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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Influence of perfusion depth on laser Doppler flow measurements with large source-detector spacing.

Laser Doppler flowmetry with a large source-detector spacing has been applied to measure blood perfusion in the deeper regions of tissue. The influence of the depth of perfusion on the Doppler spectrum for the large source-detector spacing is likely to be different from that for the conventional laser Doppler instruments with small source-detector spacing. In this study, the light propagation in a tissue model with a blood perfusion layer is predicted by the Monte Carlo simulation to discuss the influence of the depth of perfusion, blood volume, and source-detector spacing on the spectrum of the Doppler signal detected with large source-detector spacing. The influence of the depth of perfusion on the Doppler spectrum for the large source-detector spacing is different from that for the conventional laser Doppler instruments with small source-detector spacing, although the influence of source-detector spacing and blood volume on the Doppler spectrum for large source-detector spacing is almost the same as that for the conventional laser Doppler instruments. The influence of the depth of the perfusion on the Doppler spectrum depends on the path length that the detected light travels at different depths.

Laser-Doppler Flowmetry↗
PubMed1997

Three-dimensional ultrastructure of the perivascular space in the rat thymus.

The overall architecture and structure of the perivascular space in the rat thymus were studied by light microscopy using silver-impregnated sections and sections stained immunohistochemically with anti-cytokeratin antibody, and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). In silver-impregnated sections, the perivascular space was delimited by a thin sheath of delicate argyrophilic fibers from the thymic parenchyma in the cortico-medullary region and medulla. This space was continuous with the septal connective tissue, indicating that this was the connective tissue compartment rather than with the epithelial compartment of the parenchyma. In the medulla, the perivascular space widened at places, where the argyrophilic sheath was often discontinuous and the boundary between the perivascular space and parenchyma was indistinct. Lymphatics were located in the perivascular space of the corticomedullary region and sometimes in the wide perivascular space of the medulla. The presence of a thymic epithelial sheath surrounding the perivascular space was confirmed by light microscopy of anti-cytokeratin antibody immunostained sections and by TEM. SEM observations revealed three-dimensionally that the epithelial sheath lined by collagen fibrillar (i.e., argyrophilic) layer form a rather continuous tubular structure in the cortico-medullary region, while it often interrupted in the medulla. These findings indicated that the perivascular space (i.e., the connective tissue compartment) is extensively open to the parenchyma (i.e., the epithelial compartment) in some portions of the medulla, where medullary lymphocytes are probably freely exposed to blood borne substances similar to the peripheral lymphoid tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of floor space allowance and dietary selenium and zinc on growth performance, clinical pathology measurements and liver enzymes, and adrenal weights of weanling pigs.

Crossbred weanling pigs (n = 96, average initial weight, 8.4 kg) were used in a 6-wk trial using a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of floor space allowance (.28 and .14 m2/pig), dietary Se (40 and 200 ppb), and dietary Zn (30, 80, and 250 ppm) on growth performance, clinical pathology measurements, serum minerals, and enzymes, liver enzymes, and adrenal weights. Pigs (four/pen) were given ad libitum access to feed and water. Body weight and feed consumed were recorded weekly, and heparinized blood samples were taken for the various assays. Three pigs per pen were killed at the end of the trial for gross examination of organs and tissues and for liver enzymes assays. Pigs housed with restricted floor space ate 21% less (P < .001) and grew 18% more slowly (P < .001) than pigs housed with adequate floor space, but their gain:feed ratio was 4% higher (P < .08). Growth performance was not influenced by dietary Se and Zn treatments. There was no mortality in any of the treatments, and no visible gross abnormalities in organs and tissues at necropsy examination, except that more musculoskeletal bruising was observed for pigs housed with adequate floor space. This finding is supported by higher serum K concentration and creatine phosphokinase activity for pigs housed with adequate floor space. Corticosteroid activity and adrenal weights were similar for all treatments. Concentrations of blood Se and glutathione peroxidase were positively related to dietary Se levels, and serum Zn concentration was related to dietary Zn levels. Other effects of dietary Se and Zn on clinical pathology measurements were minimal and usually unexplained. Most two-way interactions of Se and Zn with floor space allowance were nonsignificant, which suggests that the main effects of Se, Zn and floor space were independent. Some hematologic values, serum metabolites, serum minerals, and serum and liver enzymes were decreased or increased, which is suggestive of stress of pigs housed with restricted floor space. However, most values were unchanged, and a few changed in the direction to suggest benefits of restricting space; all values were within an expected normal range.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1996

Effect of space allowance on barrow performance to 136 kilograms body weight. NCR-89 Committee on Management of Swine.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the space requirements of barrows grown to 136 kg BW. In Exp. 1, barrows (initial BW 19.5 kg) were allowed .65, .84, or 1.02 m2/pig floor space in a fully slatted facility with 12 pigs/pen. In Exp. 2, conducted at three experiment stations in the north central region of the United States (Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska), barrows (initial BW 55.5 kg) were allowed .65, .93, or 1.20 m2/pig floor space in either partially or totally slatted facilities. In Exp. 1, there was a linear (P < .05) decrease in ADG for the first 29-d period with increasing space. Overall, ADG responded in a quadratic (P = .09) manner to increasing space allocation (.841, .855, and .824 kg/d for the .65, .84, and 1.02 m2 treatments, respectively) with a linear (P = .06) decrease in gain:feed ratio (.322, .318, and .312). Space allocation had no effect (P > .10) on ADFI, last rib fat depth, or rate of lean gain. In Exp. 2, ADG improved linearly (P = .08) with increasing space (.836, .857 and .865 kg/d for the .65, .93, and 1.20 m2 treatments, respectively), with a quadratic (P = .07) response in gain:feed ratio (.270, .265, and .268, respectively). There was no effect of space allocation on uniformity of gain within a pen as measured by coefficient of variation for pig weights within a pen at the time of first pig removal. The results of these experiments suggest that performance of barrows grown to 136 kg BW was maximized with .84 to 1.0 m2 of floor space per pig.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

Laying performance and fear response of White Leghorns as influenced by floor space allowance and group size.

Three experiments were conducted with White Leghorn pullets housed in litter-floored pens to determine the effects of floor space allowance and group size on laying performance and fear response. In Experiment 1, 17 birds were housed at a floor space allowance of .40 or .29 m2/bird. In Experiment 2, 22 or 16 birds were housed at a floor space allowance of .31 m2/bird. The following treatments were used in Experiment 3:1) 26 birds per pen at .19m2/bird, 2) 36 birds per pen at .19 m2/bird, and 3) 26 birds per pen at .26 m2/bird. The test period was from 20 to 52 wk of age in each experiment. Duration of the induced tonic immobility, measured at 52 wk of age, was used as a criterion of fearfulness. Decreasing floor space allowance per bird, increasing group size per pen or a combination of the two had no significant effect on final body weight, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, albumen height, or fearfulness of the bird. Decreasing floor space per bird while holding the number of birds per pen constant significantly (P less than .05) increased mortality. Birds given less floor space consumed significantly (P less than .05) more feed than birds given more floor space in Experiment 1. This study indicates that the birds' hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, and fearfulness are not significantly (P greater than .05) influenced by floor space allowance or group size and that effects of floor space allowance and those of group size are not additive.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Effect of prolonged birth spacing on maternal and perinatal outcome.

BACKGROUND: Researchers have held varied opinions on the effect of prolonged birth spacing on maternal and perinatal outcome. OBJECTIVES: To determine the reasons for prolonged birth spacing and to compare the maternal and perinatal outcome compared to shorter normal birth spacing. DESIGN: Comparative case - controlled study between January 1st, 2001 to December 31st, 2002. SETTING: Obstetric Unit of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. SUBJECTS: Fifty cases consisted of multiparae with prolonged birth spacing (> or =6 years) and controls consists of similar number of multiparae with shorter normal birth spacing (2 - 5 years) matched for age, parity and socio-economic status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Labour outcome, Apgar scores, operative and vaginal delivery rates, perinatal and maternal outcome, reasons for prolonged birth spacing. RESULTS: There was no significant difference observed with respect to spontaneous onset of labour, induction or argumentation of labour, duration of labour, spontaneous vaginal delivery rates, Caesarean section rates, instrumental vaginal deliveries, analgesic requirement, postpartum haemorrhage, and Apgar scores in both groups. There were no perinatal or maternal deaths. The commonest reason adduced for prolonged birth spacing is failed contraception (56%), followed by secondary infertility (24%) and to a lesser extent re-marriage, improved income and sheer desire. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancy between women with prolonged birth spacing and those with normal shorter birth spacing.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Light-induced migration of retinal microglia into the subretinal space.

PURPOSE: To explore the effects of light exposure and deprivation on the distribution and function of microglia in the subretinal space of mice. METHODS: Using a monoclonal antibody, 5D4, that identifies resting, ramified microglia, the distribution and density of microglia in the retina, and the subretinal space were determined by confocal microscopy and by immunohistochemistry of cryopreserved sections of eyes of albino and pigmented mice exposed to diverse levels of light, ranging from complete darkness to intense brightness. Axotomized retinal ganglion cells were retrograde labeled by fluorescent tracer to determine whether the marker colocalizes to 5D4+ cells. Electron microscopy was used to evaluate microglia for evidence of phagocytosis. RESULTS: 5D4+ microglia in pigmented eyes were limited to the inner retinal layers, but in albino eyes 5D4+ cells were found in the outer retinal layers and subretinal space as well. The subretinal space of eyes of albino mice raised from birth in complete darkness contained few 5D4+ cells, but exposure to light caused the rapid accumulation of 5D4+ cells at this site. 5D4+ cell density in the subretinal space correlated directly with intensity of ambient light. Retrograde labeling of axotomized ganglion cells resulted in 5D4+ cells in the subretinal space that contained the retrograde label. Subretinal microglia contained phagocytized rod outer segment discs. On intense light exposure, 5D4+ cells adopted an active morphology, but failed to express class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. CONCLUSIONS: Light exposure induced retinal microglia migration into the subretinal space in albino mice. Subretinal microglia appeared to augment through phagocytosis the capacity of pigment epithelium to take up the photoreceptor debris of light toxicity. The unexpected presence of these cells in the subretinal space raises questions concerning their potential contribution to immune privilege in this space and to the fate of retinal transplants.

Albinism↗
PubMed1992

[A study of the cranio-pharyngo-mandibular space by sections at low temperature].

After acrylic injections into the vessels and mandibular block anaesthesia the pterygo-mandibular space is studied in 38 anatomical pieces. 538 colour slides have been obtained from anatomical cuts at low temperature with the scannigraph system. The results point out that a cranio-pharyngo-mandibular space is clearly distinguished laterally, from a medial maxillo-pharyngeal space. There is no transversal communication between them. On the contrary, the cranio-pharyngo-mandibular space communicates, forward and upward, with the temporal space; forward and downward, with the sub-mandibular space. The cranio-pharyngo-mandibular space contains an interpterygoid space communicating with the oval foramen by a "chimney" largely filled by the emissary pterygoid veins. A pericondilar plexus of veins is also observed. The cranio-pharyngo-mandibular space is characterised by the cellulo-adipose tissue by which it is filled and which guides the diffusion of injected solutions to the oval foramen.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of simulated space rhythm (L:D = 0.75h:0.75h) on circadian rhythm in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)].

It is known that contemporary space station revolves at the altitude of 400-500 km in the outer space. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of simulated space rhythm (L:D = 0.75 h:0.75 h) at this altitude on circadian rhythm in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) and the effects of endogenous sleep inducing neuropeptide Asp5-alpha-DSIP on the space-rhythm-entrained circadian rhythm. This primitive stock serves as one species of Tupaiidae and is a unique native of South China. Our previous studies have shown that this species showed striking differences in natural circadian rhythm between day and night (e.g. 3.03 degrees C of rectal temperature). Results showed that the above mentioned space rhythm (L:D = 0.75h:0.75h) could drastically disturb the inherent circadian rhythm of Tupaia belangeri chinensis. The maximal peak of motor activity dropped significantly in the morning (0600-1200) and a new enhanced peak (more than 20 times greater than that of the control) was found between 1800-2400, whereas the maximal trough of motor activity (2400-0600) remained basically unchanged. Concurrently, the total amount of 24-h motor activity was significantly decreased and the recovery after the cessation of space rhythm was slow. Experimental results also demonstrated that consecutive administration of Asp5-alpha-DSIP (30 micrograms/kg, i.p.) for 5 days (2 days before and 3 days during space rhythm) did not prevent the basic disturbance of circadian rhythm of Tupaia belangeri chinensis caused by the space rhythm (L:D = 0.75h:0.75h). Nevertheless, no decrease or even some enhancement of the total amount of 24th motor activity was observed during space rhythm or after its cessation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of dose distribution in the region of small air space in human body by Co-60 and 10 MV X-ray beams].

In many parts of human body, air-filled spaces are components of normal anatomical structures, such as nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses, and the inclusion of these spaces in radiation treatment fields may create inhomogeneous dose distribution, due to the loss of scattering electron equilibrium, the lack of backscatter and the alteration in primary beam attenuation. Accurate determination or measurement of dose in the region of irregular air spaces has been experimentally difficult. However, tumors growing on the surface of the air cavities do cause serious concern by conscientious radiation therapists and physicist about the possibility of underdose. Using the models of simulated air cavities, combined air cavity and air channel, and taking measurement with a small window parallel plate ionization chamber in solid phantoms, it is found that the air spaces in the human body will cause underdose or overdose at the exit air space surface for 10MV X-ray and Co-60 r-ray. Surface dose were evaluated by a gain/loss factors (G/L) which was defined as the ratio of exit air space surface dose and the dose measured in a same but homogeneous phantom. The G/L factors are greater than 1.0 (overdose) where the air spaces are much smaller than radiation field sizes and are less than 1.0 (underdose) in extreme situations where the air spaces are larger than radiation field sizes and where the scattered volume of cavity wall in the treatment fields in also small. In addition, these effects of overdose and underdose are enhanced by increasing air space thickness and higher photon energy. We suggest that the radiation therapists and clinical physicists be cautious in applying these useful guidelines for treatment planning.

Cobalt Radioisotopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plantar space abscesses in the diabetic foot: diagnosis and treatment.

Plantar space abscesses in the diabetic foot are relatively uncommon. These abscesses are an anatomic type of foot infection. Three plantar spaces have been identified: the medial, central, and lateral. The central plantar space is by far the most important. Within the central plantar space are tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, lumbricales pedes, the medial and lateral plantar nerves, and the plantar arterial arch. Located within the lateral and medial spaces are the short flexor and abductor muscles to the first and fifth rays. Plantar space infections may arise from a variety of causes. Infections of the fibrofatty tissue of the toe pad or the long flexor tendon sheaths and lumbrical tendons secondary to web space infections, poor nail care, trauma, and mal perforans ulcers have been implicated. A medial incision is recommended for drainage of both the medial and central plantar spaces. This avoids a painful plantar scar and allows for extensive incision and drainage of these abscesses. The lateral plantar space is best drained by a lateral incision. Both incisions heal without a sensitive scar. Control of sepsis is of primary importance. If left uncontrolled, obliteration of the plantar arterial arch occurs. Necrosis of the distal foot and central three toes results, thereby preventing any effort to save the diabetic foot.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

The magnitude of interproximal spaces between adjacent teeth.

Previous studies have shown that the human resting dentition naturally exhibits slight interproximal spacing between 80% to 90% of all adjacent teeth. The purpose of this study was to measure occurrence and dimension of interproximal spacing. Pieces of shim stock of various thicknesses were used to measure the dimension of interproximal spaces between natural or restored approximating tooth surfaces in 40 human subjects. The midline was frequently found to exhibit the largest space, and the dimension of the spacing was found to be greater in anterior teeth than posterior teeth. The canine-premolar spaces were also relatively large. The magnitude of interproximal tooth spacing was not related to gender or age. Results indicate that the position of teeth is naturally adjusted to maintain interproximal spacing. Interproximal spacing may allow for physiological movement to increase tolerance to trauma and improve tactile sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative measurement of erosion growth and joint space loss in rheumatoid arthritis hand radiographs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of simple, inexpensive quantitative techniques for measuring erosion growth and joint space loss in serial hand radiographs of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Erosions were measured using a plastic overlay template of sample erosion sizes. Joint spaces were measured with a hand held measuring micrometer. In the first phase of testing, a spectrum of individual erosions and joint spaces was measured to determine intra and interobserver correlations and variability. In the 2nd phase, the tools were used to measure serial changes in RA hand radiographs. Observer correlations and the ability to discriminate serial changes were determined and compared to the scoring method of Sharp. RESULTS: Measurements of individual erosion areas and joint spaces were highly reproducible. Intra and interobserver correlations were significant (p < 0.05) for serial erosion growth and joint space loss measurements, as well as changes in Sharp scores. Quantitative measurements correlated highly with the corresponding Sharp score changes. Of all measurements or scores recorded, quantitative joint space loss measurements were statistically superior in discriminating serial change in RA hand radiographs. Quantitatively measured joint space loss correlated well with both erosion growth measurements and serial change in total Sharp scores. CONCLUSION: Quantitative measurement of erosion growth and joint space loss is possible with simple inexpensive techniques. Further study is needed to confirm our data, which suggest that quantitative measurement of joint space narrowing may be the most useful discriminator of serial changes in RA hand radiographs.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1998

Deep facial infections of odontogenic origin: CT assessment of pathways of space involvement.

PURPOSE: We investigated the pathways of spread of odontogenic infection in the facial and neck spaces. METHODS: CT scans of 45 patients with extensive spread of odontogenic infection into the facial and neck spaces were analyzed to document pathways of spread. RESULTS: Odontogenic infections arising in the mandible first spread upward, into the masseter and/or medial pterygoid muscles in the masticator space, and downward, into the sublingual and/or submandibular spaces, and then spread into the spaces or muscles adjacent to one or more of these locations. Infections from the masseter muscle spread into the parotid space to involve the temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles. Infections from the medial pterygoid muscle spread into the parapharyngeal space to involve the lateral pterygoid muscle. Infections in the maxilla did not spread downward; instead, they tended to spread upward and superficially into the temporal and/or masseter spaces and deeply involve the lateral and/or medial pterygoid muscles in the medial masticator space. CONCLUSION: CT may be useful to depict the extent of infection and to plan treatment of extensive odontogenic infection, which can be life threatening when therapy is ineffective.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies for "minimal growth maintenance" of cell cultures: a perspective on management for extended duration experimentation in the microgravity environment of a Space station.

How cells manage without gravity and how they change in the absence of gravity are basic questions that only prolonged life on a Space station will enable us to answer. We know from investigations carried out on various kinds of Space vehicles and stations that profound physiological effects can and often to occur. We need to know more of the basic biochemistry and biophysics both of cells and of whole organisms in conditions of reduced gravity. The unique environment of Space affords plant scientists an unusual opportunity to carry out experiments in microgravity, but some major challenges must be faced before this can be done with confidence. Various laboratory activities that are routine on Earth take on special significance and offer problems that need imaginative resolution before even a relatively simple experiment can be reliably executed on a Space station. For example, scientists might wish to investigate whether adaptive or other changes that have occurred in the environment of Space are retained after return to Earth-normal conditions. Investigators seeking to carry out experiments in the low-gravity environment of Space using cultured cells will need to solve the problem of keeping cultures quiescent for protracted periods before an experiment is initiated, after periodic sampling is carried out, and after the experiment is completed. This review gives an evaluation of a range of strategies that can enable one to manipulate cell physiology and curtail growth dramatically toward this end. These strategies include cryopreservation, chilling, reduced oxygen, gel entrapment strategies, osmotic adjustment, nutrient starvation, pH manipulation, and the use of mitotic inhibitors and growth-retarding chemicals. Cells not only need to be rendered quiescent for protracted periods but they also must be recoverable and further grown if it is so desired. Elaboration of satisfactory procedures for management of cells and tissues at "near zero or minimal growth" will have great value and practical consequences for experimentation on Earth as well as in Space. All of the parameters and conditions and procedural details needed to meet all the specific objectives will be the basis of the design and fabrication of cell culture units for use in the Space environment. It is expected that this will be an evolutionary process.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed1988

Vestibular factors influencing the biomedical support of humans in space.

This paper will describe the biomedical support aspects of humans in space with respect to the vestibular system. The vestibular system is thought to be the primary sensory system involved in the short-term effects of space motion sickness although there is increasing evidence that many factors play a role in this complex set of symptoms. There is the possibility that an individual's inner sense of orientation may be strongly coupled with the susceptibility to space motion sickness. A variety of suggested countermeasures for space motion sickness will be described. Although there are no known ground-based tests that can predict space motion sickness, the search should go on. The long term effects of the vestibular system in weightlessness are still relatively unknown. Some preliminary data has shown that the otoconia are irregular in size and distribution following extended periods of weightlessness. The ramifications of this data are not yet known and because the data was obtained on lower order animals, definitive studies and results must wait until the space station era when higher primates can be studied for long durations. This leads us to artificial gravity, the last topic of this paper. The vestibular system is intimately tied to this question since it has been shown on Earth that exposure to a slow rotating room causes motion sickness for some period of time before adaptation occurs. If the artificial gravity is intermittent, will this mean that people will get sick every time they experience it? The data from many astronauts returning to Earth indicates that a variety of sensory illusions are present, especially immediately upon return to a 1-g environment. Oscillopsia or apparent motion of the visual surround upon head motion along with inappropriate eye motions for a given head motion, all indicate that there is much to be studied yet about the vestibular and CNS systems reaction to a sudden application of a steady state acceleration field like 1-g. From the above information it is obvious that the vestibular system does have unique requirements when it comes to the biomedical support of space flight. This is not to say that other areas such as cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal, immunological and hematological systems do not have their own unique requirements but that possible solutions to one system can provide continuing problems to another system. For example, artificial gravity might be helpful for long term stabilization of bone demineralization or cardiovascular deconditioning but might introduce a new set of problems in orientation, vestibular conflict and just plain body motion in a rotating space vehicle.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1994

Effect of space flight on cytokine production.

Space flight has been shown to alter many immunological responses. Among those affected are the production of cytokines. Cytokines are the messengers of the immune system that facilitate communication among cells that allow the interaction among cells leading to the development of immune responses. Included among the cytokines are the interferons, interleukins, and colony stimulating factors. Cytokines also facilitate communication between the immune system and other body systems, such as the neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal systems. Some cytokines also have direct protective effects on the host, such as interferon, which can inhibit the replication of viruses. Studies in both humans and animals indicate that models of space flight as well as actual space flight alter the production and action of cytokines. Included among these changes are altered interferon production, altered responsiveness of bone marrow cells to granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor, but no alteration in the production of interleukin-3. This suggests that there are selective effects of space flight on immune responses, i.e. not all cytokines are affected in the same fashion by space flight. Tissue culture studies also suggest that there may be direct effects of space flight on the cells responsible for cytokine production and action. The results of the above study indicate that the effects of space flight on cytokines may be a fundamental mechanism by which space flight not only affects immune responses, but also other biological systems of the human.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

EVA Suit 2000: a joint European/Russian space suit design.

A feasibility study in 1992 showed the benefits of a common European Russian space suit development, EVA Suit 2000, replacing the Russian space suit Orlan-DMA and the planned European Hermes EVA space suit at the turn of the century. This EVA Suit 2000 is a joint development initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RKA). The main objectives of this development program are: first utilization aboard the Russian Space Station MIR-2; performance improvement with respect to current operational suits; development cost reduction. Russian experience gained with the present extravehicular activity (EVA) suit on the MIR Space Station and extensive application of European Technologies will be needed to achieve these ambitious goals. This paper presents the current status of the development activities, the space suit system design and concentrates in more detail on life support aspects. Specific subjects addressed will include the overall life support conceptual architecture, design features, crew comfort and operational considerations.

Computer Systems↗