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PubMed1985

Stressful events, stressful conditions and alcohol problems in the United States: a partial test of Bales's theory.

Bales's theory that sociostructural factors that produce stress for members of a society increase the rate of alcoholism is examined to explain variations in the levels of alcoholism in the 50 states. Two types of social stress are conceptualized and measured at the state level: The first, the "life events" model, is based on life changes that require adaptation. An index is described in which (negative) personal life events in 15 categories (e.g., divorce and plant closings) are aggregated for each state using macro measures. The second model is based on the idea of chronic stressful conditions, and is measured through the Measure of Status Integration and the Index of Relative Opportunities. Alcohol-related problems are measured by death rates for cirrhosis, alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis, and by per capita alcohol consumption. Both stressful events and stressful conditions are correlated with all indicators of alcoholism at the state level, 19 of 20 correlations being in the theoretically expected direction. Correlations are enhanced when age, urbanicity, the percentage of Blacks, low income and education are controlled for. The three macro measures of stress taken together explain 27% of the variation in cirrhosis death rates, 14% of the variation in alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis death rates and 47% of the variation in alcohol consumption rates.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Effects of morphine on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), norepinephrine and dopamine in non-stressed and stressed rats.

The effects of morphine on the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations were investigated in non-stressed and stressed rats. Acutely administered morphine stimulated both the synthesis and release of CRF in the hypothalamus, thereby activating the pituitary-adrenocortical system in non-stressed rats, but inhibited the stress-induced CRF synthesis and ACTH-corticosterone secretion. Either a morphine or ether-laparotomy stress reduced NE and DA concentrations in the hypothalamus. A pretreatment with morphine inhibited the stress-induced reduction in the hypothalamic NE and DA concentrations, and induced a significant increase in the DA concentration. These observations suggest that hypothalamic NE and DA are involved in morphine-induced changes in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity and that endogenous opiates have a role in regulating CRF secretion by interacting with hypothalamic biogenic amines.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1989

[Non-destructive stress analysis of porcelain-fused-to-metal crown. 2. X-ray diffraction and radiograph stress measurement of various gold alloys for porcelain fusing].

Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns though having a better aesthetic appearance, are admittedly inferior in strength, as compared with full cast crowns. We have used the X-ray stress measurement method that is the means of a non-destructive measurement, and this method is used to assess the residual stresses of various metals. X-ray diffraction examinations were made to evaluate the possibility of X-ray stress measurement of precious metals. Precious metal strips were then prepared to determine the change in the stress value during the porcelain firing process. The high compression stress produced by polishing was reduced by degassing. X-ray stress measurement of precious metals were successfully obtained.

Crowns↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pregnancy as a stressful life event and strategies for coping with stress in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension].

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) represents an extremely important problem in perinatology. Despite numerous clinical observations and studies, the etiology and exact sequence of pathophysiological events accompanying this specific disorder have remained still unresolved. The concepts most often considered are those that include genetic, endocrine and immunological mechanisms. Besides, one can also find in the literature considerations addressing potential participation of psychologicalfactors in pregnancy-induced hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included two groups of women--100 women with PIH and 100 of women with normal course of pregnancy, which were tested using two questionnaires concerning pregnancy as a stressful event and using strategies for coping with stress. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Women with PIH experience pregnancy in a more stressful way than women with regular course of pregnancy. However, it is necessary to point out that respondents of both groups thought that pregnant women seek attention from everyone from their environment, and that their husbands/partners should pay special attention to them during pregnancy. The importance of relationship between partners during pregnancy and the emotional life of pregnant woman has been also examined by other researchers. These data suggest that pregnancy is an emotionally vulnerable period during which women demand special attention from the environment and especially from their husbands/partners. In view of using particular strategies to cope with stress, certain differences have been registered between the two groups of women. Namely, women with PIH utilize much more the mechanism of seeking social support and much less the mechanism of positive redefinition, compared with women with normal course of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: From the psychosocial approach, pregnancy may be considered as a specific state of high emotional tension, which can represent a potent stressor. In the frame of specific reactions to stress, pregnancy as a stress-inducing situation may lead to transformation of emotional tension to biochemical and vegetative response, and thus contribute to onset of pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Glycated low-density lipoprotein attenuates shear stress-induced nitric oxide synthesis by inhibition of shear stress-activated L-arginine uptake in endothelial cells.

Little is known about the mechanism(s) of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. In this study, the effect of nonenzymatic glycated LDL, a phenomenon induced by elevated D-glucose levels associated with diabetes, on porcine aortic endothelial cells was investigated. Two fractions of LDL from diabetic patients were separated by affinity column chromatography and are referred to herein as fraction alpha (nonglycated LDL) and fraction beta (glycated LDL). Incubation of endothelial cells for 24 h with total LDL isolated from diabetic subjects (dLDL) increased the release of superoxide anions (*O2-) by fivefold, while no effect of LDL isolated from healthy individuals (nLDL) was found. Fraction beta, but not fraction alpha, evoked the *O2- release. In vitro-glycated LDL mimicked the effect of dLDL/fraction beta on *O2- release that correlated with its degree of glycation (R2 = 0.96). Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) stability (measured with a porphyrinic-based electrode) and NO bioactivity (measured by its ability to elevate cellular cGMP levels) were reduced in cells treated with dLDL by 46 and 41%, respectively. dLDL (but not nLDL or fraction alpha) abolished shear stress-induced L-arginine uptake. The inhibitory effect of dLDL on shear stress-induced L-arginine uptake was mimicked by in vitro-glycated LDL. The efficiency of in vitro-glycated LDL to diminish shear stress-evoked L-arginine uptake correlated with the extent of glycation (R2 = 0.88). Moreover, dLDL, but not nLDL or fraction alpha, reduced shear stress-mediated cGMP formation and NOx production by 47 and 88%, respectively. This effect was also mimicked by in vitro-glycated LDL, correlating with its degree of glycation (R2 = 0.86). Under these experimental conditions, glycated LDL reduced shear stress-induced increase in NO synthesis by inhibition of shear stress-stimulated L-arginine uptake and NO bioactivity due to increased endothelial cell *O2- release. These properties may contribute to the reduced vasodilatory response and the vascular complications in diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive-affective stress response: effects of individual stress propensity on physiological and psychological indicators of strain.

The purpose of this study was to define further the role of individual stress propensity in physiological arousal and subsequent subjective stress and strain by measuring stress-induced reactivity in a laboratory setting. Individual predisposition to stress is conceptualized as a latent construct, cognitive-affective stress propensity, that is manifested as multiple trait indicators, e.g., negative affectivity, anger-irritability, and negative self-esteem. For 80 undergraduates experimental treatments were two stressors, time pressure and performance feedback. Physiological arousal indices included skin temperature, blood volume, and electromyographic activity. Results provide some support for the hypotheses that this propensity moderates the relationships between stressor and physiological arousal and between physiological arousal and subjective stress and strain.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Emotional stress in childbirth and its modification by variations in obstetric management. Epidural analgesia and stress in labor.

Emotional stress before, during and after labor was measured in 20 primigravidae by serial estimation of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and by stress assessment interviews. The anticipation of epidural analgesia and internal fetal monitoring was a significant source of emotional stress to women awaiting induction of labor, despite explanation and attempted reassurance. During labor epidural analgesia reduced stress by abolishing pain, so eliminating the progressive rise in 11-hydroxycorticosteroids normally seen throughout labor. Epidural analgesia does not, however, block the potential for the adrenocortical response to stress and the physical work, emotional stress and surgical trauma of delivery stimulate a considerable output of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1998

Fall and winter hormone concentrations related to stress in pigs identified as normal and carrier for stress susceptibility.

Stress is associated with significant losses in the swine industry. Seasonal changes have been shown to affect stress resistance in several species of animals. In the present study, we examined the effect of two seasons (fall or winter) on plasma insulin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) levels from fasted normal and carrier pigs for stress susceptibility when submitted to a blood-sampling stressor between 10:00 and 11:00. Comparisons were made of 10 diurnally active normal (NN) and 8 carrier (Nn) pigs reared in the fall to 9 NN and 10 Nn pigs reared in the winter. The light-dark cycle throughout the period of the experiment was 10 h light/14 h dark, with lights on from 07:00 to 17:00. Feed consisted of the traditional western Canadian swine ration consumed ad libitum. Results revealed significant season-by-genotype interactions for plasma insulin and ACTH concentrations in response to the blood-sampling stressor. The normal pigs displayed a significantly lower plasma insulin level during winter compared to the fall season. Plasma ACTH of normal pigs was 18% lower in the winter compared to the fall season, although this difference was not statistically significant. The carrier genotype, on the other hand, demonstrated higher plasma insulin concentration and lower plasma ACTH concentration in the winter compared to the fall season. Furthermore, there was a main genotype effect in plasma cortisol concentration such that the carrier pigs experienced a greater level compared to the normal genotype. Similarly, the carrier pigs had a more acute ACTH response to the blood-sampling stressor compared to the normal pigs during the fall season. Results have demonstrated that these two seasons of the year affect the response of both genotypes to a blood-sampling stressor, with the carrier genotype experiencing a more intense stress reaction in the fall season. These results further contribute to the recent research indicating that carrier pigs for stress susceptibility have a unique stress response.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of progressive muscle relaxation using biofeedback on perceived stress, stress response, immune response and climacteric symptoms of middle-aged women].

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback on perceived stress, stress response, immune response and climacteric symptoms. METHOD: This was a crossover, pre-post test design. The study subjects are 36 middle-aged women who were selected at 2 public health centers. The independent variable was Biofeedback training for 4 weeks, twice a week and home training for 4 weeks. Dependent variables were perceived stress, stress response, immune response, and climacteric symptoms measured with Hildtch's scale (1996). RESULT: Progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective in reducing perceived stress, but it was shown to be effective in reducing physiological stress responses such as pulse rate and EMG. Though blood pressure and skin conductance were repeatedly down, and skin temperature slowly increased, there were no statistically significant differences. Progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective in reducing serum cortisol, enhancing immune responses, or decreasing climacteric symptoms. CONCLUSION: The findings point to a pressing need for further, well-controlled and designed research with consideration in selection of subjects and instruments, frequency of measurements, the sampling method, and intervention modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changing stress levels through gaining information on stress.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to find out the effect of the Information Phase of a Stress Management Program (SMP) on the perceptions of participants about their stress levels. METHOD: A total sample of 100 workers (nursing staff, private business men and women, laboratory assistants, the protective services [foreman and security staff], as well as people in human resources departments) took part in this study. All the participants were from the Northern and Gauteng Provinces in South Africa. The Combined Hassles and Uplifts Scale (Folkman & Lazarus, 1989) was used as an instrument to measure the perceived stress level of participants in a SMP. RESULT: A significant reduction in stress levels was achieved among those who received the Information Phase of the SMP only, as well as those who received the whole stress management techniques. There was no significant difference between the amount of reduction in perceived stress-levels achieved among those that received the Information Phase of the SMP only, compared to that of those who received the whole techniques. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that where the resources are limited, only the information phase of a SMP may be given to desiring clients. That should help to save time and money spent on participating in SMPs. This should however not discourage the use of the whole SPM, where affordable.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the startle reflex to an acoustic stimulus in rats with hereditary stress-sensitive arterial hypertension: the effect of chronic stress in the prepuberty period].

Acoustic startle reflex was studied in young and adult rats with hereditary stress-induced arterial hypertension (HSIAH) in comparison with original normotensive Wistar strain. Immediate and long-lasting effects of chronic handling or chronic unpredictable stress at the age of 4 and 5 weeks on manifestations of the startle reflex were studied. The amplitude of the sensorimotor reaction was lower in both young (38-day-old) and adult (4-month-old) HSIAH rats than in age-matched normotensive Wistar rats. Young and adult hypertensives demonstrated significant inhibition of startle reflex when the startling stimulus was preceded by a weak prepulse. Such prepulse inhibition was not expressed in young or adult Wistar rats. Chronic handling as well as chronic unpredictable stress during the 4th and 5th weeks of life potentiated the startle amplitude in young HSIAH rats. The prepulse inhibition level did not depend on the chronic stress. The long-lasting effect of the prepubertal chronic stress depended on the type of the stress factors.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taking the stress out of stressful conversations.

Stressful conversations are unavoidable in life. In business, they can run the gamut from firing a subordinate to, curiously enough, receiving praise. But whatever the context, stressful conversations carry a heavy emotional load. Indeed, stressful conversations cause such anxiety that most people simply avoid them. Yet it can be extremely costly to dodge issues, appease difficult people, and smooth over antagonisms; avoidance usually only worsens a problem or a relationship. Using vivid examples of the three basic stressful conversations that people bump up against most often in the workplace, the author explains how managers can improve those interactions unilaterally. To begin with, they should approach the situations with greater self-awareness. Awareness building is not about endless self-analysis; much of it simply involves making tacit knowledge about oneself more explicit. It is important for those who are vulnerable to hostility, for example, to know how they react to it. Do they clam up or do they retaliate? Knowing how you react in a stressful situation will teach you a lot about your trouble areas and can help you master stressful situations. The author also recommends rehearsing difficult conversations in advance to fine-tune your phrasing and tone. And the best way to keep from being thrown off balance by difficult conversations that crop up unexpectedly is to develop a few hip-pocket phrases that you can pull out on the spot. We all know from past experience what kinds of conversations and people we handle badly. The trick is to have prepared conversational tactics to address those situations.

Communication↗
PubMed1975

[Effect of neurotropin on SART stress (stress caused by alteration of rhythms in environmental temperature) in mice and rats].

We reported previously that by altering the rhythm of environmental temperature (ART) the physiological mechanism was changed to an abnormal state which we termed specific ART-stress (SART-stress). In the present report, the effects of neurotropin and other tranquilizers on this SART-stress state were investigated. Neurotropin is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. Neurotropin prevented the decrease in body weight of both mice and rats caused by the SART-stress. However, there was no such prevention when an extract isolated from vaccinia virus-uninjured, healthy rabbit skin was given. Chlorpromazine (Cp), reserpine (Rp), diazepam (DZ), imipramine or diphenhydramine gave no protection against the decrease in body weight. Slight increase in number and variation of respirations in SART-stress animals was to some extent prevented by neurotropin. Prolongation of the QRS interval was restored to control with the administration of the above mentioned drugs. Decrease in ACh sensitivity of the isolated duodenum tested by the Magnus-method was prevented by neurotropin. In the galvanic skin response test in rats, decrease in electric resistance on the skin, increase in reactivity and shortening of reaction time caused by SART-stress was prevented to the greatest extent by neurotropin and also to a considerable degree by parenteral administration of DZ or beta-hydroxy gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABOB), the effective results of the drugs being: Neurotropin, DZ, GABOB in that order. Cp and Rp, major tranquilizers were found to be the least effective.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2001

[Comparison of dobutamine-stress magnetic resonance imaging and dipyridamole-TL-201-SPECT as alternative strategies for the detection of coronary artery dis in patients no suitable for stress echocardiography].

AIM: During the past decade stress-echocardiography has gained increasing popularity for detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. However, about 10% to 15% of the patients submitted for stress-echocardiography do not have an adequate acoustic window. The purpose of this study was to compare high-dose dobutamine-stress magnetic resonance imaging (dobutamine-MRI) with dipyridamole-Tl-201-SPECT (dipyridamole-SPECT) as alternative strategies for detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with inadequate image quality by stress-echocardiography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 296 patients which were consecutively submitted to stress-echocardiography 45 patients (15%) had two or more segments that could not be evaluated according to the 16-segment-model of the American Society of Echocardiography. They underwent dobutamine-MRI and dipyridamole-SPECT studies, which were evaluated using a 28-segment modell. Myocardial segments were attributed to perfusion territories of the coronary arteries. The results of ischemia detection were compared to the results of coronary angiography (stenosis > or = 50%). RESULTS: In comparison to coronary angiography dobutamine-MRI yielded a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 86%, a positive predictive value of 93%, a negative predictive value of 75% and a diagnostic accuracy of 86%. For dipyridamole-SPECT results were 90%, 86%, 93%, 80% and 89%, respectively. These values were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: In patients not suitable for stress-echocardiography, both dobutamine-MRI and dipyridamole-SPECT are reliable strategies for detection of myocardial ischemia. Selection is dependent on the patient criteria, technical considerations, local logistics and experience of the observer.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1999

[Three-dimensional finite element analysis of stress in supporting bone of mandibular posterior fixed bridge. I. Stress analysis of the surface of alveolar bone around bridge abutments].

OBJECTIVE: Stress levels of the surface of alveolar bone around bridge abutment of posterior fixed bridge were studied. METHODS: The three-dimensional finite element model was developed on the basis of a try adult mandible. 6 vertical and 1 horizontal loadings were applied respectively, and the Maximum stress(epsilon max) and the Minimum stress(epsilon min) of the surface of alveolar bone around bridge abutment were calculated. RESULTS: The stress concentration exhibited at the apical and cervical regions. The stress of the bicuspid was about 2.1 times as high as that of the molar. When transverse loading was applied, the stress level was about 3.5 times as high as that when vertical loading was applied. CONCLUSION: The results were greatly valuable to design of posterior fixed bridge.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1992

[Sex differences in response to stress in conscious and anesthesized rats during surgical stress].

Adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels under conditions of preoperative stress (removal from animal to experimental rooms, removal from a home cage, handling, weighing and injecting with saline) were more than 2-fold higher in female rats than in male ones. Females, compared with males, showed more pronounced decrease in corticosterone responses to preoperative stress and laparotomy under nembutal anesthesia, which blocked stress-induced emotional activation. One hour after recovery from anesthesia laparotomized females but not males, demonstrated a significant (5-fold) increase in plasma corticosterone level. The absolute values of plasma corticosterone in laparotomized females, compared with males, were 2-fold lower under anesthesia but 2-fold higher after recovery from anesthesia. It is supposed that in females, compared with males, stress-induced emotional tension plays more considerable role in endocrine stress responses. This provides higher adrenocortical sensitivity to stress in conscious female rats than in male animals.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1992

Medical stress, appraised stress, and the psychological adjustment of mothers of children with myelomeningocele.

This study investigated the relationship between medical severity, stress appraisals, and psychological symptoms in a representative sample of mothers of children with myelomeningocele. Although these mothers may be at risk for the development of depression and anxiety problems, substantial variability in their psychological adjustment exists, perhaps due to differences in illness severity and stress appraisals. A sample of 66 mothers answered several questionnaires, including the Stress Questionnaire and SCL-90-R. Medical indexes reflecting severity were obtained from medical charts. Correlational analyses indicated no relationship between medical indexes and maternal adjustment. Appraised illness stress was not related to medical indexes but was significantly related to adjustment. Regression analyses including demographic, medical, and appraised stress variables accounted for 32% of the variance in adjustment. The findings suggest the importance of cognitive appraisal of stress as opposed to objective medical severity in the explanation of maternal psychological adjustment to myelomeningocele.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

[Anti-stress effect of dalargin in immobilization stress in rats].

The function of the isolated perfused rat hearts was studied in four groups of experiments. Group 1--included the hearts of intact animals ("absolute control"), group 2--the hearts of rats subjected to 24 hour immobilization in supine position against the background of triple intramuscular injections of placebo (control), group 3 included the hearts of rats, which during 24 hour immobilization stress were thrice injected a synthetic analogue of endogenous opioids Dalargin in a dose of 3 g/kg, and group 4 included the hearts of animals, which during immobilization were administered Dalargin in a dose of 10 g/kg of body mass. Ulcer index as indicator of stress injury of gastric mucosa was also determined. In the control group of experiments (group 2) 24 hour immobilization stress resulted in complete depression of cardiac performance as compared with group 1, and ulcer index approximated 1. In group 3 the indices of cardiac performance even exceeded those in group 1 (intact animals). As compared with group 2, ulcer index in group 3 decreased by 9 times. In application of Dalargin in a dose of 10 g/kg complete preservation of heart function indices and complete prevention of stress injury of gastric mucosa were also observed. Thus, Dalargin possesses cardioprotective and anti-ulcerogenic effect in immobilization stress in rats. Most probably, this phenomenon can be attributed to its ability to inhibit the activity of sympathoadrenal system, which gets enhanced during stress.

Animals↗