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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Cloning and sequencing of the Sphingomonas (Pseudomonas) paucimobilis gene essential for the O demethylation of vanillate and syringate.

Sphingomonas (Pseudomonas) paucimobilis SYK-6 is able to grow on 5,5'-dehydrodivanillic acid (DDVA), syringate, vanillate, and other dimeric model compounds of lignin as a sole carbon source. Nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of S. paucimobilis SYK-6 was performed, and two mutants with altered DDVA degradation pathways were isolated. The mutant strain NT-1 could not degrade DDVA, but could degrade syringate, vanillate, and 2,2',3'-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-5,5'-dicarboxybiphenyl (OH-DDVA). Strain DC-49 could slowly assimilate DDVA, but could degrade neither vanillate nor syringate, although it could degrade protocatechuate and 3-O-methylgallate. A complementing DNA fragment of strain DC-49 was isolated from the cosmid library of strain SYK-6. The minimum DNA fragment complementing DC-49 was determined to be the 1.8-kbp insert of pKEX2.0. Sequencing analysis showed an open reading frame of 1,671 bp in this fragment, and a similarity search indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence of this open reading frame had significant similarity (60%) to the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase of Clostridium thermoaceticum.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

The feasibility of a syringe-needle-exchange program in Vietnam.

Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, syringe-exchange programs have been established in a number of developed countries and have proven effective in reducing the transmission of HIV. Very few similar programs have been established in developing countries. This study reports on the feasibility of establishing a syringe-exchange program in Vietnam. Process data collected since the beginning of the program indicate the feasibility of establishing such a program as well as highlight a number of important issues. These issues are: 1) Acceptability of the program in the community which has been achieved through workshops with key community people including the local police; 2) training and recruitment of ex-user outreach workers; 3) the distribution of clean syringes and needles through outreach services rather than at established exchange sites; 4) the establishment of appropriate methods for the collection of used injection equipment. Further research is needed to examine the efficacy of the program in reducing risks and acceptability of the program in the larger society.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Syringe exchange as a social movement: a case study of harm reduction in Oakland, California.

The federal ban on funding for syringe exchange programs (SEPs) has greatly hampered attempts to prevent the spread of HIV among injection drug users in the United States. State laws prohibiting the possession and/or distribution of syringes have made SEPs illegal. These factors have lent a unique social movement quality to harm reduction efforts in the United States. Using a social movement perspective, this paper explores dynamics of the implementation and defense of the syringe exchange program in Oakland, California. The advantages and disadvantages of the social movement aspects of harm reduction are discussed.

California↗
PubMed2000

Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among injecting drug users at selected needle and syringe programs in Australia, 1995-1997. Collaboration of Australian NSPs.

OBJECTIVES: To describe point prevalence of HCV antibody and relevant risk behaviour among people who inject drugs and who attended selected needle and syringe programs throughout Australia in 1995, 1996 and 1997. DESIGN AND SETTING: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of one week's duration were carried out in 21, 20 and 23 needle and syringe program sites throughout Australia in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: All clients attending participating sites during the designated survey week were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire and provide a finger-prick blood sample for HCV antibody testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of HCV antibody. RESULTS: Survey response was 41% (n = 979) in 1995, 51% (n = 1463) in 1996 and 48% (n = 1699) in 1997. HCV prevalence declined significantly from 63% in 1995 to 51% in 1996 and 50% in 1997 (P < 0.001). Among respondents who reported injecting for less than three years, prevalence declined from 22% in 1995 to 13% in 1996 and 1997 (P < 0.001). Reported use of needles and syringes after someone else in the previous month declined from 31% in 1995 and 28% in 1996 to 15% in 1997 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite an apparent decline in HCV prevalence, carriage rates of HCV antibody remain high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Hepatitis C transmission and HIV post-exposure prophylaxis after needle- and syringe-sharing in Australian prisons.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurred after two potential episodes of exposure through needle- and syringe-sharing in Australian prisons, and to examine use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against HIV infection in the prison setting. DESIGN: Cohort study of potential contacts of two prisoners infected with HIV, HBV and HCV followed up for up to 14 months. SETTING: Two Australian prisons between November 2000 (time of exposure) and December 2001. PARTICIPANTS: Two index patients (both infected with HIV and HCV; one also infectious for HBV) from two different prisons, and 104 inmates who shared needles and syringes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Seroconversions to HIV, HBV and HCV related to the high-risk exposure and uptake and completion of HIV PEP determined from medical records of inmates. RESULTS: There were four seroconversions to HCV within 14 months of the potential exposure (14% of those susceptible in the cohort), but no recorded HIV or HBV seroconversions. Forty-six inmates (82% of those eligible) were offered PEP, and 34 of these (74%) elected to receive it. Only eight (24% of the 34) completed the full PEP course. CONCLUSIONS: HCV transmission in the prison setting is related to high-risk needle- and syringe-sharing. Administering HIV PEP in the prison setting is complicated by challenging risk assessment and follow-up.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The syringe driver--an aid to delivering symptom control.

The specialist palliative care service continues to evolve, with a growing emphasis on its advisory role to support colleagues in the community and hospital settings. Part of this role involves disseminating knowledge and experience of providing symptom control to patients with advanced malignant disease. As an aid to providing relief from distressing symptoms including pain, agitation, nausea and vomiting, the syringe driver has proven its worth. However, outside the field of palliative care there is often a misunderstanding as to what a syringe driver can offer and its limitations when used. This article aims to explain the role of the syringe driver and to provide practical guidance for its use.

Drug Monitoring↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Multiple insulin injections with the help of a subcutaneous catheter or metered syringe (Pen)].

Multiple, daily injections of insulin in intensified insulin therapy of diabetes mellitus has many important advantages. From the technical point of view however it requires new instruments, which could further limit the trauma of injection and facilitate the necessary manipulations. For these reasons a combination of typical insulin syringe (Novo-Noraisk Pen) and a special subcutaneous insulin catheter (Vigo-Spectramed Insuflon) was examined in a systematic way. Insuflon was inserted for 7 days. Insulin injection was made with a syringe through the head of the Insuflon. The needle of a syringe easily penetrated the membrane inside the Insuflon 4 times daily for 7 days without any damage. The acceptance of this method was high. It increased the compliance in general. The parameters of diabetes mellitus control changed positively. No side-effects of such procedure were noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Syringe exchange programs--United States, 1994-1995.

As of December 1994, approximately one third (35.3%) of the 435,319 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reported among adults to CDC were associated with injecting-drug use (1). In addition, injection of illegal drugs is the risk behavior most frequently associated with heterosexual and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States. The goal of syringe exchange programs (SEPs) is to reduce HIV transmission associated with drug injection by providing sterile syringes in exchange for use, potentially HIV-contaminated syringes. This report presents data from a recent survey of U.S. SEPs about their activities during January 1994-April 1995 and compares the findings with those of a 1993 survey (2).

Needle-Exchange Programs↗
PubMed1997

Update: syringe-exchange programs--United States, 1996.

As of December 1996, approximately one third (36%) of the 573,000 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among adults reported to CDC were directly or indirectly associated with injecting-drug use. Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) are one of the strategies for preventing infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among injecting-drug users (IDUs). The goal of SEPs is to reduce the transmission of HIV and other bloodborne infections associated with drug injection by providing sterile syringes in exchange for used, potentially contaminated syringes. This report summarizes a survey of U.S. SEPs regarding their activities during 1995 and 1996 and compares the findings with those during 1994 and early 1995. The findings indicate continued expansion in the number and activities of SEPs in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Prevention of AIDS transmission by syringes and needles in France and Africa].

A study made among drug addicts in the Northern suburbs of Paris enables establishing a stabilisation of positive H.I.V. serology prevalence among them, a fact related to the free sale of syringes and needles. In Africa, the nosocomial transmission of H.I.V. by non-sterilisable but reused needles and syringes is demonstrated, and two cases are described. Its importance is certain but must be precise. The prevention of this epidemiological modality must be done by systematic use of reusable and sterilisable injectable material.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol liberates dye of syringes.

Foreign particles may contaminate intraocular surgery and have a role in postoperative inflammation. Irrigation solutions, viscoelastics, air and instruments introduced into the eye may carry in a number of organic or inorganic, inert or reactive foreign material. Dye of colored indicators on syringes may also behave as an unrecognized contaminant. This dye material is easily released from syringes by exposure to alcohol. The significance of dye contamination and possible outcomes were discussed.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the syringe and pump aspiration methods of lipoplasty.

In our study of six patients who underwent fat aspiration with a syringe on one side and with a pump on the other, there was notably less blood in the fat aspirate from the syringe and less bruising and morbidity in the postoperative period. The only variable in the study for each patient was the method of aspiration.

Buttocks↗
PubMed1990

Risk of cross-infection related to the multiple use of disposable syringes.

The rate of blood contamination of IV tubings used in anaesthesia practice was investigated. Only IV tubings started in the operating room were studied. First, 300 tubings of three different types were tested at the three distal injection sites. The contamination rate was 3.3 per cent at the injection site closest to the IV catheter and 0.3 per cent at the furthest. The presence of a check-valve did not affect the contamination rate. Second, 300 third injection sites fixed at a level equal to or above the IV catheter were tested. None of them was contaminated. Finally, in order to evaluate whether changing the needle alone could prevent the contamination of syringes, injections were made into a tubing where blood was flowing. Thirty-four per cent of the syringes tested positive for blood. We conclude that IV tubings have a significant contamination rate in usual practice. This rate decreases as the distance from the IV catheter increases. The use of the third site fixed at a level equal to or above the IV catheter carries a lower risk of contamination. Changing the needle alone is a useless procedure to prevent cross-contamination.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1975

Mechanical syringe drive for vitreous surgery.

A mechanical syringe drive permits one-handed, precise control of the suction force at the time of vitrectomy, is autoclavable, utilizes disposable syringes, and can be operated by surgeon or assistant.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Syringe suction drain.

A mini suction drain made up of a 20 cc glass syringe, a stainless steel spring and a scalp vein cannula (whose needle end has been cut off and multiple holes made in the distal 2.5-5 cm) is described. It is very useful in preventing postoperative haematoma formation, in nasogastric tube suction, in easy drawing up of fluids from vials, and in exploration of deep seated abscesses and collections. It is inexpensive, as syringe and spring can be re-used after sterilisation by autoclaving.

Hematoma↗
PubMed1977

The pneumatic syringe: a simple apparatus for self-administration of drugs by rats.

Drug solution is delivered by a syringe operated by a pneumatic cylinder. Recommended delivery volumes are from 10 to 200 microliter. A solid-state control unit is described which can operate two syringes (drug injection and flush), has outputs for recording responses and injections, and can be programmed to provide several schedules of reinforcement. All components are readily commercially available.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Unmet need for recommended preventive health services among clients of California syringe exchange programs: implications for quality improvement.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive preventive services are recommended for injection drug users (IDU), including screening tests, vaccinations, risk reduction counseling, and sterile syringes. Syringe exchange programs (SEP) may facilitate receipt of preventive services by IDUs, but whether SEP clients receive recommended preventive care is not known. We examined use of recommended preventive services by clients of 23 SEPs throughout California. METHODS: Five hundred and sixty SEP clients were recruited from 23 SEPs throughout California between March and September 2003. Receipt of 10 recommended preventive services and source of care (SEP versus non-SEP providers) was ascertained from client interviews. RESULTS: On average, SEP clients received only 13% of recommended preventive services and 49% of clients received none of the recommended services. Of services that were received, 76% were received from SEPs. In multivariate analysis, use of drug treatment and more frequent SEP visits were associated with receipt of recommended preventive services by clients. CONCLUSIONS: SEPs are often the only source of preventive care for their IDU clients. Still, SEP clients fail to receive most recommended preventive services. Interventions to increase use of preventive services and improve the quality of preventive care received by IDUs, such as increased access to drug treatment and SEPs, are needed.

California↗
PubMed2006

Femoral phlebotomy: the vacuum tube method is preferable over needle syringe.

A syringe needle (SN) is commonly used to obtain blood specimens from the femoral vein. The vacuum tube (VT) method avoids the needle stick potential of the SN technique during transfer of blood from the syringe to the collection tubes. We compared the perceived safety, patient pain, and efficacy of SN and VT for femoral phlebotomy in a prospective trial. Of 64 patients entered, 38 (59%) had the VT technique and 26 (41%) had the SN technique. There was no significant difference in the success rate between VT and SN (100% vs. 95%, respectively). The VT method was somewhat faster than the SN method (104 +/- 109 vs. 181 +/- 149 s, respectively, p = 0.06). Complications were infrequent and not different between the groups. The mean patient pain score +/- SD on a 10-cm visual analog scale for the VT and SN techniques were 2.6 +/- 2.2 and 3.7 +/- 2.7, respectively (p < 0.001). Physicians subjectively rated the safety of the procedure higher for the VT method than for the SN method. Medical personnel should consider use of the VT method instead of the traditional SN technique for femoral phlebotomy.

Adult↗