial group with the smallest variation as certain morphotypes were dominating in almost all individuals.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Periodontopathic bacteria and salivary microbes before and after extraction of partly erupted third molars.

This study examines the effect of extraction of third molars on suspected periodontopathogenic microbes, salivary acidogenic bacteria, and yeasts. The subjects were 39 healthy conscripts aged 20.2 yr, with symptom-free, partly erupted mandibular third molars. Microbial samples were taken from the mandibular third molar pericoronal space and from the adjacent gingival pocket of the second molar. The samples were stained by Gram's and Giemsa's methods and studied under a light microscope. Stimulated saliva was collected for assessing mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeast counts by chair-side kits. All partly erupted third molars were extracted from 20 test subjects; 19 control subjects were left untreated. Microbial samplings were repeated 2 and 5 months postoperatively. Results showed that at base line the total number of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative rods, and spirochetes was significantly higher at the third molar than at the second molar sites. The extraction of the third molars caused a significant decrease in the percentage of these bacteria at the second molar sites. High counts of salivary mutans streptococci (CFU > or = 10(6)) and lactobacilli (CFU > or = 10(5)) were also significantly less frequent after the operations. Yeast counts were not affected by the extractions. Thus, partly erupted third molars may harbor a periodontally pathogenic microflora and increase the number of salivary acidogenic microbes.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Characterization of new periodontal and endodontic isolates of spirochetes.

Gas chromatographic analysis of cellular fatty acids (CFA), biochemical reactions, electrophoresis of soluble cellular proteins, as well as immunodiffusion were used to discriminate between 16 fresh spirochete isolates from periodontal and endodontic infections. CFA patterns were compared by the Hewlett Packard MIDI library to all available reference strains, and results of the biochemical tests were compared to VPI's records for treponemal strains. The electrophoretograms of soluble proteins of the fresh isolates were compared to those of previously well described strains of Treponema denticola, T. pectinovorum, T. vincentii, T. socranskii subsp. socranskii, T. socranskii subsp. paredis, T. socranskii subsp. buccale, and T. socranskii 04. Immunodiffusion was carried out by using adsorbed polyclonal rabbit antibodies to representative strains of the species mentioned. These methods separated most clinical strains from approved species strains, suggesting that new species had been isolated.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1994