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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Effect of exposure to swine dust on levels of IL-8 in airway lavage fluid.

BACKGROUND: Inhalation of swine dust causes airway inflammation with influx of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, into the lungs. A study was undertaken to determine whether or not exposure to swine dust induces release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) into upper and lower airways and how this possible release is related to cellular influx. A further aim was to study the relationship between the inflammatory response and swine dust exposure. METHODS: Thirty one healthy, non-smoking, previously unexposed subjects were exposed to swine dust during three hours work in a swine house. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed two weeks before and 24 hours after the exposure (n = 16). Nasal lavage and acoustic rhinometry were carried out 1-2 hours before and seven hours after the start of the exposure (n = 31). Exposure measurements were performed with personal sampling equipment. RESULTS: The exposure led to 19-fold and 70-fold increases in the neutrophil concentrations in nasal lavage and BAL fluid, respectively (p < 0.001). In BAL, fluid macrophages, lymphocytes and eosinophils increased significantly. The IL-8 levels in BAL fluid increased from < 31.3 ng/l to 63 (43-109) ng/l (median (25-75th percentile), p < 0.001), and in nasal lavage fluid the concentrations increased from 144 (97-227) ng/l to 1064 (864-1437) ng/l (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels showed a significant correlation with the increase in neutrophils in the nasal lavage fluid but not in the BAL fluid. Acoustic rhinometry demonstrated significant swelling of the nasal mucosa. The air concentration of inhalable dust was 23.3 (20.0-29.3) mg/m3, endotoxin 1.3 (1.1-1.4) micrograms/m3, and muramic acid 0.99 (0.78-2.1) microgram/m3. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of IL-8 increases in BAL fluid and nasal lavage fluid following exposure to swine dust and may be one of the chemoattractants contributing to the recruitment of neutrophils to the nasal cavity and the alveolar space.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Dacron-covered stent-grafts for the percutaneous treatment of carotid aneurysms: effectiveness and biocompatibility--experimental study in swine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the short-term effectiveness and biocompatibility of Dacron-covered stent-grafts for percutaneous treatment of carotid aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In eight swine, nine aneurysms were created surgically in the common carotid artery. Percutaneous treatment was performed with Dacron-covered stent-grafts. Seven of eight swine underwent follow-up angiography at 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after stent implantation. Histologic examinations of tissue from the site of stent implantation were performed at the same intervals. RESULTS: Initial closing off of the aneurysm was possible in all swine. Angiographic follow-up revealed patency of only one Dacron-covered stent-graft after 2 weeks. In six of seven swine, the stent was occluded on the follow-up angiogram. One of the swine died of unclear cause after 1 week. The stent-graft of this swine was not occluded. In all Dacron-covered stent-grafts, inflammatory reaction with granulocyte infiltration was found next to the Dacron material. CONCLUSION: Primary treatment of carotid aneurysms with Dacron-covered stent-grafts is effective. However, the short-term patency rate is poor, which probably can be attributed to the limited biocompatibility of the Dacron cover. An acute inflammatory reaction against Dacron seems responsible for the poor patency rate.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of longitudinal changes in pulmonary function among swine confinement workers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine predictors of longitudinal changes in pulmonary function in swine confinement workers. DESIGN: Longitudinal study conducted from November 1989 to June 1991 and January 1994 to May 1995. SETTING: Swine confinement workers in Saskatchewan. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two swine confinement workers who were studied in 1989/90 and studied again in 1994/95. RESULTS: Of 98 male swine confinement workers (mean age SD 36.3 11.1 years) studied at baseline, 42 were studied again five years following. Complete information on baseline across-shift pulmonary function (preshift forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], and every 2 h FEV1 and FVC during the shift), and five-year follow-up pulmonary function (with FEV1 and FVC) were available on all 42 subjects. Mean across-shift changes (preshift measurement to last measurement of the day) at baseline were -159. 8 61.7 mL in FEV1 and -35.3 65.6 mL in FVC. Mean annual rate change between baseline and follow-up for FEV1 was -53.9 61.7 mL/year and for FVC -48.9 71.6 mL/year. After adjusting for age, height, smoking and hours spent in the barn, the baseline across-shift change in FEV1 and FVC was a significant predictor of annual rate change in FEV1 (P=0.01) and FVC (P=0.02), respectively. To determine the effects of indoor air quality on longitudinal lung function decline, indoor air environmental measurements were analysed. Complete information on respiratory health and indoor air quality was available on 34 of the 42 subjects. Assessment of indoor environment of swine barns included a summer and winter measurement for airborne dust, gases and endotoxin levels. After adjusting for age, height, smoking, ammonia and hours spent in the barn, the endotoxin level (Eu/mg)was a significant predictor of annual rate change for FEV1 but not FVC. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that shift change is an important predictor of longitudinal changes in lung function in swine confinement workers and that endotoxin exposures may mediate annual decline in FEV1 in these workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Development and use of a microdissected swine chromosome 6 DNA library.

To facilitate the identification of microsatellite genetic markers from a single swine chromosome, chromosome microisolation and microcloning have been used to generate a swine chromosome 6-specific DNA library. Ten copies of swine chromosome 6 were scraped from metaphase spreads, ligated to custom-prepared adaptors, and amplified by PCR. The purity of the amplified product was verified by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The utility of the chromosome painting probe for heterologous painting was demonstrated and confirmed that swine chromosome 6 is syntenic to human chromosomes 1p and 19q. A small insert genomic library of 1.39 x 10(6) clones was generated from the PCR-amplified chromosome 6 genomic DNA and screened for (GT)n microsatellite genetic markers. Nine (GT)n microsatellite markers were developed and genotyped on a Yorkshire x Meishan swine reference family. All nine markers genetically mapped to chromosome 6, confirming the purity of the microisolation method. The method used here should be adaptable to the microdissection of subchromosomal regions of not only the swine genome but also other livestock genomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition of the cardiac angiogenic response to surgical FGF-2 therapy in a Swine endothelial dysfunction model.

BACKGROUND: Discrepancy exists between the potent effects of therapeutic angiogenesis in laboratory animals and the marginal results observed in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. In vitro and small animal data suggest that angiogenesis may depend on locally available nitric oxide (NO), but the impact of endothelial dysfunction on therapeutic angiogenesis in the myocardium has been unclear. We compared the effects of clinically applicable angiogenesis methods in swine in which endothelial dysfunction was experimentally induced to that observed in normal swine. METHODS AND RESULTS: Miniswine were fed either a regular (N=13) or hypercholesterolemic diet (N=13) for 20 weeks. Hypercholesterolemic swine showed coronary endothelial dysfunction on videomicroscopy. Animals from both groups received 100 microg of perivascular sustained-release fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 in the lateral myocardial territory, previously made ischemic by placement of an ameroid constrictor around the circumflex artery. After 4 weeks of FGF-2 therapy, lateral myocardial perfusion was significantly lower in hypercholesterolemic than in normocholesterolemic swine, both at rest and during pacing (0.44+/-0.04 versus 0.81+/-0.15 mL/min/g at rest, respectively; P=0.006; and 0.50+/-0.06 versus 0.71+/-0.10 mL/min/g during pacing; P=0.02). Hypercholesterolemic swine showed no net increase in perfusion from FGF-2 treatment. Endothelial cell density and FGF receptor-1 expression were significantly lower in the lateral territory of hypercholesterolemic versus normocholesterolemic animals. CONCLUSIONS: The cardiac angiogenic response to FGF-2 treatment using clinically applicable methods was markedly inhibited in hypercholesterolemic swine with coronary endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that coronary endothelial dysfunction is major obstacle to the efficacy of clinical angiogenesis protocols and constitutes a target toward making angiogenesis more effective in patients with advanced coronary disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Low zero-flow pressure and minimal capacitance effect on diastolic coronary arterial pressure-flow relationships during maximum vasodilation in swine.

During maximum dilation with adenosine in dogs, the diastolic coronary pressure at which flow ceases (Pzf) has been observed to be up to 27 mm Hg above coronary sinus and right atrial pressures. We studied swine to measure the Pzf and to determine the effects of interventions that change collateral flow and coronary capacitance. In 44 swine, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was instrumented with two catheters, a hydraulic occluder, and a flowmeter. Late diastolic and mean pressure-flow relationships were constructed at a series of pressures produced by partial LAD occlusions during maximum vasodilation. The late diastolic Pzf was 7.0 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (mean +/- SD), less than 4 mm Hg above right atrial pressure; the mean Pzf was 12.1 +/- 3.1 mm Hg, less than 9 mm Hg above right atrial pressure. The Pzf in the LAD did not change significantly (1) during transient simultaneous occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) in seven swine (late diastolic Pzf with the RCA open was 6.6 +/- 1.5 mm Hg and with the RCA closed it was 6.0 +/- 1.5 mm Hg), (2) during increased left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) in seven swine (late diastolic Pzf with LVSP of 123 mm Hg was 5.5 +/- 2.2 mm Hg and with LVSP of 184 mm Hg it was 7.3 +/- 2.8 mm Hg), or (3) during increased heart rate in eight swine (late diastolic Pzf at heart rate of 107 per minute was 10.8 +/- 2.9 mm Hg and at 180 per minute it was 12.7 +/- 2.1 mm Hg). Similar results were obtained from analysis of the mean pressure and flow data. The Pzf in the LAD of swine is very close to right atrial pressure, and it did not change significantly during interventions that would modify collateral flow (reduced by RCA occlusion and enhanced by increased LVSP) and coronary capacitance (increased LVSP and increased heart rate). This low Pzf is beneficial in maintaining flow at lower coronary arterial perfusion pressures.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1994

Swine dust causes intense airways inflammation in healthy subjects.

Fourteen healthy, nonsmoking subjects were exposed to swine dust while weighing pigs for 3 to 5 h in a swine-confinement building. All but one participant was previously unexposed to swine dust. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and blood samples were drawn before and after exposure. Total dust and endotoxins were measured by air sampling in filter cassettes carried in the breathing zone. The air concentration of endotoxins was 0.6 (range, 0.08 to 1.3) micrograms/m3, and of total dust was 13.5 (range, 5.6 to 24.0) mg/m3. The air concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide were low. The exposure induced fever in three and malaise and drowsiness in six of the subjects. Compared with preexposure values, a 75-fold increase in neutrophilic granulocytes, a two- to threefold increase in mononuclear cells, and a significant increase in eosinophilic granulocytes were observed in the BAL fluid obtained 1 day (approximately 22 h) after exposure (p < 0.01 for all cell types). The fibronectin and albumin concentrations in the BAL fluid significantly increased (p < 0.01 for both). The number of leukocytes in peripheral blood was almost doubled 6 h after exposure and was still significantly elevated after 1 day. Blood concentrations of orosomucoid and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly increased 1 day after exposure. We conclude that exposure to swine dust in a swine-confinement building induces an intense inflammatory reaction in the airways as assessed by BAL. The airway cellular response is characterized by a dramatic increase in neutrophils. The components in the swine dust that cause the reaction are not clear.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Experimental vesicular stomatitis in swine: effects of route of inoculation and steroid treatment.

An enzootic focus of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ) exists on Ossabaw Island, Georgia. Many questions regarding the epizootiology of this virus at this focus still exist, but evidence suggests that the vector for this virus is a phlebotomine sand fly (Lutzomyia shannoni), with feral swine serving as a potential source of virus for the sand fly and for other swine via contact transmission. We conducted 2 experimental trials in domestic swine using VSV-NJ isolated from a sand fly from Ossabaw Island to determine if route of inoculation or immunosuppression via steroid administration affected the development of disease, viremia, viral shedding, or the neutralizing antibody response. In a third trial, we studied the potential for contact transmission among swine using this isolate. Virus isolations were made from nasal cavity or palatine tonsil of the soft palate, and VSV-NJ neutralizing antibodies developed when pigs were inoculated intradermally in the apex of the snout, ear, or coronary band, intravenously, intranasally, or via scarification of the apex of the snout or coronary band. Vesicles developed only in pigs inoculated in the apex of the snout or coronary band, and these vesicles were at the site of inoculation. Steroid treatment did not potentiate the development of secondary vesicles and did not prolong the period of virus shedding from VSV-NJ-infected swine. Contact transmission, as determined by shedding of virus from the tonsil of the soft palate and the development of VSV-NJ neutralizing antibodies, occurred in pigs in contact with animals inoculated in the apex of the snout but not in contact animals exposed to pigs inoculated intradermally in the coronary band or intranasally. These trials show that contact transmission can occur and VSV-NJ can be shed without the development of clinical disease (i.e., vesicle formation). Viremia was never detected in any of the experimental pigs, suggesting that swine may not be a good amplifying host for VSV-NJ.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Increased number of activated lymphocytes in human lung following swine dust inhalation.

Inhalation of swine dust causes intense alveolar inflammation, with recruitment of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, but also alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. The present study focuses on the lymphocyte response to inhaled swine dust. Twenty four healthy, nonsmoking, nonallergic subjects were exposed to swine dust for 3 h in a swine confinement building. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed before and 24 h after the start of exposure, and blood samples were drawn before, and at 7 and 24 h after exposure. Total and differential cell counts were carried out. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing T-cells, T-cell subsets, T-cell activation markers, and B-cells were analysed by flow cytometry. The number of granulocytes increased more than 50 times and alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes increased two- to three-fold in BAL fluid. The exposure did not alter the proportion of T-cells but increased the number of activated T-cells in BAL fluid. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (CD25), human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and the early activation marker CD69 were expressed by 8.4% (25-75th percentiles 6.4-9.6%), 9.9% (8.2-21.6%) and 22.0% (18.1-24.3%) of the lymphocytes prior to exposure, and 11.6% (9.0-16.4%) (p < 0.01), 18.8% (12.9-30.4%) (p < 0.01) and 42.1% (38.4-47.3%) (p < 0.05), respectively, after the exposure. In peripheral blood, the concentration of T-cells decreased after exposure and B-cells increased slightly but significantly. The ratio naive/memory T-cells (CD45RA/RO) did not change in blood. In conclusion, 3 h of swine dust inhalation led to an influx of lymphocytes into the lower airways and increased expression of lymphocyte activation markers on the cell surface in previously unexposed subjects. The finding suggests a role for T-cells, in conjunction with other cells, in the inflammatory response to inhaled swine dust.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Properties of low density lipoprotein binding by cultured swine granulosa cells.

The properties of low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding to ovarian cells were investigated in cultured swine granulosa cells in serum-free monolayer cultures. Swine and human LDL bound with high affinity and specificity, with apparent dissociation constant (Kd) values for swine and human LDL of 1.1 and 3.6 micrograms/ml at 4 C, and 2.7 and 4.8 micrograms/ml at 37 C. In contrast, high density lipoprotein competed sparingly with [125I]iodo-LDL with an apparent half-maximally inhibitory concentration of 650 micrograms/ml. Binding of LDL was dependent upon arginine residues within the apoprotein B moiety, since covalent modification of LDL with 1,2-cyclohexanedione markedly reduced its ability to compete for binding or degradation and to support progesterone biosynthesis. This specific, high affinity saturable binding of LDL to pig granulosa cells exhibited a maximal binding capacity of 0.7 micrograms LDL protein/mg DNA, which corresponds to approximately 5500 LDL receptors per cell. The relative time course of LDL binding, internalization, and degradation by swine granulosa cells was assessed by examining trypsin-releasable (surface-bound) and trypsin-resistant (internalized) [125I]iodo-LDL. At 37 C, granulosa cells exhibited a rapid increase in surface-bound lipoprotein, followed by delayed but subsequently progressive increases in internalized and degraded LDL. LDL degradation by swine granulosa cells was a saturable, temperature- and time-dependent process, with half-maximal degradation occurring at a concentration of 16 micrograms/ml LDL. This correlates closely with the half-maximal concentration of LDL that stimulates progesterone secretion. Degradation of [125I]iodo-LDL was not attributable to bulk fluid-phase pinocytosis, since the cellular ingestion of an impermeant probe, [125I]iodo-polyvinylpyrrolidone, occurred at 1/40 the rate of lipoprotein degradation. In addition, degradation of [125I]iodo-LDL was specifically inhibited by excess unlabeled LDL, decreased by prior exposure of granulosa cells to the soluble sterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and antagonized by the lysosomotrophic agent, chloroquine. Moreover, in separate experiments, rates of degradation of LDL were found to be significantly correlated with progesterone one production (r = +0.88, P less than 0.01). In summary, swine granulosa cells exhibit specific, high affinity, saturable, and low capacity receptors for homologous and heterologous LDL. These LDL recognition sites on ovarian cells depend upon cyclohexanedione-sensitive arginine residues with the apoprotein B moiety for effective binding, internalization, and functional (steroidogenic) responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Symptomatic effects of exposure to diluted air sampled from a swine confinement atmosphere on healthy human subjects.

Aerial emissions from a swine house at North Carolina State University's field laboratory were diluted to a level that could occur at varying distances downwind from a confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) both within and beyond the property line, and these emissions were delivered to an environmental exposure chamber. The study design consisted of two 1-hr sessions, one in which 48 healthy human adult volunteers were exposed to diluted swine air and another in which they were exposed to clean air (control). Objective measures of blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, lung function, nasal inflammation, secretory immunity, mood, attention, and memory were correlated with objective measures of air quality. Ratings of perceived (self-reported) health symptoms were also obtained. The mean levels of airborne constituents in the swine air condition were hydrogen sulfide (24 ppb), ammonia (817 ppb), total suspended particulates (0.0241 mg/m3), endotoxin (7.40 endotoxin units/m3), and odor (57 times above odor threshold). No statistical differences on objective measures of physical symptoms, mood, or attention resulted from the 1-hr exposure to swine emissions in the environmental chamber when compared with clean air for healthy human volunteers. However, subjects were 4.1 (p = 0.001) times more likely to report headaches, 6.1 (p = 0.004) times more likely to report eye irritation, and 7.8 (p = 0.014) times more likely to report nausea in the swine air (experimental) condition than in the control condition. These results indicate that short-term exposure in an environmental chamber to malodorous emissions from a swine house at levels expected downwind can induce clinically important symptoms in healthy human volunteers.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the swine endothelin-1 gene.

Cosmid clone containing swine endothelin-1 (EDN1) gene, cosEDN1, was isolated from swine cosmid library using swine EDN1 cDNA as a probe. The sequence analysis of cosEDN1 DNA revealed that the swine EDN1 gene consists of 5 exons, spanning approximately 6.5 kb. In the 5'-upstream region of the EDN1 gene, AP-1 and NF-1 elements were found, suggesting the possibility that the expression of swine EDN1 gene is controlled by protooncogene products Fos and Jun, and TGF-beta. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using cosEDN1 DNA as a probe demonstrated that EDN1 gene resides on swine chromosome 7p13- > pter.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Differences in intestinal length between specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional swine.

The length of the small intestine, cecum, and the rest of the large intestine of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) swine was compared with that of conventional swine. The average length of the small intestine of SPF swine was shorter than that of conventional swine. The difference was significant for female SPF swine. There was no difference between SPF and conventional swine in the length of the cecum, colon and rectum.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Accelerated lung function decline in swine confinement workers.

We conducted a longitudinal study to determine the annual rate decline in pulmonary function measurements in male swine confinement workers. For comparison, a grain farming group and a nonfarming rural-dwelling control group were also chosen for the longitudinal study. Two hundred seventeen swine confinement workers, 218 grain farmers, and 179 nonfarming control subjects had valid pulmonary function measurements at the baseline observation conducted in 1990 to 1991 and at the second observation conducted in 1994 to 1995. The swine confinement workers were younger (mean age=38.3+/-11.7 [SD] years) than the nonfarming control subjects (42.6+/-10.4 years) and the grain farmers (44.5+/-11.9 years). When stratified by age, nonfarming control subjects had the lowest mean annual rate decline in FEV1 and FVC in all age categories. The swine confinement workers had the largest annual rate decline in FEV1 and FVC, and this was most obvious in the middle age categories. After controlling for age, height, smoking, and baseline pulmonary function, swine confinement workers had excess annual decline of 26.1 mL in FEV1 (p=0.0005), 33.5 mL in FVC (p=0.0002), and 42.0 mL/s in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF[25-75%]) (p=0.02) over nonfarming control subjects. Grain farmers had excess annual decline of 16.4 mL in FEV1 (p=0.03), 26.7 mL in FVC (p=0.002), and 11.2 mL/s in FEF(25-75%) (p=0.38) over control subjects. These findings suggest that workers engaged in the swine industry and grain farmers appear prone to accelerated yearly losses in lung function and may therefore be at risk for the future development of chronic airflow limitation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Asthma symptoms among adolescents who attend public schools that are located near confined swine feeding operations.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the health effects of living in close proximity to industrial swine operations. We assessed the relationship between estimated exposure to airborne effluent from confined swine feeding operations and asthma symptoms among adolescents who were aged 12 to 14 years. METHODS: During the 1999-2000 school year, 58169 adolescents in North Carolina answered questions about their respiratory symptoms, allergies, medications, socioeconomic status, and household environments. To estimate the extent to which these students may have been exposed during the school day to air pollution from confined swine feeding operations, we used publicly available data about schools (n = 265) and swine operations (n = 2343) to generate estimates of exposure for each public school. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for wheezing within the past year were estimated using random-intercepts binary regression models, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, school exposures, and household exposures. RESULTS: The prevalence of wheezing during the past year was slightly higher at schools that were estimated to be exposed to airborne effluent from confined swine feeding operations. For students who reported allergies, the prevalence of wheezing within the past year was 5% higher at schools that were located within 3 miles of an operation relative to those beyond 3 miles and 24% higher at schools in which livestock odor was noticeable indoors twice per month or more relative to those with no odor. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated exposure to airborne pollution from confined swine feeding operations is associated with adolescents' wheezing symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Detection and occurrence of antimicrobially resistant E. coli in groundwater on or near swine farms in eastern North Carolina.

The use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease treatment by the commercial swine industry has led to high proportions of multiple antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria being shed by these animals and concerns about the environmental spread of these bacteria. A study was conducted to quantify the extent of release of antibiotic-resistant E. coli from swine farms into groundwater. Four study sites, two swine farms and two reference sites (crop farms), with known groundwater flow paths were screened for E. coli four times over the course of one and a half years. A total of 100 biochemically-confirmed E. coli were collected from the four sites. There were statistically significantly higher E. coli levels at the two swine farm sites than at the reference sites. The bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance using a panel of 17 drugs that are typical of human and veterinary use. There were 19 and 71 E. coli isolates from swine farms #1 and #2, respectively, with most (68%) being resistant to 1 -6 antimicrobials. Only one E. coli isolate from each of the reference sites showed antimicrobial resistance traits. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains are present in groundwaters of swine farms with a typical lagoon and land application system for waste management.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Experimental induction of bacterial gastritis and gastric ulcer disease in gnotobiotic swine inoculated with porcine Helicobacter-like species.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 2 isolates of recently isolated swine-origin Helicobacter pylori-like bacteria are pathogenic in pigs and compare the signs of gastric disease induced by these isolates with those detected in H pylori- and Helicobacter heilmannii-infected pigs. ANIMALS: 36 neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. PROCEDURE: Groups of separately housed pigs were inoculated orally with swine-origin Helicobacter-like isolates 2662 or 1268, H pylori (human gastric pathogen), or a gastric homogenate from gnotobiotic swine containing H heilmannii. Noninoculated pigs were used as control animals. Clinical signs and development of homologous and heterologous antibodies against Helicobacter organisms were assessed. After euthanasia, gastric tissues were examined grossly and microscopically; Helicobacter organisms were detected by use of Warthin-Starry and immunohistochemical stains. RESULTS: Both porcine Helicobacter-like isolates colonized the stomachs of swine. Isolate 2662 was highly pathogenic; in 13 isolate 2662-inoculated pigs, gastroesophageal ulcerations developed in 9 and ulceration of the gastric glandular mucosa was detected in 5. Histologically, inflammatory gastritis consisting of multifocal to diffuse lymphocytic and plasmacytic cellular infiltrates and lymphoid follicle formation in the gastric lamina propria accompanied bacterial colonization of the gastric compartment. In contrast, H heilmannii was minimally pathogenic in that only modest inflammatory cell infiltrates were seen. Gastroesophageal or mucosal ulcers were not evident in pigs inoculated with H heilmannii. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data indicate that swine-origin H pylori-like bacteria can be pathogenic in pigs and suggest that porcine gastric disease may be mediated, in part, by colonization of the stomach by swine-origin H pylori-like bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of exogenous porcine somatotropin on the carcass composition, hormonal and metabolic profiles, lipogenic capacity, and binding of insulin to erythrocyte receptors of fast- versus slow-growing swine.

Twenty barrows were designated as fast-growing (FG) and their littermates designated as slow-growing (SG) based on birth, weaning, and 56-d weight. Half of each group received 70 micrograms of porcine somatotropin (pST)/kg BW daily beginning at 40 kg BW. At 60 and 105 kg BW, blood was collected every .5 h for 12 h beginning 1 h before pST injection, fat biopsies were taken for in vitro lipogenic activity, and insulin erythrocytes were isolated for receptor binding. Swine treated with pST had elevated ADG (.95 vs .88 kg/d; P < .1) and reduced days to slaughter (61 vs 67; P < .1). The pST-treated pigs had less average backfat (2.73 vs 3.96 cm; P < .01), larger longissimus muscle areas (32.3 vs 28.2 cm2; P < .05), and a higher percentage of muscle (56.3 vs 50.3%; P < .01) than control pigs. Exogenous pST increased protein (17.4 vs 13.2%; P < .05) and decreased fat (22.9 vs 37.1%; P < .05). The FG pigs had higher ADG (.98 vs .86 kg/d; P < .01) and required fewer days to slaughter (57 vs 71; P < .01) than SG pigs. Administration of pST increased (P < .01) average pST levels (1.7 vs 14.0 ng/mL) in FG and SG pigs at 60 kg BW. At 105 kg BW, pST was higher (P < .01) in pST-FG than in pST-SG swine (46.0 vs 19.3 ng/mL) but was not different between FG and SG control swine (1.9 vs 1.8 ng/mL). Administration of pST increased concentrations of IGF-I (510.0 vs 160.0 ng/mL) and nonesterified fatty acids (182 vs 109 muEq/L, P < .01) in FG and SG swine. Over sample periods and growth rates, pST reduced (P < .05) CO2 production and lipid synthesis (.345 and 1.85 vs .575 and 2.71 mumol of glucose incorporated.g-1.2 h-1). At 60 kg BW, FG swine had less (P < .01) CO2 production and lipid synthesis (.299 and 1.83 vs .921 and 3.61 mumol.g-1.2 h-1) than did SG swine. Exogenous pST increased (P < .05) binding to insulin erythrocyte receptors (7.25 vs 6.34%).

Adipose Tissue↗