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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Performance of village pharmacies and patient compliance after implementation of essential drug programme in rural Burkina Faso.

After implementation of a nation-wide essential drug programme in Burkina Faso a prospective study was undertaken consisting of non-participant observation in the health centre and in the village pharmacy, and of household interviews with the patients. The study covered all general consultations in nine health centres in three districts over a two-week period as well as all client-vendor contacts in the corresponding village pharmacies; comprising 313 patients in consultations and 498 clients in eight village pharmacies with 12 vendors involved in dispensing 908 drugs. Additionally patients were interviewed in their households. Performance and utilization of the village pharmacy: 82.0% of the drugs prescribed in the health centres were actually dispensed at the village pharmacy, 5.9% of the drugs were not available at the village pharmacy. Wrong drugs were dispensed in 2.1% of cases. 41.3% of the drugs dispensed in the village pharmacy were bought without a prescription. Differences are seen between the district and are put in relation to different onset of the essential drug programme. Patient compliance: Patients could recall the correct dosage for 68.3% of the drugs. Drug taking compliance was 63.1%, derived from the pills remaining in the households. 11.5% of the drugs had obviously been taken incorrectly to such an extent that the occurrence of undesired drug effects was likely. The study demonstrates the success of the essential drug programme not only in performance but also in acceptability and utilization by the population.

Burkina Faso↗
PubMed2000

Syringe laws and pharmacy regulations are structural constraints on HIV prevention in the US.

OBJECTIVE: To review the legal and regulatory barriers that restrict pharmacy sales of syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) and to discuss how reducing these barriers can facilitate access to sterile syringes for IDUs and improve HIV prevention. BACKGROUND: IDUs' access to sterile syringes from community pharmacies in the United States is limited by state laws and regulations governing syringe sales. Restricted availability of sterile syringes from pharmacies is a structural barrier that greatly impedes HIV prevention for IDUs, who often share and reuse syringes because they cannot obtain and possess sterile syringes. These high-risk behaviors contribute to the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne pathogens among IDUs, their sexual partners, and their children. STATE EXPERIENCES: In Connecticut, because of high HIV prevalence among IDUs, restrictive syringe laws were changed. After the legal changes in Connecticut, both pharmacy sales of syringes in areas of high drug use and purchases of syringes in pharmacies (reported by IDUs) increased, while syringe sharing (reported by IDUs) decreased. Maine and Minnesota have made similar changes in laws. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing access to sterile syringes through pharmacies requires the repeal or modification of legal barriers. Pharmacy sale of syringes to IDUs is an inexpensive HIV prevention intervention with the potential to substantially reduce HIV transmission. Further studies are needed to document how changes to legal barriers can influence HIV prevention for IDUs.

Connecticut↗
PubMed2005

Predictive modeling of total healthcare costs using pharmacy claims data: a comparison of alternative econometric cost modeling techniques.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate several statistical modeling approaches in predicting prospective total annual health costs (medical plus pharmacy) of health plan participants using Pharmacy Health Dimensions (PHD), a pharmacy claims-based risk index. METHODS: We undertook a 2-year (baseline year/follow-up year) longitudinal analysis of integrated medical and pharmacy claims. Included were plan participants younger than 65 years of age with continuous medical and pharmacy coverage (n = 344,832). PHD drug categories, age, gender, and pharmacy costs were derived across the baseline year. Annual total health costs were calculated for each plan participant in follow-up year. Models examined included ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, log-transformed OLS regression with smearing estimator, and 3 two-part models using OLS regression, log-OLS regression with smearing estimator, and generalized linear modeling (GLM), respectively. A 10% random sample was withheld for model validation, which was assessed via adjusted r, mean absolute prediction error, specificity, and positive predictive value. RESULTS: Most PHD drug categories were significant independent predictors of total costs. Among models tested, the OLS model had the lowest mean absolute prediction error and highest adjusted r. The log-OLS and 2-part log-OLS models did not predict costs accurately as the result of issues of log-scale heteroscedasticity. The 2-part model using GLM had lower adjusted r but similar performance in other assessment measures compared with the OLS or 2-part OLS models. CONCLUSION: The PHD system derived solely from pharmacy claims data can be used to predict future total health costs. Using PHD with a simple OLS model may provide similar predictive accuracy in comparison to more advanced econometric models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Screening for sleep disorders in community pharmacies--evaluation of a campaign in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: In 2003 the Swiss federation of pharmacists organized a campaign "sleep disturbances--daytime sleepiness". The goal was to assist pharmacy clients in detecting likely causes of any sleep disturbance or daytime sleepiness through a free of charge screening, and to deliver targeted counselling. For pharmacy practice there are no screening or triage guidelines to assess the severity of sleep and wakefulness disturbances and potential causes for those disturbances. In this paper the outcome of the campaign in terms of feasibility, participation, observed response patterns, sale of over-the-counter (OTC) sleeping pills, and counselling activities is evaluated. METHODS: The Stanford sleep disorders questionnaire and the Epworth sleepiness scale served to identify patterns of symptoms suggestive of four major categories of sleep disorders. The questionnaires were posted on a web-site and the clients' data were entered online in the pharmacies. A report was automatically generated and immediately available online to the pharmacists. The pharmacists documented separately their counselling activities in a pharmacist's activity report. RESULTS: Six hundred and twenty-two (23%) of 2743 pharmacy clients had response patterns suggestive of obstructive sleep apnoea, 418 (15%) of restless-legs-syndrome, 39 (1%) of a sleep disorder potentially associated with a psychiatric condition and 79 (3%) of narcolepsy. An Epworth sleepiness score >10 points was found in 567 (21%). After screening, 2345 (86%) pharmacy clients received targeted counselling. Only 216 (8%) purchased an OTC sleeping pill and 704 (26%) were recommended to consult a physician, but of these, 446 (63%) were already under medical supervision. CONCLUSIONS: The online screening tool for sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness was successfully introduced in Swiss pharmacies. Pharmacies were able to assess the pattern of individual sleep disorders and to identify a possible cause in nearly one-third of the cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Long-term utility of measuring adherence by self-report compared with pharmacy record in a routine clinic setting.

OBJECTIVES: To compare long-term adherence to antiretroviral therapy in an HIV service, as measured by self-report and by pharmacy records. To determine the level of adherence by each measure required to suppress viral load in a majority of patients. METHODS: The percentage of prescribed doses taken was calculated from (a) the number of missed doses in the previous 28 days reported by patients in a questionnaire at each clinic visit, and (b) pharmacy dispensing records. These were compared with each other and with HIV viral load data. RESULTS: Mean adherence was 96.2% by pharmacy record over 44 months and 98.6% by self-report over 25 months. The two methods correlated with each other (P<0.001) and the proportion of patients with viral load <400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL increased with adherence as measured by self-report (P=0.001) and pharmacy record (P=0.004). Fewer than 60% of patients always had viral loads <400 copies/mL if adherence fell below 95% (pharmacy record) or 97% (self-report). Adherence was higher for once-daily than for twice-daily therapy (by pharmacy record: 97.2% vs. 96.0%; P<0.001). Adherence by both measures increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported antiretroviral adherence correlates with pharmacy dispensing records and predicts suppression of viral load at levels >or=97%. It is practical to adopt this into routine HIV clinical care.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1996

Role of community pharmacies in relation to HIV prevention and drug misuse: findings from the 1995 national survey in England and Wales.

OBJECTIVES: To establish activity levels of community (high street) pharmacies in the provision of HIV prevention services to drug misusers and to compare these findings with the levels identified in 1988. DESIGN: Self completion questionnaire (four mailings) to a random 1 in 4 sample of all community pharmacies, stratified by family health services authority. SETTING: England and Wales. SUBJECTS: Data provided by pharmacist in charge of the dispensary, on service provision at the pharmacy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quantitative reports of current activity levels for (a) dispensing of controlled drugs to drug misusers, (b) sale of needles and syringes, (c) needle and syringe exchange. RESULTS: 74.8% response rate (1984/2654). In 1995, 50.1% (992/1980) of pharmacies were dispensing controlled drugs (mostly methadone), compared with 23.0% (562/2457) in 1988; 34.5% (677/1962) of pharmacies were selling injecting equipment, compared with 28.0% (676/2434) in 1988; 18.9% (366/1937) were providing a needle exchange service, compared with 3.0% (65/2415) in 1988. CONCLUSION: Activity levels increased substantially across all three service areas. Increased activity included greater individual activity as well as higher proportions of pharmacies participating. The network of community pharmacies represents an underused point of contact for this Health of the Nation target population.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1994

Screening for coronary heart disease risk factors in retail pharmacies in Sheffield, 1992.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current and likely future provision of screening services for risk factors for coronary heart disease in retail pharmacies in Sheffield. DESIGN: This was a questionnaire survey asking about screening tests currently offered, price charged per test, likely future provision of screening tests, the action respondents would take upon finding an abnormal test result, whether the pharmacy was owner-run, franchised, or part of a commercial chain, and inviting open comments from respondents. SETTING: All retail pharmacy premises on the Sheffield Family Health Services Authority list. RESULTS: Seventy seven responses were obtained to 102 questionnaires distributed. Only nine of these currently offered any screening test other than pregnancy testing, although 37 indicated that they might offer tests in the future. Thirty nine were not offering screening and had no plans to do so. Pharmacies offering or likely to offer screening tests were mainly owner-run. All pharmacists who replied to the question asking about their action upon finding abnormal result (33) reported that they would advise the patient to see a doctor. The most frequent comments made by pharmacists were about the commercial viability of screening in pharmacies and the lack of space available to ensure patient privacy and confidentiality during screening. CONCLUSIONS: Screening in retail pharmacies would probably be a commercial failure unless doctors were able to contract for screening services from pharmacies. Evidence from this study and others, however, leads us to question the desirability of this option.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Clinical pharmacy education in new England: a report of the Whispering Pines Conference.

Clinical pharmacy practice as it relates to the future of the pharmacy profession has been examined at Hilton Head in 1985 and at regional conferences throughout the U.S. between 1986 and 1988. However, clinical pharmacy education and its role in the future of the profession had not been the focus of this type of "futuristic" conference. In 1988, the clinical pharmacy faculties from the four colleges of pharmacy in New England met to discuss the "Directions for Clinical Pharmacy Education in New England." Through a series of workshops, and stimulated by challenges from keynote speakers, the participants focused on the current status of clinical pharmacy education in New England, the barriers to change, and the strategies required to accomplish these changes. Consensus on prioritization of changes and their strategies was reached, and those that could be implemented in the near future were identified. Since the conference, changes have occurred and the professional networking that began at the conference has continued. This paper is a summary of the proceedings of this conference.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1993

Challenge to clinical pharmacy practice in Malaysia.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the current status and future trends of clinical pharmacy practice in Malaysia. DATA SOURCES: Published conference reports and journal articles. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on areas related to clinical pharmacy practice in Malaysian hospitals were gleaned from various publications. DATA SYNTHESIS: Malaysia is capable of implementing clinical pharmacy services in hospitals and perhaps also in the community setting. The important factors in clinically oriented pharmacy practice include improvement of the drug-control process, development of physical and human resources, clinical pharmacy skills, and the training of practicing pharmacists. A number of Malaysian pharmacists have already developed a unit-dose drug distribution system, patient counseling, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug information, and total parenteral nutrition services. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacy profession in Malaysia has many challenges ahead and it is hoped that every practicing pharmacist will be highly committed to future professional needs so that clinical pharmacy practice in Malaysia becomes a reality.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed2003

A survey on low-dose oral contraceptive transactions at pharmacies.

Low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999. However, few women use low-dose OCs (married 1.9%, unmarried 0.7%). A survey of pharmacies was conducted to determine the current status of OC transactions. Of the 449 pharmacies randomly selected from each prefecture in Japan, 408 agreed to be interviewed. The survey results indicated that few pharmacies (15.1% of the total) stocked low-dose OCs. Even among pharmacies where they were available, only a few (13.5%) offered a wide variety of low-dose OCs for immediate dispensing. The price of low-dose OCs varied widely (yen 1,167-yen 7,000). In many pharmacies, the amount of space and interior structure were not adequate for users to seek advice on and receive low-dose OCs. The survey revealed that the current environment of many pharmacies is not adequate for users to visit, consult on OC use, and receive their prescriptions. To promote wider use of low-dose OCs, the facilities of pharmacies as well as the behavior of pharmacists need to be improved to safeguard the privacy of users.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed2003

[Objective evaluation of clinical pharmacy lectures and experience in a master program using visual analog scale method].

We conducted an investigation to determine whether the visual analogue scale (VAS) method could be utilized in evaluating the lectures and pharmacy experience of the Division of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University. Graduate students who had finished the 1-year pharmacy experience at the Kanazawa University Hospital were asked to make a self-evaluation of the understanding/attainment of lectures and experience in the course. Since the experience was carried out as a one-student-to-one-pharmacist system, the preceptors (pharmacists) were also asked to evaluate their corresponding students. When evaluating the necessity of the lectures, students tended to feel that the medical science- or pharmacotherapy-related subjects were important and those of social sciences were less important. These results suggest the need to review the contents of the lectures to enhance the interests of the students in the latter. By comparing the extent of understanding of each lecture before and after pharmacy experience, it was found that students had a better understanding of the lectures through their experience. In most results from the answers in pharmacy experience, students also scored themselves higher than their preceptors. Therefore comparisons of evaluation may provide more objective results in pharmacy experience. It was demonstrated that utilization of the VAS method and comparing the data are very useful in evaluating not only students' understanding/attainment but also the importance and usefulness of lectures and pharmacy experience in an objective way.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Introduction and evaluation of a newly established holiday work system in the pharmacy ward at Municipal Ikeda Hospital.

At the Municipal Ikeda Hospital, a system in which pharmacists stationed in one ward pharmacy dispense drugs to be administered by injection and injectable preparations delivered to patients' bedsides was introduced in April 2000. This system was aimed at minimizing risks related to injections. Initially, however, on holidays, nurses played the roles of pharmacists in terms of the injections, and there were concerns over a possible rise in the incidence of errors (adverse events/near-misses) related to injections on these days compared with weekdays. Later, when planning to introduce a new holiday work system in the ward pharmacy, we took into account such factors as the number of pharmacists needed on holidays, their duties on holidays and the influence on weekday pharmacy activity of compensatory days-off taken by such pharmacists. In May 2004, the new holiday work system was introduced in the ward pharmacy. Under the new system, 5 pharmacists work at the ward pharmacy on holidays. After this system was put into operation, the number of injections dispensed at the ward pharmacy averaged 230 per day, and 177 per holiday. To evaluate the validity of this system, we recently conducted a questionnaire survey of nurses at our hospital. The survey involved 139 nurses. Of these nurses, 69.1% responded that the number of incidents (adverse events/near-misses) related to dispensing injections on holidays had decreased. Furthermore, 65.4% of the nurses reported a decrease in incidents related to the delivery and administration of injectable preparations. More than half of the nurses answered that the new system had made it easier for them to collect information on medicines and helped them provide better nursing services. When the nurses were asked to make a general assessment of the new system, 90% rated the system as "good." The results of this survey indicate that keeping the ward pharmacy open on holidays contributes to the promotion of the proper use of medicines, reduction of risks related to injections and improvement in the quality of medical care.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacy syringe sale practices during the first year of expanded syringe availability in New York City (2001-2002).

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To assess the role that customer characteristics, including race, age, and gender and pharmacy characteristics, including type and location, play on actual syringe-selling practice by pharmacies registered to sell syringes under the New York State Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program (ESAP). DESIGN: 89 syringe-purchasing visits were made in randomly selected ESAP-registered pharmacies, stratified by chain and independent status. SETTING: Visits were conducted in 14 New York City neighborhoods. Three neighborhoods (two with high need for human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] prevention services and one with low need) were selected in each of New York City's five boroughs (except Staten Island, where only two neighborhoods were visited, as only one exists with high need for HIV prevention services). PARTICIPANTS: Visits were conducted by syringe-purchasing testers with different demographic characteristics, including age (< or = 25 and > 25), race/ethnicity (white, black, Latino), and gender (men, women). RESULTS: Testers were able to purchase syringes in 69% of visits. Tester race, age, and gender did not significantly affect sales of syringe-selling practices. Location of pharmacy was statistically significant, with only 33% of the registered pharmacies selling syringes in the Bronx, but 67% to 89% selling in other four boroughs. CONCLUSIONS: ESAP has been widely implemented among registered pharmacies in four of New York City's five boroughs. The program's effectiveness could be enhanced through pharmacy-based efforts focused broadly on the ESAP goal of preventing the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne infections among injection drug users.

HIV Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The 2001 National Pharmacy Consumer Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the types of pharmacy services used by consumers, to determine what sources they accessed for information on health and prescription drugs, and to assess their satisfaction with these information sources. DESIGN: Telephone survey. SETTING: Households. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 1,201 consumers who reported having used the Internet during the previous 2 months and having filled at least one prescription within the past 6 months. RESULTS: Convenience continues to be the primary patronage motive for using a particular pharmacy, followed by price and service. Satisfaction with pharmacy services remains high, with 85% of respondents reporting being satisfied with the process of filling a new prescription and 90% being satisfied with the refill process. Exploratory analyses showed that respondents who reported they always asked questions of their pharmacists were consistently more satisfied with pharmacy services. Consumers ranked physicians and pharmacists as the first and second most important sources for drug information, and they were more satisfied with information obtained from these sources than they were with information obtained from print or electronic information sources. Thirty-six percent of respondents had searched the Internet for information on prescription medications within the past year. CONCLUSION: Convenience is still the primary determinant of pharmacy selection, and most consumers continue to use a single pharmacy. Exploratory analysis suggests a direct association between active information seeking from the pharmacist and consumers' satisfaction with pharmacy services.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

National observational study of prescription dispensing accuracy and safety in 50 pharmacies.

OBJECTIVES: To measure dispensing accuracy rates in 50 pharmacies located in 6 cities across the United States and describe the nature and frequency of the errors detected. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTINGS: Chain, independent, and health-system pharmacies (located in hospitals or managed care organizations). PARTICIPANTS: Pharmacy staff at randomly selected pharmacies in each city who accepted an invitation to participate. INTERVENTION: Observation by a pharmacist in each pharmacy for 1 day, with a goal of inspecting 100 prescriptions for dispensing errors (defined as any deviation from the prescriber's order). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Dispensing errors on new and refill prescriptions. RESULTS: Data were collected between July 2000 and April 2001. The overall dispensing accuracy rate was 98.3% (77 errors among 4,481 prescriptions; range, 87.2%-100.0%; 95.0% confidence interval, +/- 0.4%). Accuracy rates did not differ significantly by pharmacy type or city. Of the 77 identified errors, 5 (6.5%) were judged to be clinically important. CONCLUSION: Dispensing errors are a problem on a national level, at a rate of about 4 errors per day in a pharmacy filling 250 prescriptions daily. An estimated 51.5 million errors occur during the filling of 3 billion prescriptions each year.

Drug Labeling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of written prescription information provided in community pharmacies: a study in eight states.

OBJECTIVES: To develop three tools for assessing the quality of written information provided with new prescriptions in community pharmacies and to identify pharmacy, pharmacist, and patient characteristics associated with the dissemination and quality of that information. DESIGN: Observational study. Regression techniques were used to analyze the influence of pharmacy, pharmacist, and shopper (acting as patient) characteristics on outcome measures. PARTICIPANTS: Trained shoppers (acting as patients) visited 306 randomly selected pharmacies in 8 states. Each shopper presented three prescriptions, answered questions according to a standard scenario, accepted the information offered, and paid for the prescriptions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of shoppers receiving any written information; quality of written information as judged by an expert panel using explicit criteria. RESULTS: Shoppers received an information leaflet with 87% of the 918 prescriptions dispensed. Although most leaflets provided unbiased information, leaflet length and quality of information varied greatly. A majority of leaflets did not include adequate information about contraindications, precautions, and how to avoid harm. Shoppers were more likely to receive leaflets in chain pharmacies and pharmacies with more staff. Information quality also was higher in chain pharmacies. Shopper and pharmacist demographic characteristics were unrelated to the level or quality of written information after controlling for other factors. CONCLUSION: The provision of patient leaflets is becoming a routine practice in the states studied. However, most leaflets do not meet quality criteria. It is important for pharmacists to become familiar with criteria for evaluating these leaflets and to take necessary action to improve their quality.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacy executives: leadership issues and associated skills, knowledge, and abilities in the U.S. Department of Defense.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the issues or problems that current and aspiring U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) pharmacy executives will face in the future and to define the skills, knowledge, and abilities (SKAs) required to successfully address these issues. DESIGN: Delphi method for executive decision making. SETTING: DoD. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-three pharmacists serving in the military grades of lieutenant colonel/commander and colonel/captain, as well as pharmacists selected for promotion to those grades. INTERVENTIONS: iterations of the Delphi method for executive decision making separated by an expert panel content analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Round 1--participants identified five major issues believed to be of greatest importance to pharmacy executives and reported specific SKAs that might be needed to successfully manage those issues. An expert panel sorted these issues into meaningful domains, then provided an appropriate title for each domain. Round 2--on a 7-point scale, respondents rated the SKA items according to their assessment of how much a future DoD pharmacy executive would need each SKA. RESULTS: Response rates were 44.1% and 46.2% for Delphi rounds 1 and 2, respectively. The first round generated 62 unique issues facing pharmacy executives. The expert panel reviewed and sorted the issues into eight domains and selected an appropriate title for each domain. The domains identified by the panel were human resources, pharmacy operations/business practices, information management and technology, financial resources, formulary management, drug therapy management, pharmacy benefit management, and leadership. During round 2, 73.3% of the top 15 rated SKAs came from the drug therapy management, leadership, and formulary management domains. The three highest-rated SKAs were "ability to see the big picture," "ability to build strong relations with medical staffs," and "skills in both writing and verbal communication." CONCLUSION: The issues facing future DoD pharmacy executives will require them to expand their clinical abilities as well as their ability to collaborate and communicate with other professionals.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmaceutical care leadership: an innovative pharmacy practice residency model.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the establishment of the Pharmaceutical Care Leadership Residency Program (PCLRP), a residency experience that prepares graduates to take responsibility for leading practice change in pharmacy. SETTING: University-based residency program focused on delivery of pharmaceutical care in ambulatory care settings. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION AND INNOVATION: Currently, ambulatory care pharmacy practice is in a position analogous to that of institutional-based clinical pharmacy in the 1960s and 1970s in that practice in this arena is not well established and tremendous opportunity for growth exists. Just as early residency programs in the institutional environment specifically emphasized the development of leaders who would advance clinical pharmacy, residencies in the ambulatory setting could now do much to further pharmaceutical care practice. The 24-month PCLRP experience combines elements of a traditional pharmacy practice residency with specific leadership development activities designed to help residents develop the skills required for establishing influence, practice-based leadership, leadership through teaching, and professional advocacy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Individuals completing this program will possess a complement of skills and experience not often found in new pharmacy practitioners. They will be prepared to pursue a variety of career paths that focus on advancement of pharmaceutical care practice. RESULTS: Program graduates report feeling better prepared and more confident in their ability to accept responsibility for leading practice change. They have also been successful in establishing new pharmaceutical care practices during the residency experience. CONCLUSION: The success of pharmacy's professional transformation is dependent on the profession's ability to help individuals develop the knowledge, skills, and values required to lead this initiative. The residency program meets this challenge by placing a unique emphasis on developing leadership skills as they relate to establishing influence, pharmaceutical care practice development, teaching, and professional advocacy.

Ambulatory Care↗