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PubMed1995

Neurophysiological investigations of a recognition memory system for imprinting in the domestic chick.

The responsiveness of neurons in a region of the chick brain involved in the learning process of imprinting, the right intermediate and medial hyperstriatum ventrale (right IMHV), has been investigated in unanaesthetized, trained and untrained chicks. The results demonstrate that neuronal responsiveness in this region reflects a variety of behavioural consequences of imprinting and is markedly altered as a result of the learning process. Groups of chicks (nine in each group) were either dark-reared or trained (imprinted) by exposure to a rotating red box or a rotating blue cylinder. Recordings of single or small groups of neurons were subsequently made from 156 sites in the right IMHV while the 2-day-old chicks were free to move in a running wheel. There was a highly significant increase in the proportion of sites responsive to the stimulus used to train the birds compared to the proportion responsive to that stimulus in dark-reared birds (30 and 9% respectively). These changes were found when either the red box or the blue cylinder was used to train the bird, the changes being similar for both stimuli. There was also a significant increase in the mean magnitude of the change in neuronal activity on stimulus presentation for the training stimulus compared to the same stimulus when not used in the bird's training. No significant effects of the training experience of the chicks were found upon either the magnitude of evoked activity or the proportion of sites responsive to a rotating stuffed jungle fowl or the sound of the maternal call. The presence of the training stimulus was selectively signalled by the response at certain sites. At other sites there was response generalization across stimulus shape or colour. A comparison with results for the left IMHV demonstrates both similarities and differences in neuronal responsiveness between the two regions. In both regions imprinting selectively enhances neuronal responsiveness to the training stimulus. However, for trained birds the mean proportion of sites responding to whichever of the red box or the blue cylinder was not used in the bird's training was significantly lower in the right than the left IMHV. These results are discussed in relationship to previously reported asymmetries in the response of the right and left IMHV regions to imprinting. A model is introduced to explain the physiological findings. The effects of training on right IMHV neuronal function are consistent with a long-term role for this region in the recognition memory of imprinting.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Recognition memory, sleep and circadian rhythms.

In Experiment 1, subjects learned a list of words and were tested for recognition of them 24 hours later. For the delayed sleep group, learning was followed by a period of wakefulness; for the immediate sleep group, it was followed by a period of sleep. Retention was significantly better for the immediate sleep group, consistent with the notion that consolidation is enhanced by the interpolation of sleep shortly after learning. In Experiment 2, subjects were tested approximately eight hours after learning. The normal waking group learned and was tested after a period of daytime weakfulness; the normal sleep group learned and was tested after a period of nighttime sleep; and the sleep deprivation group learned and was tested after a period of nighttime wakefulness. Retention for the normal sleep group was superior to that of the normal waking group, thus extending the commonly observed effect of sleep on memory to the domain of recognition memory. However, we found that retention was not better for the normal sleep group than for the sleep deprivation group suggesting that the effect of sleep on memory may be partially due to circadian rhythms.

Arousal↗
PubMed2004

The role of spurious feature familiarity in recognition memory.

In two experiments, we investigated the role of perceptual information in spurious recognition judgments. Participants viewed lists of words in various unusual fonts. The frequency with which each font was presented was manipulated at study: Each font was presented with 1 or 12 different words in Experiment 1 and with 1 or 20 words in Experiment 2. Although the participants were instructed in a word recognition test to judge only on the basis of the word, regardless of font, there were significantly more false alarms for new words seen in a previously presented font than for new words presented in a novel (not seen at study) font in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the participants were significantly more likely to make a false alarm to a new word seen in a font that had been used to present 20 words during study than to a font that had been used to present only 1 word during study. The data show a mirror effect, in which words tested in low-frequency fonts produced more hits and fewer false alarms than did words tested in high-frequency fonts. These results show that irrelevant perceptual information plays a role in recognition judgments by providing spurious sources of familiarity and, thus, provide evidence that perceptual information is represented and processed in the same way as semantic information.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Dissociating memory retrieval processes using fMRI: evidence that priming does not support recognition memory.

We employed event-related fMRI to constrain cognitive accounts of memory retrieval. Studies of explicit retrieval reveal that lateral and medial parietal, dorsal middle frontal gyrus, and anterior prefrontal cortex respond more for studied than new words, reflecting a correlate of "retrieval success." Studies of implicit memory suggest left temporal cortex, ventral and dorsal inferior frontal gyrus respond less for studied than new words, reflecting a correlate of "conceptual priming." In the present study, responses for old and new items were compared during performance on explicit recognition (old/new judgement) and semantic (abstract/concrete judgement) tasks. Regions associated with priming were only modulated during the semantic task, whereas regions associated with retrieval success were modulated during both tasks. These findings constrain functional-anatomic accounts of the networks, suggesting that processes associated with priming do not support explicit recognition judgments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Long-term recognition memory for faces assessed by visual paired comparison in 3- and 6-month-old infants.

It has been argued that operant conditioning is the only type of long-term memory present in infants prior to 6 months of age. In this study, memory for faces was investigated in 3- and 6-month-old infants with a visual paired-comparison task. In Experiment 1, infants were habituated to a face presented in different poses; recognition was assessed after a 2-min or a 24-hr retention interval. The 6-month-old infants and the male but not the female 3-month-old infants exhibited novelty preferences. A 2nd experiment showed that 3-month-old female infants were delayed relative to male infants in their face-processing ability rather than in their memory capacity. The results of Experiment 3 demonstrated in 3-month-olds an electrophysiological correlate of delayed recognition memory. These findings are discussed in the context of the neural systems thought to be involved in visual recognition memory (but not in procedural memory), namely the limbic system.

Child Development↗
PubMed1992

Recall and recognition memory deficits in depression.

The aim of the present study was to establish the nature of memory deficits of depressive subjects in word learning tests. A word learning test consisting of 1, 3 or 5 learning trials was used. We found that patients were characterized by inferior memory recall compared to controls when 5 learning trials were given. Patients performed significantly slower than controls on a recognition test but both patients and controls recognized the same number of words. This suggests that the memory deficits that are present in many depressive subjects may be restricted to impaired active retrieval from memory. A second experiment revealed that recognition memory and delayed recall as well as immediate recall were impaired in depressive patients after 1 learning trial. These short-comings vanished after 3 trials, except for immediate recall. These data suggest that not only retrieval but also encoding of information into memory may be impaired in depression, especially in the beginning of a task when demands on cognitive effort are high. The results are discussed in terms of resource allocation and demands on effort that may change in the course of a task.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Modality effects in short term recognition memory.

Retention was assessed using a four-alternative recognition test in a modified Brown-Peterson paradigm. Performance decreased with the length of the distraction interval at a faster rate when the test modality (auditory or visual) did not match the presentation modality than when test and presentation modalities did match. These results, which were replicated in a second experiment, were interpreted in terms of a dual-access model of the recognition process and a feature conception of memory codes. Also, in Experiment 1, modality-specific encoding was not circumvented by dual-modality presentation (auditory plus visual): dual-modality presentation resulted in performance comparable to that observed following visual presentation. When subjects were instructed to attend to both modalities equally in Experiment 2, the pattern of results reflected a corresponding shift in attentional bias but modality-dependent encoding was circumvented only partially. This result was interpreted as being inconsistent with either the notion of modality-specific processing capacities or dual-code theory.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Histamine H3-receptor blockade in the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis improves place recognition memory.

RATIONALE: Several lines of evidence have indicated that the central histaminergic system might be involved in learning and memory OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to ascertain the impact on memory processes of putative histaminergic-cholinergic interactions in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of the rat. METHODS: The effects of thioperamide, a histamine H3-receptor antagonist, were studied on the memory performance of rats in a two-trial, delayed, place-recognition task. The drug was injected into the NBM area 2 min prior to the first trial (1.5, 7.5, and 37.5 ng/0.5 microl; pre-acquisition treatment), within 30 s from the end of the first trial (0.3, 1.5, 7.5, and 37.5 ng/0.5 microl; post-acquisition treatment), or 2 min prior to the second trial (1.5, 7.5, and 37.5 ng/0.5 microl; pre-retrieval treatment). RESULTS: Post-acquisition intra-NBM injections of 1.5 ng and 7.5 ng, but not of 0.3 ng and 37.5 ng thioperamide, significantly enhanced memory retention in treated rats. The histamine H(3)-receptor blocker exerted pro-cognitive effects only when administered post-acquisition, since both pre-acquisition and pre-retrieval treatments were ineffective. The post-acquisition effect of the drug was time dependent and disappeared when the drug was injected 90 min after the end of the first trial. The U-shaped dose-response relationship and the time dependency of the effect of thioperamide indicated that the drug acts on mechanisms involved in memory consolidation. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings demonstrate that the pro-cognitive effect of thioperamide is probably due to the modulation of post-acquisition memory processes through an action on the cholinergic basal forebrain. Our results indicate also that H3-antagonists may provide a useful approach for improving spatial recognition memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Impaired object recognition memory following methamphetamine, but not p-chloroamphetamine- or d-amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Repeated moderate doses of methamphetamine (mAMPH) damage forebrain monoaminergic terminals and nonmonoaminergic cells in somatosensory cortex, and impair performance in a novelty preference task of object recognition (OR). This study aimed to determine whether the memory deficit seen after a neurotoxic mAMPH regimen results from damage to dopamine (DA) and/or serotonin (5-HT) terminals. Animals were given a neurotoxic regimen of mAMPH, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, preferentially damages 5-HT terminals), d-amphetamine (d-AMPH, preferentially damages DA terminals), or saline. After 1 week, animals were trained and tested for OR memory. Rats treated with mAMPH showed no recognition memory during the short-term memory (STM) test, whereas both PCA- and d-AMPH-treated rats showed OR STM scores comparable to controls. After behavioral testing, the specificity of monoaminergic lesions was determined by postmortem [125I]RTI-55 binding to dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporter proteins. Tissue from a separate group of animals killed 3 days after drug treatment was processed for Fluoro-Jade (F-J) fluorescence histochemistry to detect damaged cortical neurons. mAMPH-treated rats showed reductions in striatal DAT and hippocampal (HC) and perirhinal (pRh) SERT, as well as degeneration of neurons in primary somatosensory cortex. In PCA-treated rats, HC and pRh SERT were substantially depleted, but striatal DAT and cortical neuron survival were unaffected. By contrast, d-AMPH-treated animals showed marked depletions in striatal DAT and cortical neurodegeneration, but HC and pRh SERT were unaffected. This pattern of results indicates that no single feature of mAMPH-induced neurotoxicity is sufficient to produce the OR impairments seen after mAMPH treatment.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Interaction between perirhinal and medial prefrontal cortex is required for temporal order but not recognition memory for objects in rats.

The present study investigated the roles of the perirhinal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and intrahemispheric interactions between them in recognition and temporal order memory for objects. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of bilateral microinfusions of the sodium channel blocker lidocaine into either the anterior perirhinal or medial prefrontal cortex immediately before memory testing in a familiarity discrimination task and a recency discrimination task, both of which involved spontaneous exploration of objects. Inactivation of the perirhinal cortex disrupted performance in both tasks, whereas inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex disrupted performance in the recency, but not the familiarity, discrimination task. In a second experiment, the importance of intrahemispheric interactions between these structures in temporal order memory were assessed by comparing the effects of unilateral inactivation of either structure alone with those of crossed unilateral inactivation of both structures on the recency discrimination task. Crossed unilateral inactivation of both structures produced a significant impairment, whereas inactivation of either structure alone produced little or no impairment. Collectively, these findings suggest that the perirhinal cortex, but not the medial prefrontal cortex, contributes to retrieval of information necessary for long-term object recognition, whereas both structures, via intrahemispheric interactions between them, contribute to retrieval of information necessary for long-term object temporal order memory. These data are consistent with models in which attributed information is stored in posterior cortical sites and supports lower-order mnemonic functions (e.g., recognition memory) but can also be retrieved and further processed via interactions with the prefrontal cortex to support higher-order mnemonic functions (e.g., temporal order memory).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Impairments in recognition memory for object and for location after transient brain ischemia in monkeys.

Using an object recognition or location memory test employing either small or large sets of training stimuli, we examined the effects of selective damage to the hippocampus after ischemia in Japanese monkeys. Ischemic (ISC) monkeys were significantly impaired in learning a delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) task (10 sec) when the sample and test objects were drawn from a set of 45 possible stimuli, but not in learning a DMS when a set of 300 possible stimuli was used ISC monkeys were also impaired in a delayed matching-to-location (DML) task that employed a 3-well tray but not in one that employed a 10-well tray. After criterion learning was attained, ISC monkeys were impaired significantly only in the 300-stimuli version and at the longest delay tested (10 min). These results suggest that the hippocampus might be involved in processing comparisons and forming relationships between current and recent stimuli, but not in the remembering of familiar objects, and in long-term maintenance (more than 10 min) of stimulus memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Environmental context effects of background colors on recognition memory].

Three experiments examined whether or not switching study background-color contexts among target words at testing reduces word-recognition performance. These experiments also examined whether or not presentation rate--one of the determinants of item strength--interacted with background-color context. Undergraduates learned 40 target words presented at a rate of 1.5 or 3.0 seconds per word in one of two background-color contexts in Experiment 1, and in one of ten contexts in Experiments 2 and 3. Recognition of the targets was tested by mixing 40 distractor words with the targets immediately after the learning session in Experiments 1 and 2, and with a 5-minute filled retention interval in Experiment 3. Experiment 1 failed to find background-color context effects on recognition, but Experiments 2 and 3 successfully found the context effects. Presentation rate did not interact with the context effects. The results conflict with the ICE theory. The implications of the present findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Verbal effects in children's visual recognition memory.

Preschool children were shown line drawings of 12 pairs of items and were asked to describe them. Each child saw elaborated and unelaborated pictures (items interacting vs. not interacting). The children's descriptions were rated as elaborated or unelaborated (interactions mentioned vs. not mentioned). 1 week later, a recognition test was given, with choices between an elaborated and an unelaborated picture for each pair. In general, recognition accuracy was best for elaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions and worst for unelaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions. However, for the younger subjects, 32-55 months old, accuracy was influenced more by type of picture than by type of description; and for older subjects, 56-70 months old, the opposite was true. Apparently, younger preschoolers rely more on visual memory for recognition of this type of picture, and older preschoolers rely more on reconstruction from verbal memory.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Effects of unilateral prefrontal lesions on familiarity, recollection, and source memory.

Recognition memory can be supported by both the assessment of the familiarity of an item and by recollection of the context in which an item was encountered. Some have hypothesized that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) disproportionately contributes to recollection, whereas an alternative view is that the PFC contributes to both recollection and familiarity. Here, we examined the effects of prefrontal lesions on recollection and familiarity. Patients with unilateral PFC lesions and age-, gender-, and education-matched controls encoded pictures of meaningful objects that were presented briefly to the left or right visual field and subsequently performed recognition tests for centrally presented objects. Laterality effects within the PFC were also assessed in relation to recollection and familiarity processes. Patients with prefrontal lesions showed impaired familiarity-based recognition, and this deficit was specific for objects encoded by the lesioned hemisphere. In addition, recollection of the context in which each item was encountered was impaired independent of the visual field of presentation in patients with left prefrontal lesions. Recollection measured by subjective reports ("remember") was not impaired in either left or right frontal patients. These findings suggest that the PFC plays a critical role in recognition memory based on familiarity as well as recollection. Furthermore, these results suggest that left PFC regions are critical for source recollection.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Involvement of brain endogenous cholecystokinin in stress-induced impairment of spatial recognition memory.

The central fragment of cholecystokinin, CCK8, plays a critical role in stress-related changes in behavior and memory. Therefore, we investigated whether the endogenous cholecystokininergic system is involved in the impairment of attention and/or memory induced by stressful conditions. Plasma corticosterone concentrations increased three-fold and plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH); concentrations increased five-fold when rats were maintained in the open arm of an elevated plus maze for 5 min. The same stress conditions impaired spatial recognition in the two-trial memory task. In addition, this stress led to a significant decrease in the extracellular levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal subiculum/CA1 of the hippocampus and partially suppressed the increase obtained during the acquisition phase of memory. This suggests that the cholecystokininergic system in the hippocampus is involved in stress-induced impairment of spatial recognition memory.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2004

Illusory recollection and dual-process models of recognition memory.

Higham and Vokey (2000, Exps.1 & 3)demonstrated that a slight increase in the display duration of a briefly presented word prior to displaying it in the clear for a recognition response increased the bias to respond "old". In the current research, three experiments investigated the phenomenology associated with this illusion of memory using the standard remember-know procedure and a new, independent-scales methodology. Contrary to expectations based on the fluency heuristic, which predicts effects of display duration on subjective familiarity only, the results indicated that the illusion was reported as both familiarity and recollection. Furthermore, manipulations of prime duration induced reports of false recollection in all experiments. The results--in particular, the implications of illusory recollection--are discussed in terms of dual-process, fuzzy-trace, two-criteria signal detection models and attribution models of recognition memory.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Brain catalase mediates potentiation of social recognition memory produced by ethanol in mice.

The involvement of catalase in ethanol-induced locomotion has been clearly proven. However, studies addressing the role of this enzyme in the effects that ethanol exerts on memory are lacking. In the present study, the social recognition test (SRT) was used to evaluate ethanol effects on memory. In this test, the reduction in investigation time of a juvenile conspecific, when this social stimulus is presented for the second time, is considered a reliable index of memory. Exploration ratios (ER) were calculated to evaluate the recognition capacity of mice. Ethanol (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5g/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately after the first juvenile presentation, and 2h later the juvenile was re-exposed to the adult. Additionally, adult mice received aminotriazole (AT) or sodium azide (two catalase inhibitors) 5h or 30 min before juvenile presentation, respectively. Ethanol (1.0 and 1.5g/kg) was able to reduce ER, indicating an improving effect on memory. This improvement was prevented by either AT or sodium azide pre-treatment. However, neither AT nor sodium azide attenuated the memory-enhancing capacity of NMDA or nicotine, suggesting a specific interaction between catalase inhibitors and ethanol in their effects on memory. The present results suggest that brain catalase activity could mediate the memory-enhancing capacity of ethanol and add further support to the idea that this enzyme mediates some of the psychopharmacological effects produced by ethanol.

Acetaldehyde↗