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PubMed2001

Recreation of the natal cleft by reverse Z-plasty.

The use of Z-plasties in the closure of elliptical or circular defects is not uncommon. We present a patient in whom a double Z-plasty was performed in order to close a sacral pressure sore. The patient returned 21 years later seeking aesthetic improvements of the resultant obliteration of the natal cleft and the soft tissue and skin redundancy in the central inferior aspect of the buttocks. We met this challenge with a practical solution. The triangular flaps of the Z-plasties were returned to their original positions. This resulted in a natural shortening of the central portion of the buttock and the recreation of the natal cleft. The postoperative result was aesthetically pleasing. We report this unusual case and discuss the geometry behind the reversal of the Z-plasties as the solution to this problem. In addition, a novel interpretation of Z-plasties is presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The self selected speed of running in recreational long distance runners.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the self selected speed in running (vss) is dependent upon the same factors that determine maximal speed in endurance events (e. g. the anaerobic threshold). Experiments were carried out on 8 recreational long distance runners (42.1 +/- 8.6 years of age, 70.1 +/- 10.6 kg of body mass, 1.74 +/- 0.06 m of body height) while they were participating in a 14 day relay race. During the "race" the subjects were not requested to perform maximally but only to cover their running turn (1 hour per day) at their preferred pace. The relationships between heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration ([La]b) and speed (v) were determined in each subject, before the race, during an incremental running test. From these relationships the speed corresponding to a 4 mM concentration of lactate in blood (v4mM) was calculated and found to be 14.3 +/- 1.8 km x h(-1) (n = 8). At this speed the RPE and HR values were 13.6 +/- 1.4 and 156.4 +/- 12.8 bpm, respectively. The average values of speed (vss, 13.4 +/- 0.6 km x h(-1)), RPE (13.5 +/- 1.4) and HR (154.4 +/- 7.6 bpm) measured during the race (n = 47) were not significantly different from those measured at the lactate threshold (v4mM, RPE4mM and v4mM). However, vss and the average HR during the race showed significantly lower variances than v4mM and HR4mM suggesting that, besides the need of avoiding lactate accumulation in blood, other factors must be involved in the choice of speed in running.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Recreational drugs and environmental contaminants in mother 's milk].

In Germany and many other countries breast milk contamination in particular with persistent organochlorines and lead declined substantially by 50-70% or more during the last decade. Generally also mercury compounds, cadmium and other environmental contaminants do not pose a toxic threat to the fully breast fed infant, which, according to the current knowledge, could outweigh the advantages of breast-feeding. Industrial regions, large cities and frequent consumption of contaminated fish are factors still positively correlated with elevated breast milk contamination. However, recent study results do not support routine measurement of milk contaminants for decision making on prolonged breast-feeding (more than 4-6 months). Exposure to recreational drugs including tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking is preventable. In case of ongoing abuse decisions on breast-feeding restrictions must be taken individually.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2003

[Epidemiology of recreational runners].

Running has become a very popular sport in Europe. We clinically examined the feet of 92 recreational runners and assessed their knowledge of their own foot anatomy with a questionnaire. Additionally a podogram was performed by an experienced podiatrist. 41 runners trained for more than 5 years, 12 between 3-5, 28 between 1-3 and 11 less than one year. The mean age was 35.4 years. The majority had weekly distances of less than 20 km (n = 43) and 20-40 km (n = 28), 14 40-60 km and only 6 runners were running more than 60 km per week. We could define two groups: one group as the sedentary runner with distances less than 20 km over a minimum period of 3 - 5 years and the competitive runner with distances above 40 per week over at least 3 years. Most of the runners run on tarred or gravel surfaces or a combination of those. The knowledge of the own foot anatomy and biomechanics was poor. Only 50% were correct in identifying their anatomy. 30% of all runners have been given orthotics of which only 50% demonstrated an improvement in symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Tympanometric evaluation of middle ear barotrauma during recreational scuba diving.

We report the first prospective evaluation of middle ear barotrauma in experienced recreational scuba divers. In this pilot study, tympanometric and otoscopic evaluations were performed daily on two experienced scuba divers engaged in multi-day repetitive diving. Middle ear pressures decreased in proportion to diving frequency, demonstrating eustachian tube dysfunction which promptly reversed upon cessation of diving Otoscopic evidence of traumatic injury to the middle ear occurred in proportion to diving frequency, and also readily reversed upon cessation of diving. Tympanic membrane compliance remained normal, often despite pronounced otoscopic abnormalities. Otologic symptoms and impairment of acuity were not observed. Tympanometry appears to be a valuable modality for the verification of middle ear hemorrhage or tympanic membrane rupture. This preliminary data should assist investigators in planning more comprehensive studies of middle ear barotrauma, including clinical trials of treatment and prophylactic interventions for this common condition.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMed1990

Caffeine ingestion prior to incremental cycling to exhaustion in recreational cyclists.

Nine male recreational cyclist served as subjects in this experiment which included a control, placebo and caffeine trial. The aim of the experiment was to determine whether a 10 mg.kg-1 dose of caffeine given three hours prior to an incremental cycle ergometer exercise test, for caffeine naive subjects, would increase the time to exhaustion and therefore increase the amount of work undertaken by the cyclists. The cyclists initially worked at 100 watts for three minutes and then increased the workload by 50 watts every three minutes until exhaustion. Blood was drawn at the beginning of the test and every three minutes from an ante-cubital vein and was analysed for blood lactate, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA). Respiratory analysis was also undertaken and heart rate was monitored throughout the test. Subjects in the caffeine trial worked significantly longer and performed more work (p less than 0.05) than they did in either the control or placebo trials. FFA's were also significantly higher in this trial (p less than 0.05) and the lactate threshold was moved to the right as a percentage of the VO2max, which suggests less acidity and a decreased bicarbonate flushing. The respiratory exchange ratio data was significantly lowered (p less than 0.05) during workloads between 250 and 450 watts. No changes were seen in blood glucose or heart rates during the experiment. In conclusion, we feel that a 10 mg.kg-1 dose of caffeine is an ergogenic aid during incremental exercise when it is taken 3-4 hours prior to the exercise in fasting subjects who have diets low in caffeine.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Circulating venous bubbles in recreational diving: relationships with age, weight, maximal oxygen uptake and body fat percentage.

Decompression sickness (DCS) is recognized as a multifactorial phenomenon depending on several individual factors, such as age, adiposity, and level of fitness. The detection of circulating venous bubbles is considered as a useful index for the safety of a decompression, because of the relationship between bubbles and DCS probability. The aim of this work was to study the effects of individual variables which can be assessed non invasively, on the grades of bubbles detected 60 min, after diving by means of Doppler monitoring, in a sample of 40 male recreational scuba divers. The variables investigated were: age, weight, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and percentage of body fat (%BF). Bubble signals were graded according to the code of Spencer. The relationships between the bubble grades (BG) and the variables investigated were studied using two methods: the differences between the average values of each variable at each BG were analyzed by the Scheffe test. Then we performed the non-parametric Spearman correlation analysis. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found (Scheffe test) between average values of the variables at grade 0 and 3 (age: P = 0.0323; weight: P = 0.0420; VO2max: P = 0.0484), except for %BF (P = 0.1697). Relationships with P < 0.01 were found (Spearman correlation) between BG and the variables: age: p = 0.486, P = 0.0024; weight: p = 0.463, P = 0.0039; VO2max: p = -0.481, P = 0.0027; except for %BF: p = 0.362, P = 0.0237. This work showed that bubble production after hyperbaric exposures depends on several individual factors. The effects of age, weight and VO2max are more significant than the effect of %BF. We concluded that to take into account such variables in decompression tables and diving computer programs should allow to adapt the decompression procedures to individual risk factors and reduce the DCS probability.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Hip pains in a recreational runner.

A 29 year old female recreational runner presented with two separate episodes of hip pain. The first, affecting the right hip was an uncommon cause of hip pain--an osteoid osteoma. The second, affecting the left hip was a more predictable cause of hip pain in a runner--a femoral stress fracture. Management of the subsequent stress fracture enabled more detailed and prolonged observation of the natural history and clinical course of the osteoid osteoma. The presentation and management of each of the conditions is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An examination of bias in shoulder scoring instruments among healthy collegiate and recreational athletes.

This investigation examined whether gender, activity level, hand dominance, or age displayed bias for 5 common shoulder scores among 120 healthy collegiate or recreational athletes. Data were collected for 5 instruments: Constant-Murley, UCLA rating, pre-1994 American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, and Oxford. Normalized total and subscale scores and effect sizes were analyzed to determine how each demographic variable affected the scores. The normalized scores for the 5 instruments were not equivalent. The normalized total scores were significantly lower for the Constant-Murley score (P <.0001) compared with those for the other instruments. Men had significantly higher Constant-Murley scores, primarily because of the strength subscale. The Constant-Murley score also displayed gender and age biases. The other instruments had mostly negligible variance attributable to gender, activity level, hand dominance, or age. In the absence of a universal validated method, shoulder scoring instruments should be carefully chosen to match the population and the purpose of the study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Predictors of sunburn in North Queensland recreational boat users.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Identify personal and situationalfactors predicting sunburn in north Queensland recreational boat users over summer. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey with prospective 24-hour follow-up for sunburn, conducted in Townsville, north Queensland, during the summer of 2003. Ninety-three out of 100 boat users returning after a day trip agreed to participate. All were followed up, with three later excluded from analysis due to prior sunburn (n=90, response rate 93%). RESULTS: Overall, 48% of participants experienced sunburn as a result of their boat trip; 57% of these developed sunburn on the face and 43% on both the V of the neck and the legs. Factors found to increase the occurrence of sunburn were longer time on the water between 10 am-2 pm, not wearing a wide-brimmed hat, not working outdoors, and going boating less than once per month. CONCLUSIONS: The survey shows unacceptably high levels of sunburn in north Queensland boat users. Sunburn appears related to not using optimal sun protection between 10 am and 2 pm. Boat users in the tropics need to wear a brimmed hat to better protect the face, a collared long-sleeved shirt buttoned up at the throat to protect the V of the neck and arms, long pants, and rely less on sunscreen and on darker skin types that are perceived to sunburn less readily.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Neuropsychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) in recreational users.

While neuropsychological studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users have been emerging, results have been inconsistent, possibly due to methodological issues. The current study examined the performance of 22 recreational MDMA users compared to 28 age, education, and IQ comparable normal control subjects on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Results revealed no significant differences in cognitive functioning between the MDMA users and normal controls. However, greater use of MDMA was associated with poorer scores on several measures of nonverbal memory, and greater frequency users (> or = 50 times) evidenced significantly lower scores on 2 of 3 nonverbal memory tests compared to lesser frequency users (< 50 times). Our results suggest that a subgroup of MDMA patients, specifically heavy MDMA users, evidence declines in nonverbal (visual) memory, however, other cognitive areas appear to be spared.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Amnesic syndrome and severe ataxia following the recreational use of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and other substances.

A 26-year-old woman suffered disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and a brief respiratory arrest following recreational use of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy'), together with amyl nitrate, lysergic acid (LSD), cannabis and alcohol. She was left with residual cognitive and physical deficits, particularly severe anterograde memory disorder, mental slowness, severe ataxia and dysarthria. Follow-up investigations have shown that these have persisted, although there has been some improvement in verbal recognition memory and in social functioning. Magnetic resonance imaging and quantified positron emission tomography investigations have revealed: (i) severe cerebellar atrophy and hypometabolism accounting for the ataxia and dysarthria; (ii) thalamic, retrosplenial and left medial temporal hypometabolism to which the anterograde amnesia can be attributed; and (iii) some degree of fronto-temporal-parietal hypometabolism, possibly accounting for the cognitive slowness. The putative relationship of these abnormalities to the direct and indirect effects of MDMA toxicity, hypoxia and ischaemia is considered.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. in drinking, recreational and environmental water supplies.

A molecular detection assay was performed on 207 samples of drinking, recreational and environmental waters collected in Northern Ireland. The water sources which were PCR positive for Campylobacter spp. included 2/91 (2.2%) drinking water from domestic household taps, 5/57 (8.8%) swimming pool water, 1/23 (4.3%) lake water and 1/1 water from a jacuzzi. Extracted DNA from all water samples was amplified employing a sequence-specific PCR assay based on a 206 bp conserved region of the flagellin A-flagellin B (flaA/flaB) loci for Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. lari. Given the physiological and cultural fragile nature of these species, no waters were cultured using conventional methods due to concern for reversion to non-culturability from time of collection to laboratory analysis. As this genus has been demonstrated to form a 'viable but non-culturable' (VBNC) form, failure to culture organisms conventionally from water does not necessarily equate to a negative result, hence molecular detection assays, especially those which can demonstrate cell viability, may be useful in helping to elucidate potential epidemiological sources and reservoirs of this organism, especially where water is suspected as being the vehicle of transmission.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1985

Sporotrichosis, a hazard of outdoor work or recreation. Three illustrative cases.

Persons whose work or recreation exposes them to minor trauma out of doors are at risk for sporotrichosis. The disease is generally indolent, with the lymphocutaneous form being by far the commonest. Extracutaneous disease may affect the bones or joints, lungs, or other foci. Isolation of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii from involved tissue establishes the diagnosis. Saturated solution of potassium iodide is the first-line treatment of lymphocutaneous disease. Intravenous amphotericin B is used for lesions not responding to saturated solution of potassium iodide and, occasionally, excision of lesions is required. Amphotericin B also is the treatment of choice for extracutaneous sporotrichosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The influence of cadence and power output on force application and in-shoe pressure distribution during cycling by competitive and recreational cyclists.

The aim of this study was to determine the response of cyclists to manipulations of cadence and power output in terms of force application and plantar pressure distribution. Two groups of cyclists, 17 recreational and 12 competitive, rode at three nominal cadences (60, 80, 100 rev x min(-1)) and four power outputs (100, 200, 300, 400 W) while simultaneous force and in-shoe pressure data were collected. Two piezoelectric triaxial force transducers mounted in the right pedal measured components of the pedal force and orientation, and a discrete transducer system with 12 transducers recorded the in-shoe pressures. Force application was characterized by calculating peak resultant and peak effective pedal forces and positive and negative impulses. In-shoe pressures were analysed as peak pressures and as the percent relative load. The force data showed no significant group effect but there was a cadence and power main effect. The impulse data showed a significant three-way interaction. Increased cadence resulted in a decreased positive impulse, while increased power output resulted in an increased impulse. The competitive group produced less positive impulse but the difference became less at higher cadences. Few between-group differences were found in pressure, notable only in the pressure under the first metatarsal region. This showed a consistent pattern of in-shoe pressure distribution, where the primary loading structures were the first metatarsal and hallux. There was no indication that pressure at specific sites influenced the pedal force application. The absence of group differences indicated that pressure distribution was not the result of training, but reflected the intrinsic relationship between the foot, the shoe and the pedal.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of kinematics in skilled and unskilled arms of the same recreational baseball players.

We examined mechanisms of coordination that enable skilled recreational baseball players to make fast overarm throws with their skilled arm and which are absent or rudimentary in their unskilled arm. Arm segment angular kinematics in three dimensions at 1000 Hz were recorded with the search-coil technique from the arms of eight individuals who on one occasion threw with their skilled right arm and on another with their unskilled left arm. Compared with their unskilled arm, the skilled arm had: a larger angular deceleration of the upper arm in space in the forward horizontal direction; a larger shoulder internal rotation velocity at ball release (unskilled arms had a negative velocity); a period of elbow extension deceleration before ball release; and an increase in wrist velocity with an increase in ball speed. It is suggested that some of these differences in arm kinematics occur because of differences between the skilled and unskilled arms in their ability to control interaction torques (the passive torque at one joint due to motion at adjacent joints). It is proposed that one reason unskilled individuals cannot throw fast is that, unlike their skilled counterparts, they have not developed the coordination mechanisms to effectively exploit interaction torques.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2026

Effects of passive blood flow restriction on muscle function following exercise-induced muscle damage in recreationally active males.

This investigation examined the effects of passive blood flow restriction (pBFR) on indices of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in recreationally active males. Fifteen males completed six consecutive visits (±2 hours). Participants completed 3 × 25 maximal, unilateral, isokinetic (60°·s-1), concentric-eccentric leg extensions on both legs. Each leg was randomly assigned to receive pBFR (80% arterial occlusion pressure) or sham (20 mmHg) at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-EIMD. Perceived muscle soreness, range of motion (ROM), pain pressure threshold (PPT), concentric peak torque (CPT), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque were assessed and analyzed using separate linear mixed-effects models. Perceived muscle soreness increased at 24 hours (mean difference [meandiff] = 4.9 au; p < 0.001) and recovered by 96 hours (p = 0.482), with no differences between conditions (p = 0.450). ROM (meandiff = -3.1°; p = 0.040), PPT (meandiff = -1.63 kgf; p < 0.001), CPT (meandiff = -27.7 Nm; p < 0.001), and MVIC torque (meandiff = -30.8 Nm; p < 0.001) decreased at 24 hours, with recovery occurring between 48-96 hours. Condition-specific differences were observed for ROM (meandiff = 2.5°; p < 0.001), PPT (meandiff = 0.49 kgf; p = 0.005), CPT (meandiff = 6.2 Nm; p = 0.020), and MVIC torque (meandiff = 7.1 Nm; p = 0.044), which were greater in pBFR than sham. These findings suggested that pBFR may reduce impairments in ROM, PPT, CPT, and MVIC torque following EIMD, despite a similar recovery trajectory between conditions.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Aerobic fitness and running performance of male and female recreational runners.

The purpose of the present study was to assess fitness and running performance in a group of recreational runners (men, n = 18; women, n = 13). 'Fitness' was determined on the basis of their physiological and metabolic responses during maximal and submaximal exercise. There were strong correlations between VO2 max and treadmill running speeds equivalent to blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol l-1 (V-2 mM) or 4 mmol l-1 (V-4 mM), 'relative running economy' and 5 km times (r = -0.84), but modest and non-significant correlations between muscle fibre composition and running performance. The results of the submaximal exercise tests suggested that the female runners were as well trained as the male runners. However, the men still recorded faster 5 km times (19.20 +/- 1.97 min vs 20.97 +/- 1.70 min; P less than 0.05). Therefore the of the present study suggest that the faster performance times recorded by the men were best explained by their higher VO2 max values, rather than their training status per se.

Adult↗