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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A review of UK housing policy: ideology and public health.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to review UK public health policy, with a specific reference to housing as a key health determinant, since its inception in the Victorian era to contemporary times. REVIEW: This paper reviews the role of social and private housing policy in the development of the UK public health movement, tracing its initial medical routes through to the current socio-economic model of public health. The paper establishes five distinct ideologically and philosophically driven eras, placing public health and housing within liberal (Victorian era), state interventionist (post World War 1; post World War 2), neoliberal (post 1979) and "Third Way" (post 1997) models, showing the political perspective of policy interventions and overviewing their impact on public health. The paper particularly focuses on the contemporary model of public health since the Acheson Report, and how its recommendations have found their way into policy, also the impact on housing practice. CONCLUSIONS: Public health is closely related to political ideology, whether driven by the State, individual or partnership arrangements. The current political system, the Third Way, seeks to promote a sustainable "social contract" between citizens and the State, public, private and voluntary organizations in delivering community-based change in areas where health inequalities can be most progressively and successfully addressed.

Health Policy↗
PubMed2004

Sampling issues in qualitative research.

While qualitative methodologies have increased in popularity over the past few decades, they have been criticised because of a lack of transparency in procedures and processes. While much of this criticism has been levied at analytical steps, many published qualitative studies give little information about the characteristics of the study sample or the type of sample employed or techniques used. In this paper, Gina Higginbottom aims to provide an overview of the complexity of sampling in qualitative research, and to provoke reflection and consideration of qualitative methodologies. It is hoped that this will encourage nurse researchers to seek out the primary texts and gain greater insight into the various philosophical underpinnings and sampling techniques in qualitative research.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1999

Creating effective nursing partnerships: relating community development to participatory action research.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of creating effective partnerships between nurses practising community development (CD) and nurses engaged in participatory action research (PAR). To that end, an overview of the theoretical principles of CD and PAR is provided and the central tenets of each methodology explored. This is followed by a discussion of the similarities and differences inherent in CD and PAR which derive from the same theoretical and philosophical foundation; that of critical social theory. Examples of two research projects highlight the relationship between CD and PAR and demonstrate the value of creating effective practitioner/researcher partnerships. Finally, some of the lessons learned in creating these important partnerships will be presented. Although this call for practitioner/researcher alliance is not new, what is new is the central role the practising nurse could take in research. Creating partnerships between practising nurses and nurse researchers advances the opportunity to actualize responsive and effective PAR and to fulfill nursing's social contract.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2005

[On tremulations. Emanuel Swedenborg's iatromechanics].

On the basis of his daily life experiences of water waves the Swedish natural philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) could use the wave metaphor to transfer the qualities of these waves to other physical phenomena such as sound waves and light waves. In the last issue of his scientific journal Daedalus Hyperboreus (1718), he published an overview of a new theory of tremulations. Swedenborg's most original idea was put forward more in detail in a manuscript of 1720. He maintained that life consists of waves or tremors of the nerves. The body is like a musical instrument. He was a typical follower of iatromechanics, describing the body as a machine with pumps, levers, bellows and so forth. Of special interest is his use of the metaphor of the circle. There are many different kinds of circulations in the body, such as the blood circulation, and respiration, which are parallels to the planetary motions.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1992

King's theory of goal attainment.

This article presents an overview of the meaning of the terms concept, theory, and conceptual system. It gives a detailed description of King's conceptual system including personal systems, interpersonal systems, and social systems, and a description of the theory of goal attainment. A discussion of the philosophical assumptions underpinning King's theory as well as the concepts of the theory are also included. Research (both completed and ongoing) and changes that have taken place in her theory are examined.

Goals↗
PubMed2006

Autonomy and autonomy competencies: a practical and relational approach.

This essay will address a general philosophical concern about autonomy, namely, that a conception of autonomy focused on freedom of the will alone is inadequate, once we consider the effects of oppressive forms of socialization on individuals' formation of choices. In response to this problem, I will present a brief overview of Diana Meyers's account of autonomy as relational and practical. On this view, autonomy consists in a set of socially acquired practical competencies in self-discovery, self-definition, self-knowledge, and self-direction. This account provides a distinction between choices that express unreflectively internalized social norms and those that are the result of a critical 'self-reading'. I conclude that this practical conception of autonomy makes much higher demands upon nurses (and patients) than has previously been thought. In fact, if nurses are to be expected to genuinely promote autonomy, they are going to need specific training in counselling-type communication skills.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1999

William Osler at 150: an overview of a life.

Sir William Osler is one of the most admired and honored physicians in the history of medicine. He influenced the development of medicine in Canada, the United States, and Great Britain, where he held professorships at McGill University, the University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University, and Oxford University. Through his textbook, The Principles and Practice of Medicine, and other clinical and philosophical writings, he exercised a truly global influence. In this sesquicentennial of his birth, William Osler continues to serve as a model of excellence for the medical profession. This examination of the reasons for his enduring impact reveals a legacy of clinical, scientific, literary, educational, and intraprofessional accomplishments linked to a remarkable personality, and bound together by an extraordinary humanism.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Qualitative meta-synthesis: a question of dialoguing with texts.

AIMS: This paper discusses whether useful synthesis of research reports across different qualitative methodologies is possible, and whether qualitative meta-synthesis violates the tenets of the interpretive paradigm. BACKGROUND: Qualitative meta-synthesis is a recent development in qualitative inquiry that offers a means of enhancing the contribution of qualitative findings to the development of more formalized knowledge. However, there are a number of unanswered questions and areas that require debate. DISCUSSION: A brief overview of qualitative meta-synthesis as a method of inquiry is presented. The assumptions of phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory are explored for their amenability to meta-synthesis and the possibility of coherent synthesis of findings across these methodologies. In addition, a summary of major philosophical commitments common to the interpretive paradigm is presented. Qualitative meta-synthesis as a methodology is then explored for its fit within this paradigm. An argument is made, with some caveats, for synthesis across qualitative methodologies. Gadamer's concepts of the hermeneutic circle, the fusion of horizons, and dialogue with the text are explored for the insight they provide into the place of qualitative meta-synthesis in inquiry. CONCLUSION: It is important for researchers to bring hermeneutic skill to the process of meta-synthesis in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the various philosophical assumptions in which qualitative approaches are based. The particular challenge of combining analysis and interpretation from studies with markedly different approaches and intentions may prompt synthesists to create new and innovative approaches to the presentation of meta-synthesis.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1999

The moral metaphors of nursing.

The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another. Metaphorical concepts structure and reflect what we perceive, how we act, and how we relate to other people. In nursing ethics, several metaphors have emerged which have had a great impact on nursing practice. These metaphors include the military metaphor which exemplified nursing during the 1800s, the advocacy and academic metaphors which became a philosophical basis for nursing during the 1960s, and the individualist and community as caring metaphors which have emerged more recently. Although beneficial in some ways, these metaphors may be obscuring the complex moral reality of nursing practice. This article defines a moral metaphor, critiques nursing's moral metaphors, and provides an historical overview of their development with examples of how they have and do affect nursing practice.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed1996

Intuition--a problematic form of knowledge in nursing.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the concept and phenomenon of intuition in nursing. With an overview of theories of intuition in philosophy and empirical research as the starting point, the authors discuss the conceptualization of intuition in nursing. Concept analyses, intuition as phenomenological nursing knowledge, intuition as clinical knowledge and intuition as spiritual connection are discussed. The authors conclude that the conceptions of intuition in nursing differ with respect to their philosophical underpinnings and that it can be questioned whether 'intuition' is always a proper term for the kind of knowledge investigated. Intuition is seen as an important concept in nursing, but there are still philosophical as well as empirical and practical problems to investigate.

Concept Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Qualitative research and Alzheimer disease.

This article presents an overview of qualitative research methods and illustrates ways in which these methods may be useful in discovering unknowns that contribute to knowledge about Alzheimer disease. An observation of an elder with Alzheimer disease sets the scene for thinking about ways to explore, describe, and interpret human experiences and the context within which these experiences are perceived. The philosophical assumptions and standards for qualitative research methods are discussed. Two of the qualitative research approaches (ethnography and grounded theory) are presented using examples from published studies to illustrate the logical consistency of fit between purpose statement, data collection strategies, analysis structures, and results specific to the language, and guidelines and rules for each of these two approaches. Practical issues of data management, including the availability of qualitative computer packages and publication, are addressed briefly.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Sustainable practice: how practice development frameworks can influence team work, team culture and philosophy of practice.

The current political agenda to adapt mental health services to meet contemporary needs is changing the way that psychiatric rehabilitation is organized and focused. This comparatively new branch of mental health services has over the past 20 years been subject to continual change, both through policy and clinical directive. The author argues that this consistent process of change has destabilized the clarity that is needed to offer the style of care and support that users of rehabilitation services require. Whilst broad aims of rehabilitation remain relatively clear the increasing options of principles and approaches towards rehabilitation have overwhelmed both service users and those working within the service. In this paper, author seeks to resolve these problems by providing an overview of a practice development framework that was applied to eight psychiatric rehabilitation teams over a 4 year period. The paper contains examples of equitable structures that have developed as a result of applying these frameworks. Attention is given to the creation of a representative council of service stakeholders and a paradigm of practice that has become integrated into the philosophical functioning of the teams. The tangible results of the process are ones of increased opportunity and fulfillment for those involved in the study.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2000

[Overview of basic approaches in assessing the moral status of the human embryo].

The introduction of in vitro fertilization in 1978 provoked a broad debate about the ethical problems of technological intervention on the human reproduction. It is obvious, that the issue of whether the human embryo is or is not a person seems to be most important in current debates on the morality of selected abortion, cryopreservation and embryo experimentation. The seeking of the moral status of embryo addresses this fundamental question in a multidisciplinary manner. It is clear, that the philosophical or ontological approach to the embryo has a direct bearing upon a practical issues. This work deals with the moral status of embryo. The author claims, that we can establish his or her moral status by two different way. First it is a substantial approach. Then the embryo is the person since the conception. Second is the historical approach. Then the person is a concept of human being, that is unintelligible apart from social and historical context. But when we are not sure whether embryo is a person or not, it is wise to treat the embryo like a person.

Embryo, Mammalian↗
PubMed2006

The emergence of critical health psychology: can it contribute to promoting public health?

The purpose of this article is twofold: first to provide an overview of the emergence of critical health psychology for those working in the related social and health sciences and as a review of its major developments for health psychology; and second to discuss critically the potential for critical health psychology to contribute to promoting public health with specific reference to the directives espoused by Prilleltensky (2003) and Murray and Campbell (2003). The identification of three philosophical phases of the emergence of critical health psychology is used to examine the directions of the field and the challenges facing critical health psychology in order to contribute to public and global health.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1998

From toy to tool: the development of immersive virtual reality environments for psychotherapy of specific phobias.

Virtual Reality (VR) entered the mental health field some years ago. While the technology itself has been available for more than ten years now, there is still a certain amount of uncertainty among researchers and users as to whether VR will one day fulfill all it's promises. In this chapter we are giving an overview of the implementation of the technology in our mental health research facility in Basel, Switzerland. The development of two applications for use with claustrophobic and acrophobic patients perspectively serves just as an example within this context. Some may say, the chapter is too much based on technical considerations. Strictly speaking, VR is pure technology, even knowing that this special form of technology has sensory, psychological and even philosophical implications not known from other human computer interfaces so far. As far as we are concerned, the development of the technology for use within the mental health sector has merely just begun. As today's mostly used immersive output devices (Head-mounted Displays, shutter glasses) do not have a satisfactory resolution, do restrict movements and prevent multi-user-capabilities, there will be a soar of mental health applications the day some or at least the most important of these obstacles have been overcome.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1998

Fruits without labour: the implications of Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas for the caring professions.

Seldom is the work of philosophers invoked by health professionals when examining aspects of care from a philosophical perspective. Instead, students of health care, especially nurses, have been introduced to 'philosophies' which are often superficially examined and poorly understood. This practice fails to develop in students an appreciation of the work of philosophers or to acquire the art of critical thinking. The introduction of models and theories of nursing in the past three decades has alerted nurses to the importance of possessing critical skills in order to identify sound theory and implement good practice. This paper goes beyond mere philosophising and examines aspects of mental health care from the perspectives of one of nineteenth century Europe's most notable philosophers, Friedrich Nietzsche. It argues that understanding his work can enhance one's ability to reflect on nursing practice, as well as bringing a new dimension to how we analyse 'mental health' problems. His work provides many insights into how we can improve our understanding of the effect of mental illness and mental health care on the individual, and how we conceptualise the process of care. This paper provides an overview of his life's work, his impact on the history of ideas and develops some of the more provocative implications of his work for mental health care.

Empathy↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive development: no stages please--we're British.

British cognitive developmental psychology is characterized by its interest in philosophical questions, its preference for linking basic research to applied issues in education and cognitive disorders, and its willingness to learn both methodologically and theoretically from work in animal psychology and in physiology more generally. It has also been influenced profoundly by Jean Piaget's cognitive stage theory although in general British work has focused on demonstrating early strengths, rather than early deficits, in infant and child cognition. Following an overview of British work that encompasses past and present interests, issues and challenges for the future are highlighted. While the perspectives of the founding members of the British Psychological Society (BPS), as outlined by Edgell (1947), are still apparent in British research in cognitive developmental psychology today, it is argued that future cognitive work must become even more interdisciplinary and that the symbiotic relationship between research in adult cognition and in cognitive development needs greater recognition.

Cognition↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive development: No stages please - we're British.

British cognitive developmental psychology is characterized by its interest in philosophical questions, its preference for linking basic research to applied issues in education and cognitive disorders, and its willingness to learn both methodologically and theoretically from work in animal psychology and in physiology more generally. It has also been influenced profoundly by Jean Piaget's cognitive stage theory although in general British work has focused on demonstrating early strengths, rather than early deficits, in infant and child cognition. Following an overview of British work that encompasses past and present interests, issues and challenges for the future are highlighted. While the perspectives of the founding members of the British Psychological Society (BPS), as outlined by Edgell (1947), are still apparent in British research in cognitive developmental psychology today, it is argued that future cognitive work must become even more interdisciplinary and that the symbiotic relationship between research in adult cognition and in cognitive development needs greater recognition.

Journal Article↗