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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Lateral septal projections onto tubero-infundibular neurons in the hypothalamus of the guinea pig.

Efferent projections of the lateral septal nucleus (LS) to the preoptic area and the hypothalamus were identified in 20 female guinea pigs after iontophoretic injection of the anterograde axonal tracer Fluoro-Ruby. Tubero-infundibular (TI) neurons of the preoptic area and the hypothalamus were retrogradely labeled after intracardiac injection of Granular Blue or Fluoro-Gold. Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei were also labeled. The double labeling procedure allowed an estimation of the extent of the direct relationship between LS efferents and TI neurons. Contacts between lateral septal fibers and TI cell bodies were mainly observed at the light-microscopical level in the preoptic area. A group of labeled fibers coursing along the third ventricle established sparse connections with hypothalamic periventricular TI neurons. A few appositions was observed in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, suggestive of a monosynaptic regulation of TI neurons by a septo-arcuate tract. Close association with labeled magnocellular neurons was also noted at the edge of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The sparse but direct connections between LS and TI neurons may be involved in the neuroendocrine functions of the LS.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Focal epiretinal fibroplasias overlying photocoagulations in diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].

This clinico-pathological study compares photocoagulated diabetic retinae with cases of spontaneous epiretinal fibroplasia. Focal epiretinal fibroplasias were found overlying 5-10% of the Xenon-arc photocoagulations but not over Ruby-laser coagulations. These foci are contiguous-forming membranes but they do not cause surface wrinkling. The topography and appearance of the fibrous components of these membranes in trypsin-digest specimens are described and compared with foci of spontaneous epiretinal surface wrinkling. Destruction of the inner retinal surface by heavy coagulation is believed to be the principal cause of focal post-photocoagulation fibroplasia. Other possible pathogenetic factors are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Mutations in mice that influence natural killer (NK) cell activity.

A series of mutations in mice was tested for splenic NK-cell activity against YAC-1 target cells. Mutations at six loci that reduce NK-cell activity in the homozygous state were identified, including beige (bg), hairless (hr), motheaten (me), obese (ob), steel (Sl) and, to lesser extent, dominant spotting (W). Motheaten mice displayed the most profound NK-cell deficiency, with NK-cell activity virtually absent. Two mutations, nude (nu) and lymphoproliferation (lpr), produced elevated NK-cell-mediated lysis. The double homozygous recessive nu/nu bg/bg nude-beige mouse was viable and NK-cell-deficient, with activity slightly higher than that of +/? bg/bg beige littermate controls. Pigmentation mutants related to beige, including pale ears (ep), pearl (pe) and ruby eyes (ru2J) did not dramatically influence NK-cell levels. Unlike the obese gene, other mutations leading to obesity, diabetes (db) and yellow (Ay), did not impair NK-cell function. The possible site of gene action of these mutations in the NK-cell pathway is discussed.

Anemia↗
PubMed1996

Experimental and clinical standards, and evolution of lasers in neurosurgery.

From initial experiments of ruby, argon and CO2 lasers on the nervous system so far, dramatic progress was made in delivery systems technology as well as in knowledge of laser-tissue interaction effects and hazards through various animal experiments and clinical experience. Most surgical effects of laser light on neural tissue and the central nervous system (CNS) are thermal lesions. Haemostasis, cutting and vaporization depend on laser emission parameters--wavelength, fluence and mode--and on the exposed tissues optical and thermal properties--water and haemoglobin content, thermal conductivity and specific heat. CO2 and Nd-YAG lasers have today a large place in the neurosurgical armamentarium, while new laser sources such as high power diode lasers will have one in the near future. Current applications of these lasers derive from their respective characteristics, and include CNS tumour and vascular malformation surgery, and stereotactic neurosurgery. Intracranial, spinal cord and intra-orbital meningiomas are the best lesions for laser use for haemostasis, dissection and tissue vaporization. Resection of acoustic neuromas, pituitary tumours, spinal cord neuromas, intracerebral gliomas and metastases may also benefit from lasers as accurate, haemostatic, non-contact instruments which reduce surgical trauma to the brain and eloquent structures such as brain stem and cranial nerves. Coagulative lasers (1.06 microns and 1.32 microns Nd-YAG, argon, or diode laser) will find an application for arteriovenous malformations and cavernomas. Any fiberoptic-guided laser will find a use during stereotactic neurosurgical procedures, including image-guided resection of tumours and vascular malformations and endoscopic tumour resection and cysts or entry into a ventricle. Besides these routine applications of lasers, laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of brain tumours are still in the experimental stage. The choice of a laser in a neurosurgical operating room implies an evaluation of the laser use (applications, frequency), of the available budget and costs--including purchase, maintenance and staff training--, and material that will be necessary: unit, peripherals, safety devices and measures, training programme. Future applications of lasers in neurosurgery will come from technological advances and refined experimental applications. The availability of new wavelength, tunable, small sized and "smart" laser units, will enlarge the thermal and non-thermal interactions between laser energy and neural tissue leading to new surgical applications. Tissue photo-ablation, photohynamic therapy using second generation of photosensitizers, updated thermotherapy protocols, are current trends for further use of lasers in neurosurgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Distinct requirements for the AP-3 adaptor complex in pigment granule and synaptic vesicle biogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

The AP-3 adaptor protein complex has been implicated in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, such as pigment granules/melanosomes, and synaptic vesicles. Here we compare the relative importance of AP-3 in the biogenesis of these organelles in Drosophila melanogaster. We report that the Drosophila pigmentation mutants orange and ruby carry genetic lesions in the sigma3 and beta3-adaptin subunits of the AP-3 complex, respectively. Electron microscopy reveals dramatic reductions in the numbers of electron-dense pigment granules in the eyes of these AP-3 mutants. Mutant flies also display greatly reduced levels of pigments housed in these granules. In contrast, electron microscopy of retinula cells reveals numerous synaptic vesicles in both AP-3 mutant and wild-type flies, while behavioral assays show apparently normal locomotor ability of AP-3 mutant larvae. Together, these results demonstrate that Drosophila AP-3 is critical for the biogenesis of pigment granules, but is apparently not essential for formation of a major population of synaptic vesicles in vivo.

Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits↗
PubMed2001

The effects of a diode laser (810 nm) on pigmented guinea-pig skin.

Various types of lasers, such as the Q-switched ruby laser and the Alexandrite laser, cause selective damage to cutaneous pigmented cells and are currently used in the therapy of pigmented lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a diode laser at a wavelength of 810 nm on pigmented guinea-pig skin. The diode laser was supplied by OcuLight Iris Medical Instruments, Inc. and was used to deliver 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 J/cm2 laser beams in micropulses of 100 micros. The study was carried out on albino and black-spotted guinea pigs (GP). After irradiation, punch biopsies were taken and analysed by light and electron microscopy. Albino animals developed just a few signs of cutaneous injury. This mostly consisted of spongiotic disarray, after the highest doses were administered (>1 J/cm2). In the black skin of spotted GPs alterations appeared at 0.15 J/cm2 and included melanosome damage and, at doses higher than 0.3 J/cm2, also melanocyte damage. These observations demonstrate that the diode laser at 810 nm selectively affects pigmented structures and that the cellular targets of diode laser radiation are the melanosomes. The diode laser specificity for melanin may provide a biological basis for the treatment of pigmented superficial cutaneous lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of a hypermutable strain of Drosophila simulans.

A hypermutable strain of Drosophila simulans that originated from a single spontaneous mutant male was characterized. Seven different mutations were isolated from roughly 100 generations of offspring. The genetic analysis of the viable mutants showed two mutations on the X chromosome, one in the lozenge locus and the other in the ruby gene. The autosomic mutations characterized were a dpp-heldout-like, a blistered-like and a homoeotic dominant mutant with an antenna-to-leg transformation and ectopic eyes that we called Zoinho-napata.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Removal of dirt tattooing with Q-switched laser].

In present times treatment of traumatic tattoos with Q-switched laser systems is an alternative to conventional therapy. In our study, 19 patients were treated with the Q-switched ruby laser, including 4 patients with explosive trauma and 2 after pointed pencil penetration. One patient was treated with the Q-switched Nd:YAG-laser, while we tried both systems on another one. Pigmentation after abrasive trauma is easily removed or improved. Deeper penetration of foreign bodies demands more intensive and more frequent therapy. Immediate removal of foreign bodies after an accident is the best treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation].

A common adverse effect of minocycline therapy is cutaneous pigmentation. We describe two patients who presented with hyperpigmentation caused by minocycline. One patient, aged 54 years, had taken minocycline due to lung silicosis for 3 years before black pigmentation of the face occurred. The other 49 year-old patient developed grey-black hyperpigmentation on both lower legs after a 6-month therapy with minocycline for folliculitis. This patient was treated with the Q-switched ruby laser and the pigmentation resolved in the treated area. The different clinical and histological forms of minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation are discussed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

[Pulsed laser in scar treatment].

Pulsed laser systems such as pulsed CO2, Q-switched Er:YAG, ruby and alexandrite lasers provide good therapeutic options in therapy of scars and keloids. The use of these laser systems is compared to non-surgical and surgical methods.

Cicatrix↗
PubMed2000

[Current status of photoepilation].

During the last few years the fast development of different laser and laser-like systems for photoepilation and their one-sided representation in media has led to confusion among physicians and patients. The object of this review is to give a structured report of different pulsed laser and laser-like systems (Epilight, Photoderm, long-pulsed ruby-, alexandrite- and diodelaser) that are available in Germany, including their side effects and complications. The current status of scientific investigation in this field is discussed.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2006

Strategies for examination of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein isoforms.

We describe a proteomics procedure using bioinformatics, immunoprecipitation, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, in-gel digestion, LC-MS, MALDI-MS, and MS-MS for isolation and identification of amyloid precursor protein (APP) isoforms APP695, APP751, and APP770. Retinoic acid-induced Ntera 2 cell line, derived from a human teratocarcinoma cells, was the in-vitro source of APP. Initial isolation of whole APP was performed by immunoprecipitation, using AB10, a monoclonal antibody raised to amino acids 1-17 of the beta-amyloid peptide sequence, which is present in all three alpha secretase-cleaved isoforms of interest. The next stage was separation of whole APP into its isoform components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Because of low APP concentrations, detection by the usual staining methods, for example Sypro Ruby, able to detect low picomole concentrations, did not enable visualisation of the isoforms. Western analysis, however, enabled primary detection of APP, because of the inherent sensitivity of antibodies raised to specific isoform regions. This initial visualization acted as a template for excision of isoforms from 2D gels, which were then subjected to peptide mass mapping. Initial theoretical digestion of each isoform revealed the presence of specific peptides, which were then used as "tags" for isoform detection.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Some new trends in the ionoluminescence of minerals.

Ionoluminescence (IL) has mainly been used to detect impurities or defects inside synthetic materials. This paper gives a summary of new applications of IL to natural minerals that might be found in ancient pieces of jewellery or decorative artefacts (affreschi, stucchi, mosaics). Some relevant examples of its use for archaeometrical purposes are given to highlight the potential of the technique. Chemical information can be obtained by luminescent characterization of minerals. IL spectra act as digital imprint for elements or defects inside each material, enabling differentiation of natural specimens from imitations and/or synthetic analogues. Crystal field theory indicates it is the coordination number of the emitter inside the crystalline structure that gives information on its valence. Historical confusion between rubies and red spinel can easily be resolved by analysis of IL spectra. Modern synthetic diamonds can also be discriminated and blue sapphire can be distinguished from blue kyanite, a silicate that is currently being sold as its imitation. The technique can also differentiate between the synthetic and the natural gems. Polymorphs can be identified, and it is possible to recognize minerals from isomorphic series (from the same chemical group with the same structure) even when they share the same light emitter (e.g. Mn(2+), in carbonates). High-quality glasses (e.g. laser glasses) which are normally used for faking gemstones can be also detected. We fully believe IL will, in the future, be a powerful technique for determining the crystallinity of solids. This paper gives an overview of possible applications of IL to archaeometry for mineral characterization; this is a new application that still requires further study.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The effects of delayed nerve repair on neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after seventh cervical spinal nerve axotomy in adult rats.

It has been proposed clinically that delayed surgery after traumatic brachial plexus injury may adversely affect functional outcome. In the present experimental study the neuroprotective and growth-promoting effects of early and delayed nerve grafting following proximal seventh cervical spinal nerve (C7) axotomy were examined. The ventral branch of C7 spinal nerve was transected and axons projecting out of the proximal nerve stump were labelled with Fast Blue (FB). At the same time, the biceps brachii muscle was denervated by transecting the musculocutaneous nerve at its origin. Neuronal survival and muscle atrophy were then assessed at 1, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after permanent axotomy. In the experimental groups, a peripheral nerve graft was interposed between the transected C7 spinal nerve and the distal stump of the musculocutaneous nerve at 1 week [early nerve repair (ENR)] or 8 weeks [delayed nerve repair (DNR)] after axotomy. Sixteen weeks after nerve repair had been performed, a second tracer Fluoro-Ruby (FR) was applied distal to the graft to assess the efficacy of axonal regeneration. Counts of FB-labelled neurons revealed that axotomy did not induce any significant cell loss at 4 weeks, but 15% of motoneurons and 32% of sensory neurons died at 8 weeks after injury. At 16 weeks, the amount of cell loss in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) reached 29 and 50%, respectively. Both ENR and DNR prevented retrograde degeneration of spinal motoneurons and counteracted muscle atrophy, but failed to rescue sensory neurons. Due to substantial cell loss at 8 weeks, the number of FR-labelled neurons after DNR was significantly lower when compared to ENR. However, the proportion of regenerating neurons among surviving motoneurons and DRG neurons remained relatively constant indicating that neurons retained their regenerative capacity after prolonged axotomy. The results demonstrate that DNR could protect spinal motoneurons and reduce muscle atrophy, but had little effect on sensory DRG neurons. However, the efficacy of neuroprotection and axonal regeneration will be significantly affected by the amount of cell loss already presented at the time of nerve repair.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Organization of projections to temporal cortex originating in the thalamic posterior intralaminar nucleus of the rat.

Thalamic nuclei surrounding the medial geniculate body, among which the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN) is one of the largest, have great importance in fear-potentiated emotional behavior. Due to limited knowledge of the distribution of the cortical projections of the PIN, the connections between the temporal neocortex and the PIN were investigated by means of axonal transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin or Mini-ruby. After iontophoretic injections of either tracer, anterogradely labeled terminals showed a broad, but not a diffuse, distribution in temporal and adjacent cortices (perirhinal, secondary auditory, visceral, secondary somatosensory, agranular insular cortices). A common projection to all areas was found in the upper layer I except for perirhinal cortex, where this projection was confined to the basal layer I. In selected cortical fields (ectorhinal, perirhinal, visceral cortices), an additional projection to layers III/IV was found. The corticofugal projection to the PIN originated from pyramidal neurons in layer V and - in some regions - in layer VI. The present results demonstrate a distinct and selective projection of the PIN to several areas of the temporal neocortex, which may activate inter- and intra-areal cortical circuits during processing of auditory stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antagonistic properties of two recombinant strains of Streptomyces melanosporofaciens obtained by intraspecific protoplast fusion.

Intraspecific protoplast fusion was used to produce stable prototrophic recombinants of Streptomyces melanosporofaciens EF-76, a biocontrol agent of plant disease producing geldanamycin. Two recombinant strains (FP-54 and FP-60) that differed with regard to their antagonistic properties against Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Streptomyces scabies EF-35 and Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi 390 were characterized. FP-60 lost the ability to inhibit the in vitro growth of these microbial strains while FP-54 exhibited higher antagonistic activities against them. FP-60 was deficient in geldanamycin biosynthesis whereas FP-54 was shown to produce, in addition to geldanamycin, at least two other antimicrobial compounds that were absent in the culture supernatants of strain EF-76. Like the wild-type strain EF-76, strain FP-54 reduced common scab symptoms on potato tuber but no significant difference was observed between the disease index attributed to tubers treated with strain EF-76 or with strain FP-54. Strain FP-60 showed no protective effect against common scab. The disease index of tubers treated with this recombinant was worse than the index associated with potato tubers from control treatments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluorescence labeling: combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining.

Retrograde and anterograde degeneration have been reported to be sufficient stimuli to activate glial cells, which, in turn, are involved in phagocytosis of degenerating material. Here we describe a double-fluorescence technique which allows for direct and simultaneous visualization of both labeled incorporated axonal debris and incorporating glial cells in the course of anterograde degeneration. Stereotaxic application of small crystals of biotinylated and tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)-conjugated dextran amine Mini Ruby into the medial entorhinal cortex resulted in a stable rhodamine fluorescence confined to fibers and terminals in the middle molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, and the crossed temporo-hippocampal pathway. Subsequent stereotaxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex induced transformation of rhodamine-fluorescent fibers and terminals into small granules. Incorporation of these granules by microglial cells [labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-coupled Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4] or astrocytes (labeled by FITC-coupled glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies) resulted in phagocytosis-dependent labeling of these non-neuronal cells, which could be identified by double-fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopical analysis revealed that, following lesion, the tracer remained confined to entorhinal axons which were found to be incorporated by glial cells. Our data show that TRITC- and biotin-conjugated dextran amines are versatile tracers leading to Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-like axonal staining. Lesion-induced phagocytosis of anterogradely degenerating axons by immunocytochemically identified glial cells can be directly observed by this technique on the light and electron microscopical levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Stable isotopes in breath, blood, feces and feathers can indicate intra-individual changes in the diet of migratory songbirds.

We used stable isotopes of C in breath, blood, feces and feathers to identify intra-individual changes in diet and the timescale of diet changes in free-living songbirds at a stopover site. Because accurate interpretation of differences between the delta13C of breath, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) relative to diet requires knowing the turnover rate of C within them, we determined the rate of change of C in breath, plasma and RBCs for yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata). Half-lives of C in breath, plasma, and RBCs were 4.4+/-2.1 h, 24.8+/-12.3 h and 10.9+/-3.2 days, respectively, for yellow-rumped warblers. delta13C of breath, plasma, RBCs and feces from wild-caught golden-crowned kinglets (Regulus satrapa), ruby-crowned kinglets (R. calendula) and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) indicated that they had maintained an isotopically consistent diet for an extended period of time. However, delta13C of breath and plasma indicated that white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) had recently expanded their diet to include a C4 dietary component. Likewise, delta13C of breath, plasma, RBCs and feces indicated that some wild-caught yellow-rumped warblers had consumed foods with a more enriched protein signature prior to their arrival on Block Island, and since arrival, they had consumed mostly northern bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica). Therefore, comparisons of the delta13C of breath, plasma, RBCs, feces and feathers from individual songbirds can indicate changes in diet and provide an estimate of the timescale of the diet change.

Animals↗