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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Poultry immunogenetics: which way do we go?

A major goal in poultry immunogenetics is the enhancement of innate immunoresponsiveness and resistance to disease. This may be pursued by studying either single genes or polygenic traits. The MHC is perhaps the best-characterized family of host genes that modulates response to a variety of antigens and pathogenic challenges. The association of different MHC alleles with disease resistance has been known for decades. But only recently has analysis at the DNA level opened new avenues of understanding and new opportunities for application of genetic variation in the MHC with immunoresponsiveness. An alternate approach to molecular analysis is selection for a desired phenotype controlled by polygenes. Several studies have illustrated the successful alteration of immunoresponsiveness by genetic selection for antibody production. Recently, a selection program based upon multiple traits of immune response was conducted. Results of this project demonstrated that selection on multiple immune-response traits altered immunophysiology, MHC allelic frequencies, and disease resistance. Several areas for future pursuits in poultry immunogenetics research are proposed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogenes in a poultry processing plant.

The occurrence of Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 645 samples from surfaces, water, and poultry products (chicken carcasses, chicken parts, viscera, and spoils) in a poultry processing plant in southern Brazil. The automated mini-VIDAS system was used to detect the presence of Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes on the samples. The positive samples were confirmed by conventional methods. Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes were found in 16.6 and 35.6% of the analyzed samples, respectively. The sampling points with the highest Campylobacter incidence were intestine (63.3%, 19 of 30 samples), gallbladder (46.7%, 14 of 30), carcasses before evisceration (33.33%, 10 of 30), and carcasses after plucking (30%, 9 of 30). For L. monocytogenes, the majority of positive samples were from frozen breast (100%, 15 of 15 samples), frozen wing (93.3%, 14 of 15), fresh breast (83.3%, 25 of 30), fresh wing (80%, 24 of 30), skin of breast and leg (76.7%, 23 of 30), frozen leg (60%, 9 of 15), and fresh leg (50%, 15 of 30).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular characterization of Salmonella weltevreden isolated from poultry: evidence of conjugal transfer of plasmid and antibiotic resistance.

Ten strains of Salmonella weltevreden isolated from poultry sources were examined and found to contain plasmid DNA ranging in size from 1.8 to 68.5 MD. All isolates were susceptible to carbenicillin, cephalothin, ceftriazone, gentamicin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid, but resistance to bacitracin (100%), penicillin G (100%), rifampicin (100%), sulphamethoxazole (100%), cefuroxime (80%) and tetracycline (60%) was recorded. The 55 MD plasmid of strain SW5 determined resistance to penicillin G and tetracycline, which was transmissible to the E. coli K12 recipient at a frequency of 3.52 x 10(-5) transconjugants per input donor cell. The results of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), using two 10-mer oligonucleotides and PCR-ribotyping to differentiate between the ten strains of S. weltevreden were compared. The strains were separated into ten different genome types by AP-PCR but were indistinguishable by PCR-ribotyping. These results suggest that poultry may constitute a reservoir for disseminating antibiotic resistance and that AP-PCR may be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Animal welfare relevant issues during the killing of poultry during epidemics].

In this article firstly the standards of the killing methods of poultry because of animal diseases and the parameter for the choice of a method are described. The following part deals with the effects of the different killing methods. Finally the most important control points during the killing of poultry are discussed.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2005

Ornithonyssus (Acari: Macronyssidae) mite dermatitis in poultry field-workers in Almarg, Qalyobiya governorate.

Cutaneous manifestations of bird and rat mite infestation in man are not easily recognized by physicians or patients. Clinical signs and symptoms are developed secondary to bites of mites that have infested rats, domestic poultry or birds nesting in or near human habitation and comes into contact with man. This study details 4 cases of pruritic dermatitis developed in four field workers in poultry farms in Al-Marg district, Qalyobia governorate, Egypt. The zoonotic species of Ornithoyssus sp., (Family Macronyssidae) was isolated from all samples collected from patients' habitat and the role played by Ornithonyssus mites in causing dermatitis in man was discussed.

Acari↗
PubMed2006

Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus in live virus vaccines of poultry.

In vitro and in vivo assays have been used for the detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in live virus vaccines of poultry. The presence of REV is confirmed by the demonstration of viral antigen or provirus in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) or in specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with vaccine. Using REV polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, CEFs inoculated with vaccines can be examined for REV by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining methods. Cell lysates from such inoculated CEFs can also be used for detection of REV major group-specific antigen (p30) by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Detection of proviral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that amplifies the 291 base pairs product of REV LTR has been shown to be a sensitive and specific method for detection of various strains of REV in infected CEFs and in the blood of SPF chickens inoculated with contaminated fowlpox virus (FPV) vaccines. Recently, using PCR tests that amplify REV envelope and REV 3' LTR sequences provided a more accurate assessment of the insertion of REV provirus in FPV than PCR assays that amplify the REV 5' LTR. This paper reviews the most common methods used for testing live virus vaccines of poultry for contamination with REV.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Relationship between reproductive and productive performance in poultry flocks].

The author analyses the interrelationship between the hygienic prerequisites of reproduction and performance in poultry farming, with regard to their impact on human health. The main factors influencing the hatching rate of poultry eggs are reviewed along with their epizootiological and economic aspects, and the possibilities of the prevention of egg-transmitted diseases are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A preliminary note on the prevalence of infectious bursal disease of poultry in Cameroon.

The occurrence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in industrial poultry flocks in Cameroon was investigated by serological and virological techniques. Antibody to IBD virus was detected in 118 (33.9%) out of 348 serum samples collected in seven randomly selected areas. On the other hand, virological examination was performed on bursa of Fabricius samples obtained post-mortem from flocks in which there was a high mortality among young birds. This virological examination revealed the presence of IBD virus antigen. These observations confirm the occurrence of infectious bursal disease in Cameronian industrial poultry flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hazards in confinement housing--gases and dusts in confined animal houses for swine, poultry, horses and humans.

Indoor atmospheres in swine or poultry confinement buildings, horse stalls or human dwellings contain gases, dusts and endotoxin in concentrations significantly in excess of those in outdoor environments. Although concentrations of such constituents differ appreciably between species, many of such differences may be related to differences in indoor mass loading and ventilation, or to the homogeneity of such ventilation. The high protein content of these indoor dust particles suggest they are of animal origin. Their ability to form bacterial colonies and to form or bind endotoxin suggest that the smallest and most respirable particles were manure particles containing enteric bacteria and endotoxin. Respiratory disease in swine, poultry and horses and in the workers who care for them may be caused by increased levels of carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, or indoor dust particles from feed and manure. The stagnant air of a well-insulated building causes the most active individual to attract these stagnant pockets, while the tendency of young animals to seek warmth may lead to the formation of additional pockets. Increased ventilation is an expensive solution to the problems associated with indoor air pollution. However, more thorough mixing of indoor air may reduce the effects of these clouds of pollutants.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1990

[Molecular biologic methods for epidemiological precision characterization of disease agents using Salmonella enteritidis from poultry as an example].

The principles of molecular biological methods for epidemiological investigation of infectious bacteria are described. They were applied for differentiating S. enteritidis isolates originating from poultry. Among the methods described are the determination of the chromosomal DNA fingerprints (BRENDA), the methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, plasmid profiles, and the outer membrane protein as well as lipopolysaccharide pattern. It turned out, that S. enteritidis strains isolated before 1987, in 1988 and the ones originating from Great Britain did not differ in anyone of these criteria. Consequently one has to assume, that the strains recently causing problems originate from the population of S. enteritidis which had existed in poultry before.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Future applications of biotechnology in poultry.

The major biotechnological advances that can be applied in the poultry industry will include molecular genetics, molecular immunology, and solid-state reactions. The elucidation of the genetic code and the development of techniques to manipulate genes offer new opportunities for changing pathogenic agents and changing chickens to reduce the effect of disease and improve productivity. The monoclonal antibody technique and the discovery that cells of the immune response communicate with one another through peptide factors will permit improved diagnostic techniques and enhanced immune responses to vaccines. Immunologic and biochemical reactions that occur on a solid substrate can be used to simplify and accelerate diagnostic tests and to purify antigens and antibodies. These advances will lead to improvements in diagnosis, disease resistance, and productivity of poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Epizootiology of aegyptianellosis in poultry].

Epizootiologic studies were carried out on avian aegyptianellosis, especially with birds raised at poultry dressing combines and industrial poultry farms within the country. It was found that the mechanism of infection transmission was mediated not only by the role of Argas persicus ticks but also by bed bug insects of the Cimex genus, belonging to the Hemiptera order. Carriers of aegyptianellosis might also be migratory birds coming from tropical countries, such as swallows. It is concluded that avian aegyptianellosis can be referred to the group of the natural focal transmissive infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Use of allergological diagnosis in the elimination of tuberculosis from poultry kept in a small flock].

The use of intradermal tuberculinization during the sanitation of TBC-infected small flocks of poultry with the application of the elimination method depends on the extent to which the flock is infected. The results suggest that the elimination method can be recommended for practical use in cases of 5% to 10% incidence of reactions to avian tuberculin. Thorough sanitation of the environment after the elimination of the infected birds is an essential part of the elimination method. When the incidence of reagents to tuberculin was up to 5%, two thirds of the small flocks were successfully sanitated by the elimination of positive reagents in a single operation. In flocks with a positive-reaction incidence from 5.1 to 10%, the elimination method was successful in 84.7% of the treated stocks; in some cases the tuberculinization had to be repeated three times before an infection-free state was obtained. When the rate of positive reactions was above 20%, better results were obtained from a radical method based on the elimination of the poultry and sanitation of the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Treatment of bacterial infections in commercial poultry].

Several aspects of antibacterial drug therapy in poultry are reviewed and field as well as experimental findings are reported. The relatively very brief elimination half-life of antibacterial agents in poultry and the fact that the entire flock is treated orally during a short period accounts for the fact that a satisfactory therapeutic effect is only achieved in a limited number of systemic diseases. In view of the findings reported, a re-assessment of possibilities and limitations of antibacterial therapy in this field is recommended.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

[Control strategies against salmonella infections in poultry raising at the European Economic Community level--translation of the so-called Economic Community Zoonoses Guideline].

Since at the end of the eighties there were reports on an increased occurrence in Great Britain of salmonella enteritidis infections in human beings which were predominantly caused by raw egg dishes, the Commission of the EEC also started activities designed as a protection against such an obvious new dimension of salmonella infections. Mainly prompted by British activities, the Commission of the EEC elaborated a proposal for a Zoonosis Directive of the EEC. This proposal was intended to provide for the recording of data on specific zoonoses and their pathogenic agents--i.e. a monitoring--as well as for the measures to be introduced at Community level or in the member states. The Directive was adopted in the Council of Ministers of Agriculture on 17 December 1992 (Directive 92/117/EEC), it is to be translated by a poultry salmonella regulation of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry. It will provide for controls by the farm manager, for official controls as well as for official measures including f.i. a quarantine of the poultry stock and a killing of the fowl. Beginning in 1995, there will probably be reports on EEC measures in the feeding stuffs sector (microbiological controls) as well as on national hygiene measures in the fields of egg marketing, raw egg consumption in canteens and voluntary control in laying hen farms--in anticipation of an EEC regulation on these stocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The risk of transmission of salmonellae in poultry farming: detection and prevention in Europe].

While salmonellas can cause disease problems among poultry, they remain essentially a concern for public health, as a cause of outbreaks of food poisoning. The principal site of multiplication of these bacteria is the digestive tract, particularly the caecum, which may result in widespread contamination of the environment. The pathogenicity of salmonellas depends on the invasive properties and the ability of the bacteria to survive and multiply within cells, particularly macrophages. These properties are the source of vertical transmission which, in the case of survival of the embryo, can result in contamination of a flock or, in the case of embryonic mortality, can result in an explosion of contaminated eggs. Salmonella infection can be diagnosed by isolating the bacteria and/or serological testing of the flock. European Union Directive 92/117/EC, modified by Directive 97/22/EC, stipulates either the destruction of infected flocks of breeding birds, or decontamination of the flock in an effective way, before normal trade in products can be resumed. Noteworthy examples of effective measures suitable for prophylaxis of Salmonella infection in poultry flocks include the slaughter of infected breeding stock, the creation of sanitary barriers at building entrances, heat treatment of feed, the use of competitive exclusion, selection of breeds genetically resistant to Salmonella, and occasional vaccination and antibiotic treatment. However, the most effective means of reducing food poisoning remains adequate cooking of food and maintenance of the cold chain.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Current status on the laboratory diagnosis of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale "ORT" in poultry.

Respiratory disease conditions are one of the most serious groups of diseases affecting poultry. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale by has recently been recognized in many countries. Clinical signs and lesions are of little value in diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis must be substantiated by isolation and identification of the causative bacteria and/or detection of antibodies using serological examination. In the present paper a review on the current status of ORT laboratory diagnosis, results of serotyping of field isolates, serological surveillance in poultry flocks as well as the role of other avian pathogens in course of ORT infection will be given.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Metabolic insights and nutrition of poultry].

Excessive specialization and high production requirements place high demands on the metabolism of poultry. A number of metabolic problems, such as disturbances of energy metabolism (affecting mainly hens) and mineral balance (affecting mainly laying hens), affect performance. Nearly all these problems are multifactorial in nature, but diet, and in particular the interaction between diet and phenotype, plays an important role. The problem of ascites in broiler hens is discussed in relation to external and genetic causative factors. Genetic factors can be further subdivided into structural and functional causative factors. This distinction has important consequences. For example, sudden death syndrome can be distinguished as a separate entity. Fatty liver syndrome in laying hens, and gout and urolithiasis in chicks and hens are briefly discussed. Finally, some of the most important or most common skeletal problems affecting poultry, namely, tibial dyschondroplasia, battery fatigue, rickets, and chondrodystrophy, are briefly discussed in the context of the dietary factors that underlie these disorders or which can be used as treatment.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗