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PubMed1997

[Interview and questionnaire of social support and social assistance SONET].

The present paper introduces into the structures, psychometric properties and the development of the "Interview on the Social Network and Social Support SONET". SONET is a network-analytical tool based on conceptual and methodological considerations related to the concepts of social network and social support. It was developed by the authors over the last few years. Discussing the most important results on its psychometric properties shows that SONET has good reliability, and acceptably high proof of its validity. Relative to rehabilitation of psychiatric and somatic disorders, SONET may be used in the diagnosis of deficits in social integration and interpersonal relationships of an individual. Additionally, stressful conditions of interpersonal relationships are assessed as well. SONET is also suitable for evaluating rehabilitative interventions at the level of personal relationships. Because no single-case studies have been conducted with the instrument until now, the paper concludes by presenting results from a small sample of schizophrenic and depressive patients demonstrating its applicability for diagnostic, prognostic and evaluative problems in the field of rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Early social deprivation and the ontogeny of unrestricted social behavior in the laboratory rat.

The unrestricted adult social and nonsocial behavior of albino rats isolated from 21 to 70 days of age was compared with the behavior of rats receiving normal social experience. Isolated animals exhibited aberrant self-manipulative behaviors during the period of isolation, and both isolate-reared males and females were more aggressive than their group-reared counterparts. The hypothesis that females are buffered against the effects of social isolation received little support. Numerous gender differences and differences in the gender of the object of social response were found for both isolate- and group-reared rats. Gender and Rearing Conditions were relatively independent influences on behavior with few Gender x Treatment interactions reaching significance.

Aggression↗
PubMed1995

Migration and social change: a longitudinal study of the social mobility of 'immigrants' in England and Wales.

"Data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study is used to examine the social mobility of 'immigrants' in England and Wales between 1971 and 1981. Three issues are raised: (i) in what respects and to what degree do 'immigrants' differ in their social mobility characteristics from the norm set by the population as a whole?; (ii) in what respects and to what degree do 'immigrants' differ amongst themselves in their social mobility characteristics according to their country of origin?; and (iii) how do 'second-generation immigrants' and recently-arrived immigrants differ in their social class locations from those who have been in the British labour market for a considerable length of time?" (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Social contact, social attitudes, and twin similarity.

The nature of the relationship between social contact and attitude similarly between twins was investigated using longitudinal data from a sample of Australian twins. Earlier research has suggested that social attitudes are not explained solely by shared environment; rather there are both genetic and environmental components that explain variance in social attitudes. Using three types of analyses we investigated the magnitude of the relationship and the direction of causation between attitude similarity and social contact. Longitudinal analysis of within-pair variance by level of contact suggests that attitude similarity leads to contact among the females and that similarity is both genetically and environmentally based. Analyses using a crosslag regression model suggest that similarity causes contact among MZ females. Biometrical analyses indicate differences in direction of causation for males and females. Among females, both genetic and shared environmental parameter estimates could be equated across contact groups, suggesting little relationship between contact and similarity. Among males, findings of smaller estimated heritability in the high-contact group suggest that similarity causes contact. However, an increased estimate of the contribution of shared environmental variance in the high-contact males could additionally suggest that contact leads to similarity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Social psychophysiology, social circumstances, and health.

Health varies markedly with social circumstances. While we are still without a comprehensive account of the mechanisms which underlie this variation, it is clear that psychological factors are involved and that key pathways may prove to be psychophysiological. Thus, social psychophysiological research of the kind illustrated in this Special Issue is ideally placed to help unravel some of the mechanisms by which social circumstances impact on health. Nevertheless, the success of this sort of social psychophysiological enterprise most likely depends on reconceptualizing psychophysiological reactivity as a situational, or psychological exposure, concept rather than as an individual difference concept. This shifts the research goal from one of identifying individuals at risk for disease to identifying the psychological exposures that put individuals and groups at risk.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

[Indicators of social functioning and social participation in mentally ill participants in a public health rehabilitation programme: a one year follow-up study].

In order to investigate social functioning, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 66 participants (30 men and 36 women) in a group rehabilitation programme for the mentally ill at public health centers, and followed for 1 year to investigate their employability as an indicator of social participation. The survey included 20 items related to 5 aspects of daily life: diurnal routine, basic personal management, social activities, personal relationships, and management of illness. The major findings were as follows: 1. The group who had become employed showed significantly higher positive responses to questions concerning self-management such as conversation with others, consultation with others and when condition worsened than the unemployed group. Also the employed showed a tendency for higher positive responses to such items as cooking, keeping appointments, taking medicine, taking an active role in managing medications. 2. According to discriminant analysis by Hayashi's quantification method II, factors distinguishing 17 participants who had become employed within the year and those who remained unemployed included the following: ability to converse with others, taking an active role in managing medications, and ability to cook, male gender, co-residence with family, and a period of 3 years or less since hospital discharge. These results suggest that a public health rehabilitation program aimed at improving interpersonal skills, self-management of illness and other skills of daily living may be useful in helping the mentally ill participate socially.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Do competence skills moderate the impact of social influences to drink and perceived social benefits of drinking on alcohol use among inner-city adolescents?

Only a few studies have found competence skills to be a protective factor against adolescent alcohol use; others did not find a direct effect on alcohol. A possible reason for this is that competence skills may moderate the effects of risk factors for alcohol use and that aspect has not been examined often or in a longitudinal design. This study tested whether several competence skills served either as direct protective factors against alcohol use or moderators of the impact of social risk factors on alcohol use. Participants (N = 1318) completed questionnaires that included measures of decision-making skills, refusal skill techniques, resisting media influences, friends' drinking and perceived social benefits of drinking, as well as current drinking amount and future drinking at baseline, one-year follow-up and two-year follow-up. Data analyses were conducted using multi-level mixed effects generalized linear models with random intercept. All the competence skills and the risk factors predicted current and future drinking. Several significant interactions were found between (1) perceived social benefits of drinking and decision-making skills, (2) perceived social benefits of drinking and refusal skill techniques and (3) friends' drinking and refusal skill techniques. Competence skills served as protective factors, as well as moderators. One possible reason that competence enhancement approaches to alcohol prevention are effective may be due to the inclusion of the competence skills component.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Gender identity, nationalism, and social action among Jewish and Arab women in Israel: redefining the social order?

In the study this article explores, the meaning of gender identity for religious and secular Jewish and Arab women in Israeli society is examined. The study focuses on how Israeli women, rank gender identity, relative to other identities like being Jewish/Arab, being Israeli/Palestinian, religious or secular, of a certain ethnic group, and political identity. It examines the characteristics of gender identity and the attitudes that are associated with it. The analysis shows that the hierarchies of identities are different for religious and secular Jewish and Arab women, and that this is related to having different sociopolitical attitudes (e.g., Women's social and political involvement, social obedience, social influence). Thus, the hierarchy of identities and the sociopolitical attitudes of religious women indicate a more consensual acceptance of the social order than the hierarchy of identities and the sociopolitical attitudes of secular women, especially among Arab women.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

The effects of fifth graders' socially directed behavior on motor and social responses of children with severe multiple handicaps.

Two elementary-aged boys with severe, multiple handicaps participated in social play activities with nonhandicapped fifth graders. Increases in all participants' socially directed behavior were observed consistent with teachers' instructions to play together. In addition to social behavior increases, both boys with handicaps showed increases in targeted motor responses when interacting with the fifth graders. Donald, for example, substantially increased the amount of extended arm reaching and grasping/manipulating. David increased the amount of time he kept his head in either a full or partially upright position. The results of the investigation are considered in terms of extending the positive outcomes of handicapped-nonhandicapped peer social interactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A social disease/a social response: lessons in tuberculosis from early 20th century Chile.

During the 1930s, Chile reported the world's highest mortality rate due to tuberculosis. In this pre-antibiotic era, the attention of the biomedical community frequently turned to the underlying social inequalities and deficiencies that created conditions of heightened risk for Chile's rapidly expanding working class. With the recognition that crowded housing, chronic malnutrition and substandard working conditions fostered an environment in which the disease developed and spread with virulent rapidity, physicians frequently became vocal advocates for widespread and significant social reform. However, by the time of the introduction of efficacious pharmaceutical agents in the 1940s and with the overall rapid development of biomedicine in the mid-20th century, the larger medical discourse became more rigidly defined and characterized by the promotion of the new antibiotics and treatments. These factors increased the depth of the self-defined medical territory but substantially reduced its breadth. Accompanying this shift was an increasing focus on individual behaviors that were seen as deficient and were both socially censored and used as explanations for increased susceptibility. In the midst of the current worldwide epidemic of tuberculosis, this disease and its epidemiological pattern heightens our awareness of the significance and consequences of global inequalities. It also draws our attention to the importance of intervention within the social conditions from which these patterns emerge.

Chile↗
PubMed1985

Social support, social pressures and psychological distress during unemployment.

A sample of 1150 unemployed 17 year-olds, containing blacks and whites, males and females, was obtained from 11 urban regions in England. Social support was measured in respect of five different forms of help from others. Measures were also obtained of psychological distress, perceived pressure from others to obtain a job, employment commitment, contact with other young people, and contact with other unemployed young people. Two forms of social support (having someone to turn to for help with money, and having someone to suggest interesting things to do) were significantly associated with measures of distress, as were perceived pressure to obtain a job and employment commitment, but not contact with other unemployed young people. The association between distress and having someone to turn to for help with money was greater for those perceiving pressure from others to obtain a job than those not perceiving pressure. Also, the association between distress and having someone to turn to when feeling low was greater for those with a high employment commitment than for those with a low one. Other associations between support and distress were found to be affected by sex and ethnic differences in the sample. The results are discussed in the light of a stress-buffering model of social support; and the need to disaggregate social support into its component parts is emphasized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Concepts of social justice in community psychology: toward a social ecological epistemology.

In this paper we address the pervasive tendency in community psychology to treat values like social justice only as general objectives rather than contested theoretical concepts possessing identifiable empirical content. First we discuss how distinctive concepts of social justice have figured in three major intellectual traditions within community psychology: (1) the prevention and health promotion tradition, (2) the empowerment tradition, and most recently, (3) the critical tradition. We point out the epistemological gains and limitations of these respective concepts and argue for greater sensitivity to the context dependency of normative concepts like social justice. More specifically, we point to a pressing need in community psychology for an epistemology that: (1) subsumes both descriptive and evaluative concepts, and (2) acknowledges its own embeddedness in history and culture without thereby reducing all knowledge claims to the status of ideology. Finally, we describe and demonstrate the promise of what we are calling a social ecological epistemology for fulfilling this need.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2004

The effect of organizational conditions (role conflict, role ambiguity, opportunities for professional development, and social support) on job satisfaction and intention to leave among social workers in mental health care.

This study examined the relationships between the organizational conditions of social workers practicing in mental health agencies and their job satisfaction and intention to leave. A sample of 259 social workers, practicing in sixteen mental health agencies in New York State completed a questionnaire that included several measures: role conflict, role ambiguity, social support, extent of opportunities for professional development, type of work activities, job satisfaction and intention to leave. Results showed that the organizational conditions are strong predictors for job satisfaction and intention to leave. The author suggests that it is possible to find an appropriate balance between the professional expectations of social workers and the business-driven aspect of the mental health care environment.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1999

A longitudinal investigation of social causation and social selection processes involved in the association between socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders.

Social causation theory and social selection theory have been put forth to explain the finding that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with risk for psychiatric disorders. The predictions of both theories were investigated using data from a community-based longitudinal study. Psychosocial interviews were administered to 736 families from 2 counties in New York State in 1975, 1983, 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. Results indicated that (a) low family SES was associated with risk for offspring anxiety, depressive, disruptive, and personality disorders after offspring IQ and parental psychopathology were controlled, and (b) offspring disruptive and substance use disorders were associated with risk for poor educational attainment after offspring IQ and parental psychopathology were controlled. These findings indicate that social causation and social selection processes vary in importance among different categories of psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Received and perceived social support in times of stress: a test of the social support deterioration deterrence model.

The authors evaluated the impact of receiving social support on subsequent levels of perceived social support and psychological distress in 2 independent samples of victims of severe natural disasters: Hurricane Hugo (n = 498) and Hurricane Andrew (n = 404). A social support deterioration deterrence model was proposed that stipulated that postdisaster mobilization of received support counteracts the deterioration in expectations of support often experienced by victims of major life events. LISREL analyses of data collected 12 and 24 months after Hugo and 6 and 28 months after Andrew provided strong evidence for the hypothesized model: Perceived support mediated the long-term effects on distress of both scope of disaster exposure and postdisaster received support. Theoretical and application issues of social support are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Social support, social stressors at work, and depressive symptoms: testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study.

This study investigated the moderating effects of social support by supervisors and colleagues relative to social stressors at work and depressive symptoms using a structural equations approach in a 3-wave longitudinal study over 1 year. The analyses were based on a randomly drawn sample (N = 543) of citizens in the area around Dresden in the former East Germany. LISREL analysis with latent moderating effects revealed a moderating effect for supervisor support. This applied only if the time lag was 8 months, but not for longer or shorter lags. Under low-support conditions depressive symptoms were increased by social stressors, whereas, contrary to expectations, social stressors reduced subsequent depressive symptoms under high-support conditions. No moderating effect for colleague support was found. Several mechanisms are discussed that may explain the results.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

The sounds of social life: a psychometric analysis of students' daily social environments and natural conversations.

The natural conversations and social environments of 52 undergraduates were tracked across two 2-day periods separated by 4 weeks using a computerized tape recorder (the Electronically Activated Recorder [EAR]). The EAR was programmed to record 30-s snippets of ambient sounds approximately every 12 min during participants' waking hours. Students' social environments and use of language in their natural conversations were mapped in terms of base rates and temporal stability. The degree of cross-context consistency and between-speaker synchrony in language use was assessed. Students' social worlds as well as their everyday language were highly consistent across time and context. The study sheds light on a methodological blind spot--the sampling of naturalistic social information from an unobtrusive observer's perspective.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1990

Patterns of social preference across different social contexts in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia).

We investigated the role of mutual and circumstantial factors in maintaining exclusive social relationships in a New World primate. Four breeding pairs of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) were allowed to interact with their mate or an unfamiliar, opposite-sex adult in each of 4 different social contexts: in view of the mate, out of the mate's view, with only the mate present, and with only the unfamiliar animal present. Males and females were in proximity to, approached, and sniffed their mates significantly more often than they did unfamiliar tamarins. These behaviors suggest a preference for the familiar mate. However, when mates were absent, tamarins demonstrated significantly higher levels of approach and sniffs toward unfamiliar animals. These patterns of behavior indicate that circumstantial factors, such as social context, may regulate social interactions between paired tamarins and unfamiliar, opposite-sex conspecifics.

Aggression↗