[The occurrence of ergotamine in Spanish ergot of rye].
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Claviceps↗
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Dietary fibre, sugar, starch and amino acid content of kale, ryegrass and seed of rape and field beans as influenced by S- and N-fertilization.
In pot experiments, S-deficiency decreased the seed weight of rape from 4.30 to 2.44 g/1000 seeds at highest N-level. N/S ratios varied from 5.8 to 45.0 and from 3.7 to 21.6 in ryegrass and kale. S-deficiency tended to decrease the fat(oil) content. In kale and ryegrass, it was increased by N-applications, but decreased in rape. S-deficiency had very little effect on starch and sugar content, whereas N-deficiency in kale greatly increased starch (eightfold) and sugar content. Soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) content was hardly affected by S-deficiency. In kale and ryegrass N-deficiency decreased SDF-content, but increased IDF-content. Cystine and methionine concentrations (g/16 g N) were affected by S-deficiency, most strongly at high N-levels, where decreases in kale, ryegrass, rape and field beans amounted to respectively 18, 39, 40 and 17% for cystine and 27, 59, 24 and 6% for methionine. Also, lysine, threonine and tryptophan were decreased. S-deficiency increased aspartic acid (asparagine) content of ryegrass (fourfold) and of arginine in rape and kale. In N-balance trials with rats, S-deficiency reduced the biological value (BV) of the protein of kale from 65 to 40 and of field bean seed from 70 to 61. Corresponding decreases in digestible energy (DE) were from 56 to 48 and from 82 to 78, respectively.
Amino Acids↗
Changes in chromosomal ultrastructure during the cell cycle.
The surface structure of mitotic barley and rye chromosomes was studied by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Chromosomes with various degrees of chromatin condensation were prepared from untreated meristematic tissue of root tips. At lower magnifications the highly condensed chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase showed a compact structure with a smooth surface. The condensation starts from the centromeric region and the chromatids are often discernible in the still uncondensed telomeric region. Decondensation begins at the telomeric region during telophase. Parallel arrangement of fibres is a characteristic feature predominately seen in prophase and telophase chromosomes. Chromatin structures that resemble tiles on a roof or braided strands were often observed. Prophase and telophase chromosomes are particularly suitable for further studies of chromatin arrangement and organization in plant chromosomes.
Cell Cycle↗
Relationship between the levels of wheat-rye metaphase I chromosomal pairing and recombination revealed by GISH.
The metaphase I and anaphase I stages of meiosis of wheat x rye hybrids carrying the ph1b mutation were analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization. This technique allows distinction between three different types of wheat-rye associations in metaphase I configurations as well as detection of wheat-rye recombinant chromosomes in anaphase I cells. The frequency of associations between wheat and rye chromosomes greatly exceeded the level of wheat-rye recombination found in the three hybrids examined. Extremely distal associations, which account for about 50% of the total wheat-rye metaphase I chromosomal pairing, can explain such a discrepancy between metaphase I and anaphase I data. It is further discussed whether these associations reflect very distally located chiasmata or nonchiasmatic pairing. The sizes of the segments exchanged in wheat-rye recombinant chromosomes provide cytological evidence that wheat-rye recombination is restricted to the distal chromosomal regions.
Anaphase↗
Suppression of cholesterogenesis by plant constituents: review of Wisconsin contributions to NC-167.
In animals, non-sterol metabolites of the mevalonate pathway act independently from receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake in the multivalent feedback regulation of mevalonate biosynthesis. Studies leading to the isolation and characterization of plant-borne suppressors of mevalonate biosynthesis are reviewed. We propose that one cardio-protective component of the vegetarian diet consists of a variety of non-sterol, post-mevalonate metabolites. These products of plant branches of the mevalonate pathway, discarded as animals evolved, continue to influence animal sterol metabolism. It is through this action, we propose, that the cholesterol-suppressive action of plant materials is expressed.
Animals↗
Usefulness of Cernilton in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
A total of 89 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated pharmacologically for 4 months: 51 received Cernilton and 38 Tadenan (controls). Significant subjective improvement was found in 78% of the patients in the Cernilton group compared to only 55% of the Tadenan-treated patients. The obstructive and irritative symptoms responded best to the therapy. In the Cernilton-treated patients a significant improvement in the uroflow rate, decrease in residual urine and in prostate volume were found. This study shows that Cernilton is an effective therapy for patients with BPH.
Aged↗
Role of organic acid metabolism in the biosynthesis of peptide ergot alkaloids.
Regulatory mechanism of primary metabolism responsible for the biosynthesis of peptide ergot alkaloids was proposed on the basis of experimental results from the production phase of Claviceps purpurea (FR.) Tul. in parasitic and saprophytic cultures. The production-phase metabolism is characterized by uncoupling of glycolysis from the citric acid cycle and by a break in this cycle at the level of the 2-exoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This regulation is due to the inhibition by citrate and malate, i.e. the final products continuously taken up from the external medium. The rate of the intact reaction steps of the citric acid cycle is therefore not limited by the actual acetyl-CoA or oxaloacetate pool. The regulation also leads to an excessive synthesis of acetyl-CoA, 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate, which represent the key metabolites of primary metabolism, and to their utilization in the biosynthesis of peptide alkaloids.
Citrates↗
Genetic mapping of Dn7, a rye gene conferring resistance to the Russian wheat aphid in wheat.
The Russian wheat aphid is a significant pest problem in wheat and barley in North America. Genetic resistance in wheat is the most effective and economical means to control the damage caused by the aphid. Dn7 is a rye gene located on chromosome 1RS that confers resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. The gene was previously transferred from rye into a wheat background via a 1RS/1BL translocation. This study was conducted to genetically map Dn7 and to characterize the type of resistance the gene confers. The resistant line '94M370' was crossed with a susceptible wheat cultivar that also contains a pair of 1RS/1BL translocation chromosomes. The F(2) progeny from this cross segregated for resistance in a ratio of 3 resistant: 1 susceptible, indicating a single dominant gene. One-hundred and eleven RFLP markers previously mapped on wheat chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, barley chromosome 1H and rye chromosome 1R, were used to screen the parents for polymorphism. A genetic map containing six markers linked to Dn7, encompassing 28.2 cM, was constructed. The markers flanking Dn7 were Xbcd1434 and XksuD14, which mapped 1.4 cM and 7.4 cM from Dn7, respectively. Dn7 confers antixenosis, and provides a higher level of resistance than that provided by Dn4. The applications of Dn7 and the linked markers in wheat breeding are discussed.
Animals↗
Genetic and physical mapping of sequence-specific amplified polymorphic (SSAP) markers on the 1RS chromosome arm of rye in a wheat background.
Three rye-specific repeated sequences, pSc10C, pSc20H and R173-1, were used to design sequence-specific anchored primers. These primers and 16 restriction site-specific adaptor primers were used in all possible combinations to establish sequence-specific amplified polymorphic (SSAP) markers for the 1RS chromosome arm of rye in a wheat background. Thirty 1RS-specific SSAP markers were detected in 19 primer combinations. Along with six markers localised previously on 1RS, 26 of the SSAP markers were mapped genetically in wheat genotypes carrying recombinant 1BL.1RS translocations. A clear decrease in recombination frequency from distal to proximal regions was observed. Wheat-rye addition lines for the 1R chromosome with different-sized deletions of the short arm were used to physically localise these markers. Physical mapping suggested an even distribution of the SSAP markers along the total length of the 1RS chromosome arm.
Chromosome Mapping↗
High-resolution mapping and mutation analysis separate the rust resistance genes Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 on the short arm of rye chromosome 1.
The stem, leaf and stripe rust resistance genes Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9, located on the short arm of rye chromosome 1, have been widely used in wheat by means of wheat-rye translocation chromosomes. Previous studies have suggested that these resistance specificities are encoded by either closely-linked genes, or by a single gene capable of recognizing all three rust species. To investigate these issues, two 1BL.1RS wheat lines, one with and one without Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9, were used as parents for a high-resolution F2 mapping family. Thirty-six recombinants were identified between two PCR markers 2.3 cM apart that flanked the resistance locus. In one recombinant, Lr26 was separated from Sr31 and Yr9. Mutation studies recovered mutants that separated all three rust resistance genes. Thus, together, the recombination and mutation studies suggest that Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 are separate closely-linked genes. An additional 16 DNA markers were mapped in this region. Multiple RFLP markers, identified using part of the barley Mla powdery mildew resistance gene as probe, co-segregated with Sr31 and Yr9. One deletion mutant that had lost Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 retained all Mla markers, suggesting that the family of genes on 1RS identified by the Mla probe does not contain the Sr31, Lr26 or Yr9 genes. The genetic stocks and DNA markers generated from this study should facilitate the future cloning of Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9.
Chromosome Mapping↗
RYS1, a foldback transposon, is activated by tissue culture and shows preferential insertion points into the rye genome.
The study of two variable amplicons of rye indicates that RYS1, a mobile element, is activated during tissue culture. We propose that RYS1 could be a foldback (FB) transposon. The FB transposons have been rarely reported in plants; RYS1 is the first described in rye and also the first active plant FB transposon reported. Preferential integration points in the rye genome exist, because the new insertions seem to be located, in all studied cases, in the same genome positions. We assume that RYS1 became active in rye very recently, as different plants from in vivo-growing cultivars showed that these elements were present or absent in the same genomic position in which the in vitro-activated element was found. This high rate of modification in these particular loci, both in the in vivo and in vitro populations, could indicate that probably the mechanisms promoting genetic variability in nature are the same that induce variation in vitro, and the modifications induced by somaclonal variation could be already present in vivo populations.
Culture Techniques↗
Control of conformation changes associated with homologue recognition during meiosis.
During early meiosis, chromosomes pair via their telomeres and centromeres. This pairing induces a conformational change which propagates from these regions along each chromosome, making the chromatin of the partners accessible for intimate pairing. In the present study, we show by exploiting wheat-rye hybrids that the signal is initiated in both the presence and absence of either the Ph1 or Ph2 locus. However, the chromatin change only continues to propagate through rye telomeric heterochromatin when Ph1 is absent. This failure to propagate the chromatin change through the rye heterochromatin in the absence of Ph2 correlates with a subsequent lack of wheat-rye chromosome association at metaphase I.
Centromere↗
Characterisation of selenium compounds in rye seedling biomass using 75Se-labelling/SDS-PAGE separation/gamma-scintillation counting, and HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of a range of enzymatic digests.
In the present study, selenium-enriched plant biomass was investigated to evaluate the ability of rye seedlings to take up, and assimilate, inorganic selenium. Two different analytical approaches were used. Electrophoretic separation (SDS-PAGE) of proteins extracted from 75Se-labelled biomass was used to investigate the biotransformation of selenite into organic forms of the element. Ion-pair chromatography coupled with ICP-MS detection was chosen for the analysis of selenium species, enzymatically extracted from the plant biomass. The results of three enzymatic hydrolysis procedures and three sequential enzymatic extractions procedures are compared. The most effective single extraction was proteolysis (using protease type XIV), giving an overall extraction efficiency of 48%. However, for combinations of enzymes, the most effective was cellulase (Trichoderma viride) followed by sequential extraction of the solid pellet using protease type XIV, giving an extraction efficiency of 70%. The complementary data from the electrophoretic fractionation of proteins, and the HPLC separation of Se-species in the proteolytic digests, reveal the existence of large number of selenium-containing compounds in the rye seedling plant biomass. The results showed the complete biotransformation of inorganic selenium into organic forms during germination of the rye seedlings. HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of extracts from the plant biomass did not show the presence of selenate or selenite. At the time of this study, the lack of suitable organic-MS facilities meant that it was not possible to characterise them fully. However, the data does show that a combination of different enzymes, rather than just the commonly-used protease, should be considered when developing an extraction strategy for selenium in different food types to those already reported in the literature.
Biomass↗
The estimation of rapid rate constants from current-amplitude frequency distributions of single-channel recordings.
A method is described for estimating rapid rate constants from the distributions of current amplitude observed in single-channel electrical recordings. It has the advantages over previous, similar approaches that it can accommodate both multistate kinetic models and adjustable filtering of the data using an 8-pole Bessel filter. The method is conceptually straightforward: the observed distributions of current amplitude are compared with theoretical distributions derived by combining several simplifying assumptions about the underlying stochastic process with a model of the filter and electrical noise. Parameters are estimated by approximate maximum likelihood. The method was used successfully to estimate rate constants for both a simple two-state kinetic model (the transitions between open and closed states during the rapid gating of an outward-rectifying K(+)-selective channel in the plasma membrane of Acetabularia) and a complex multistate kinetic model (the blockade of the maxi cation channel in the plasma membrane of rye roots by verapamil). For the two-state model, parameters were estimated well, provided that they were not too fast or too slow in relation to the sampling rate. In the three-state model the precision of estimates depended in a complex way on the values of all rate parameters in the model.
Acetabularia↗
A chimeric open reading frame associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in alloplasmic wheat with Triticum timopheevi mitochondria is present in several Triticum and Aegilops species, barley, and rye.
Mitochondrial DNA from Triticum timopheevi has a chimeric gene, orf256, upstream of coxI. This gene is cotranscribed with coxI in cytoplasmic male sterile plants and produces a 7-kDa protein which is not produced in fertile or fertility-restored plants. T. aestivum, the nuclear donor in sterile plants, does not have orf256. Analysis by polymerase chain reaction of DNA from barley, rye, Aegilops bicornis, Ae. searsii, Ae. sharonensis, Ae. speltoides, Ae. tauschii, T. monococcum, and T. turgidum was done with oligonucleotide primers designed to detect orf256 or coxI sequences. Except for T. turgidum, these plants have various elements of the orf256 sequence over a 1-kb length of DNA immediately upstream of coxI in exactly the same arrangement as is found in the coxI region of T. timopheevi. Only T. timopheevi and Ae. speltoides have orf256 transcripts, and only cytoplasmic male-sterile plants involving these two species as maternal donors produce a protein from orf256. Part of an orf256-like sequence is present in T. turgidum but is at least slightly different in arrangement relative to coxI, as compared with the sequence in T. timopheevi. Neither maize nor sorghum have the orf256 sequence.
Cell Nucleus↗
Parental and novel copies of the mitochondrial orf25 gene in the hybrid crop-plant triticale: predominant transcriptional expression of the maternal gene copy.
Triticale, an intergeneric hybrid crop-plant, is generated when female wheat lines are fertilised with pollen from rye. We have investigated the mitochondrial DNA organisation and the expression of a total of 11 different triticale genotypes, varying in their nuclear and cytoplasmic backgrounds. In Southern hybridisations using probes homologous to the upstream flanking sequences, mtDNA fragments characteristic of both wheat and rye mtDNA can be detected in all triticale lines analysed. In addition, clones isolated fom a triticale lambda library exhibit either a maternal-like or paternal-like organisation of the orf25 gene region. By PCR cloning, four different orf25 gene copies were identified in triticale, three of which correspond to maternal (85%) or paternal (12%) orf25 sequences. Three percent of all clones represent a novel type, that might have arisen by homologous recombination. Although these data suggest biparental inheritance of mtDNA in wheat/rye crosses, paternal-like gene copies can also be detected in maternal wheat mitochondria. Their stoichiometry as assayed by competitive PCR is about 0.1% of total orf25 gene copies. The high abundance of paternal-like sequences in the F1 hybrid might therefore be due to either the transmission of rye mtDNA in the intergeneric cross and/or the amplification of sequences in triticale that persist in sub-stoichiometric amounts in wheat. These data suggest that amplification and recombination of sub-genomic mitochondrial molecules are affected by different nuclear genotypes. Interestingly, sequence analysis of triticale RT-PCR clones indicates a selective transcription of maternal-like orf25 gene copies in triticale. Mitochondrial gene expression may therefore possess mechanisms to compensate for the variation of mtDNA organisation.
Base Sequence↗
Expressed sequence tags from a wheat-rye translocation line (2BS/2RL) infested by larvae of Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)].
Of the 16 known biotypes of the Hessian fly [ Mayetiola destructor (Say)], biotype L is recognized as being the most virulent. We have previously reported the development of near-isogenic lines (NILs) (BC(3)F(3:4)) by backcross introgression (Coker797*4/Hamlet) that differed by the presence or absence of the H21 gene on 2RL chromatin. Florescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed introgressed 2RLs in NILs possessing the H21 gene, but no signal was detected in NILs lacking 2RL. As part of an approach to elucidate molecular interactions between plants and the Hessian fly, a cDNA library from NILs with H21 infested by larvae of biotype L of the Hessian fly was constructed for expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. Of 1,056 sequenced reactions attempted, 919 ESTs produced some lengths of readable sequences. Based on their putative identification, 730 ESTs that showed significant similarity with amino acid sequences registered in the gene bank were divided into 13 functional categories. Defense- and stress-related genes represented about 16.1%, including protease inhibition, oxidative burst, lignin synthesis, and phenylpropanoid metabolism. EST clones obtained from the cDNA library may provide a clue to the molecular interactions between plant and larva of the Hessian fly larval infestation.
Animals↗
Regeneration of asymmetric somatic hybrid plants from the fusion of two types of wheat with Russian wildrye.
Two types of protoplasts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Jinan 177) were used in fusion experiments--cha9, with a high division frequency, and 176, with a high regeneration frequency. The fusion combination of either cha9 or 176 protoplasts with Russian wildrye protoplasts failed to produce regenerated calli. When a mixture of cha9 and 176 protoplasts were fused with those of Russian wildrye, 14 fusion-derived calli were produced, of which seven differentiated into green plants and two differentiated into albinos. The morphology of all hybrid plants strongly resembled that of the parental wheat type. The hybrid nature of the cell lines was confirmed by cytological, isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses. GISH analysis revealed that only chromosome fragments of Russian wildrye were transferred to the wheat chromosomes of hybrid calli and plants. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis of the chloroplast genome of the hybrids with seven pairs of wheat-specific chloroplast microsatellite primers indicated that all of the cell lines had band patterns identical to wheat. Our results show that highly asymmetric somatic hybrid calli and plants can be produced via symmetric fusion in a triparental fusion system. The dominant effect of two wheat cell lines on the exclusion of Russian wildrye chromosomes is discussed.
Chimera↗