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PubMed1994

[Attitude to contraception among 16-20-year olds].

In October 1989 a representative sample consisting of 359 women (response rate = 77.9%) and 400 men (response rate = 76.3%) aged 16-20 years old was interviewed by the professional interviewer staff of the Institute for Social Research. The purpose of the investigation was to illustrate whether AIDS and "Safe sex"-campaigns have influenced young people. This paper consider the attitudes to contraception among teenagers. Generally, the reports are in accordance with an increasing popularity of the condom. Almost all answered that it was all right for a girl to bring a condom. The majority (313 (89.4%) among women and 311 (78.7%) among men) reported both partners to be responsible in relation to contraception. Still, it is commonly the female who brings up the question. Communication about contraception between the female and the male partner is of importance in order to impede sexually transmitted diseases and reduce the number of legally induced abortions among teenagers. The widespread attitude towards contraception as being a joint concern forms an appropriate basis to attain equality between the sexes in relation to communication about contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of acquired hearing impairment on intimate relationships: implications for rehabilitation.

Hearing disabilities, due to their interactive nature, strongly affect intimate relationships. This paper reviews the literature on this dimension of the experience of hearing impairment. The effects of progressive hearing loss and of the coping process within the couple are examined borrowing concepts from symbolic interaction theory. A summary of the interactive dimensions of the effects of hearing impairment on the couple is drawn from the relevant studies. Specific needs have been identified for each partner in terms of information, support and communication facilitation. Implications are drawn for the audiological rehabilitation of hearing-impaired adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Cell-cell communication during double fertilization.

Double fertilization in flowering seed plants requires intercellular signaling events between many interacting partners. The four cell types of the seven-celled female gametophyte communicate with each other to establish and maintain their identity. They secrete signaling molecules to guide the male gametophyte and to mediate sperm cell discharge and transport towards the two female gametes (the egg and central cell). After fusion of the gametes, guidance signals have to be removed to prevent polyspermy, embryo and endosperm development is induced generating daughter cells or nuclear regions of a different fate, and cell death is induced in the surrounding ovular cells. Until recently, little was known about the molecular nature of the signaling molecules that are involved in these processes. Now, small secreted proteins and peptides have been identified as prime candidates mediating several of these communication events.

Cell Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Post-treatment sexual adjustment following cervical and endometrial cancer: a qualitative insight.

There is an increasing number of long-term survivors of cervical and endometrial cancer for whom quality of life is of major importance. We interviewed 20 women (aged 19-64) to explore the dynamics and components of post-treatment sexual adjustment and its impact on quality of life. Stratification by treatment received (surgery alone, surgery plus external-beam radiation, surgery plus brachytherapy, and surgery plus external-beam radiation and brachytherapy) and time since treatment (immediately post treatment, during the next 2 years and thereafter) was undertaken, to ensure representation of all relevant experiences and views, and to allow time for any long-term side effects to appear. The NUD*IST software (Non-numerical Unstructured Data by Indexing, Searching and Theorising) was used to assist with the coding of audio-taped, transcribed interviews and to search for themes and segments. While the data supported findings reported in the literature, important new themes emerged in the course of the qualitative analysis. These included: (a). issues related to being 'feminine', (b). the role of intimacy in post-treatment adjustment and (c). the importance of communication between health professionals, patients and partners. A model is presented that integrates these issues and highlights the need for effective interventions to improve post-treatment outcomes. The provision of information, support and modification of rehabilitation devices is suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Great Basin land management planning using ecological modeling.

This report describes a land management modeling effort that analyzed potential impacts of proposed actions under an updated Bureau of Land Management Resource Management Plan that will guide management for 20 years on 4.6 million hectares in the Great Basin ecoregion of the United States. State-and-transition models that included vegetation data, fire histories, and many parameters (i.e., rates of succession, fire return intervals, outcomes of management actions, and invasion rates of native and nonnative invasive species) were developed through workshops with scientific experts and range management specialists. Alternative restoration scenarios included continuation of current management, full fire suppression, wildfire use in designated fire use zones, wildfire use in resilient vegetation types only, restoration with a tenfold budget increase, no restoration treatments, and no livestock grazing. Under all the scenarios, cover of vegetation states with native perennial understory declined and was replaced by tree-invaded and weed-dominated states. The greatest differences among alternative management scenarios resulted from the use of fire as a tool to maintain native understory. Among restoration scenarios, only the scenario assuming a tenfold budget increase had a more desirable outcome than the current management scenario. Removal of livestock alone had little effect on vegetation resilience. Rather, active restoration was required. The predictive power of the model was limited by current understanding of Great Basin vegetation dynamics and data needs including statistically valid monitoring of restoration treatments, invasiveness and invasibility, and fire histories. The authors suggest that such computer models can be useful tools for systematic analysis of potential impacts in land use planning. However, for a modeling effort to be productive, the management situation must be conducive to open communication among land management agencies and partner entities, including nonprofit organizations.

Climate↗
PubMed2006

Dendritic spine plasticity: looking beyond development.

Most excitatory synapses in the CNS form on dendritic spines, tiny protrusions from the dendrites of excitatory neurons. As such, spines are likely loci of synaptic plasticity. Spines are dynamic structures, but the functional consequences of dynamic changes in these structures in the mature brain are unclear. Changes in spine density, morphology, and motility have been shown to occur with paradigms that induce synaptic plasticity, as well as altered sensory experience and neuronal activity. These changes potentially lead to an alteration in synaptic connectivity and strength between neuronal partners, affecting the efficacy of synaptic communication. Here, we review the formation and modification of excitatory synapses on dendritic spines as it relates to plasticity in the central nervous system after the initial phase of synaptogenesis. We will also discuss some of the molecular links that have been implicated in both synaptic plasticity and the regulation of spine morphology.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Collaborative signaling by bacterial chemoreceptors.

Motile bacteria seek optimal living habitats by following gradients of attractant and repellent chemicals in their environment. The signaling machinery for these chemotactic behaviors, although assembled from just a few protein components, has extraordinary information-processing capabilities. Escherichia coli, the best-studied model, employs a networked cluster of transmembrane receptors to detect minute chemical stimuli, to integrate multiple and conflicting inputs, and to generate an amplified output signal that controls the cell's flagellar motors. Signal gain arises through cooperative action of chemoreceptors of different types. The signaling-teams within a receptor cluster may be built from trimers of receptor dimers that communicate through shared connections to their partner signaling proteins.

Chemotaxis↗
PubMed1987

The management of the patient having fetal diagnosis.

The non-technical aspects of delivery of prenatal diagnostic services deserve consideration. Communication with the patient and her partner about their risks of fetal abnormality, the risks of tests and the interpretation of results is essential if the couple are to make the right choices for themselves. Some results of prenatal tests are easy to interpret but others are more difficult either because the clinical consequences cannot be predicted or because the laboratory results are 'borderline' or could be artifactual. Further tests to clarify the situation may be necessary and expert help sought from several disciplines. Staff involved in the care of a woman undergoing termination of pregnancy should be willing to participate in the procedures sympathetically. Post-termination examination of the aborted fetus is necessary both for genetic counselling and quality control for the tests employed. Throughout the various stages of prenatal diagnosis, support should be provided for the couple; this is particularly necessary for those who have had a previous abnormal baby. For those undergoing termination of pregnancy, skilled help should be offered to minimize long-term adverse sequelae.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2004

Why there is a one-way crossability between D. melanogaster and D. simulans? An ontogenic explanation.

In the Drosophila melanogaster complex, females D. melanogaster mate relatively easily with males Drosophila simulans but the reciprocal cross is rare. The species sexual isolation is mainly based on chemical and acoustic signal exchanges between partners. The male side of this communication is investigated in this paper in order to understand the asymmetry. In D. melanogaster the acoustic signature is highly significant, and is synergistically reinforced by the chemical signal. In D. simulans the importance of the two signaling channels seems to be reversed. This could explain why D. simulans males produce less precise interpulse interval (IPI) mean value in the courtship song, which can readily overlap those of D. melanogaster. As the males of the two species use the same chemical key, D. simulans males could be recognized by D. melanogaster females as a conspecific.

Alkenes↗
PubMed2003

Invisible overtures: fears of rejection and the signal amplification bias.

Four studies demonstrated that fears of rejection prompt individuals to exhibit a signal amplification bias, whereby they perceive that their overtures communicate more romantic interest to potential partners than is actually the case. The link between rejection anxieties and the bias was evident regardless of whether fears of rejection were assessed in terms of chronic attachment anxiety or were induced by reflection on a previous rejection experience. Mediation analyses suggested that the bias stems in part from an expected-augmenting process, whereby persons with strong fears of rejection incorrectly assume that the recipient of their overtures will take their inhibitions into account when interpreting their behavior. Implications for understanding the link between attachment anxiety and loneliness and for designing social skills interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Sexual problems in chronic respiratory disease. Achieving and maintaining intimacy.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be linked to several types of sexual dysfunction, but presence of the disease does not preclude enjoyment of sexual activity. A thorough medical and biopsychosocial evaluation of the patient with sexual dysfunction will help the physician to ascertain the cause of dysfunction and to assess contributory physical and psychological factors. In addition to appropriate medical and psychiatric treatment, management should include patient education and supportive psychotherapy. Open communication between the physician, patient, and partner is essential to a successful outcome. The patient and partner may need to alter their attitudes and develop new approaches to sex. The primary care physician can serve as a source of reassurance, information, and recommendations to help the patient live a full life, including a satisfying sex life.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Recruitment of novel calcium-binding proteins for root nodule symbiosis in Medicago truncatula.

Legume rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation plays a critical role in sustainable nitrogen management in agriculture and in the Earth's nitrogen cycle. Signaling between rhizobia and legumes initiates development of a unique plant organ, the root nodule, where bacteria undergo endocytosis and become surrounded by a plant membrane to form a symbiosome. Between this membrane and the encased bacteria exists a matrix-filled space (the symbiosome space) that is thought to contain a mixture of plant- and bacteria-derived proteins. Maintenance of the symbiosis state requires continuous communication between the plant and bacterial partners. Here, we show in the model legume Medicago truncatula that a novel family of six calmodulin-like proteins (CaMLs), expressed specifically in root nodules, are localized within the symbiosome space. All six nodule-specific CaML genes are clustered in the M. truncatula genome, along with two other nodule-specific genes, nodulin-22 and nodulin-25. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis suggest that an unequal recombination event occurred between nodulin-25 and a nearby calmodulin, which gave rise to the first CaML, and the gene family evolved by tandem duplication and divergence. The data provide striking evidence for the recruitment of a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-binding gene for symbiotic purposes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Alcoholism and suicidal behavior: a clinical overview.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to provide a clinical review of the literature on the relation of alcoholism to suicidal behavior. METHOD: Studies of alcoholism and suicidal behavior available in MEDLINE, Institute for Scientific Information Databases (Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were identified and reviewed. RESULTS: Alcoholism is associated with a considerable risk of suicidal behavior. Individuals with alcoholism who attempt or complete suicide are characterized by major depressive episodes, stressful life events, particularly interpersonal difficulties, poor social support, living alone, high aggression/impulsivity, negative affect, hopelessness, severe alcoholism, comorbid substance, especially cocaine abuse, serious medical illness, suicidal communication, and prior suicidal behavior. Partner-relationship disruptions are strongly associated with suicidal behavior in individuals with alcoholism. CONCLUSION: All individuals with alcoholism should receive a suicide risk assessment based on known risk factors.

Acamprosate↗
PubMed1989

The ASHA national HIV education needs assessment of health and education professionals.

The self-reported HIV education needs of teachers, PTA presidents, school administrators, school nurses, school board members, school counselors, and physicians (N = 2,855) were investigated. Resources, policy, training, and knowledge needs were assessed. Greatest reported needs for HIV resources included books, pamphlets, journal articles, films, and videos. More than half the respondents needed information on how to promote school health education programs as well as information on how to coordinate school-based HIV education programs with community, health, religious, and youth agencies. Respondents also indicated a need for model HIV policies on confidentiality, grade level appropriate HIV education, attendance for infected staff and students, and handling blood or body fluids. Training needs included updates on homosexuality and bisexuality, sexually transmitted diseases, risk behaviors for HIV transmission, intravenous drug use, death and dying, safer sex practices, and communicating about HIV with a sexual partner. Knowledge about HIV generally was high, but gaps were apparent regarding effects of HIV on the brain, transmission issues, prevention practices, and HIV antibody testing. Eighty-seven percent believed school-based health education is effective in preventing the spread of HIV. Respondents felt primary responsibility for conducting HIV education should rest with teachers (36%), parents (27%), and school nurses (26%).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Contraception in teenagers.

Among countries of the 'developed world', the teenage birth rate in the UK is second only to that in the USA. The UK rate is nearly five times that in the Netherlands, over three times that in France and over twice that in Germany. For example, in the UK in 1998, there were 30.8 births per 1,000 15-19 year-olds. There is no single explanation for the high rate. It is probably due to a complex interaction between factors such as inadequate sex education; poor communication within families and with sexual partners; poor access to, and mistrust of, health services by young people (including specific concerns about confidentiality); risk-taking behaviour; and erratic use of contraception. With this in mind, here we explore how healthcare professionals can best deliver advice and help on contraception and related sexual health issues to teenagers.

Adolescent↗