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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Tissue response to polyglycolide, polydioxanone, polylevolactide, and metallic pins in cancellous bone: An experimental study on rabbits.

The purpose of this study was to investigate, qualitatively and histoquantitatively, the tissue response of rabbit femur cancellous bone to polyglycolide (PGA), polydioxanone (PDS), polylevolactide (PLLA), and stainless steel pins under identical conditions. Eighty knees in 50 rabbits were operated on by inserting bioabsorbable pins (PGA, PDS, or PLLA) together with metallic Kirschner wire in 60, and two metallic Kirschner wires alone in 20 knees, while 20 knees served as intact controls. Follow-up times were 3, 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. Cancellous bone tissue response to implants was studied using histological, histomorphometrical, microradiographical, and oxytetracycline fluorescence methods. Residual fragments of PGA and PDS were seen at 24 weeks. Complete degradation of these polymers had taken place before 52 weeks. No signs of degradation of the PLLA pins were observed within the entire follow-up period. The osteoid formation surfaces at tissue implant-interface were statistically larger in all test groups as compared to intact controls. The number of macrophages at tissue implant-interfaces increased in all bioabsorbable implant specimens until 6 weeks, and with PGA until 12 weeks. No differences in the osseous response emerged when comparing groups of bioabsorbable implants with each other or with stainless steel group. Bioabsorbable pins and metallic Kirschner wires evoked an osteoconductive response in the cancellous bone surrounding implant, but the response intensity between implants displayed no differences. This suggests a simple, nonspecific walling-off new-bone front type of response. Consequently, the polymers possessed no specific osteostimulatory or osteoinhibitory properties. Within the follow-up, no significant differences in biocompatibility between the implants appeared, and no frank inflammatory foreign-body reactions occurred. The small-volume pins obviously did not exceed the local tissue tolerance and clearing capacity of the bone.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1995

Breast cancer complicated by pleural effusion: patient characteristics and results of surgical management.

To evaluate the efficiency of pleurodesis (PD) in the management of symptomatic malignant pleural effusion (PE) in breast cancer, we reviewed 46 patients undergoing 49 PDs. When radiotherapy was part of the initial treatment, 41% of PEs were ipsilateral to the primary, if not, 85% of PEs were ipsilateral (P < 0.0075). Six percent of patients presented dyspneic with exertion, 32% during daily routine; 61% at rest. All except 1 were improved after PD; 74% had no dyspnea, 23% had exertional dyspnea. PD relieved chest pain in 4 and cough in 5 patients. With 31 Talc/Iodine PDs, 2 mortalities and 2 minor complications occurred. Of 17 tetracycline PDs, 1 was complicated by bronchopleural fistula and 1 failed. 1 Mustine PD was uncomplicated. Survival at 6, 12, and 24 months was 58%, 40%, and 13%, respectively. Primary local radiotherapy may prevent ipsilateral PE. Talc/Iodine and tetracycline PD reliably provide relief from the distressing symptoms of malignant PE.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Assessing fear of falling: Can a short version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale be useful?

We present the process of further validation of the 16-item Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC-16) and a short version (ABC-6) derived by us, to assess balance confidence and fear of falling (FOF). The ABC-16 was administrated to three groups who were anticipated to have a range of balance confidence: 70 patients with higher level gait disorders (HLGDs), 68 healthy controls, and 19 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Item reduction was based on identifying items with the lowest scores (high FOF) among the patients. Internal consistency and discriminative validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and logistic regression, respectively. The intraclass correlation (ICC) between the short and long versions was assessed using a mixed model approach, accounting for the difference between the scores of the two versions. Six items were found to reflect the most frightening conditions, especially in the patient groups, and to form the short version (ABC-6). Internal consistency of the ABC-16 and ABC-6 were high in the three groups: Cronbach's alpha was between 0.83 and 0.91 and 0.81 and 0.90, respectively. Compared to the control group, the sensitivity of the ABC-16 was 96% for identification of patients with HLGDs (greatest FOF) and 58% for identification of PDs (moderate FOF), based only on the ABC scores. Similar values were obtained for the short version, i.e., 91% for HLGDs and 53% for PDs. ICCs between the short and the long versions was 0.88 (HLGDs), 0.83 (PDs), and 0.78 (Controls). To conclude, the short version of the ABC has properties analogous to the parent questionnaire and is apparently useful in assessing FOF.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1993

Variability and interrelationships of surface EMG parameters during local muscle fatigue.

The inter- and intraindividual variability of the frequency power density spectral and surface EMG amplitude parameters and of the muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) is studied in 26 healthy volunteers during fatiguing isometric ischemic intermittent exercise of the m. biceps brachii at 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction level, with a contraction rate of 30/min. No significant age effects were found. Males were significantly stronger compared with females. The higher initial SEMG amplitude and the stronger shift of the frequency power density spectrum (PDS) to lower frequencies appear to be significantly correlated with males. Fatigue induces an almost proportional compression of the SEMG frequency content. The muscle fiber conduction velocity has the highest intraindividual reproducibility (r = 0.81). Despite the definite and strong influence of the MFCV on the PDS, the shift of the PDS can not be explained by a change of MFCV alone.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Nonconvulsive Seizures Result in Behavioral but Not Electrophysiological Changes in Developing Rats.

It is not known if nonconvulsive seizures lead to functional or morphological changes in immature rats. Therefore we studied consequences of such seizures induced by kainic acid (KA) on Postnatal Day (PD) 12 (2 mg/kg ip). The animals were examined electrophysiologically (cortical epileptic afterdischarges (ADs) were elicited in rats with implanted electrodes on PD 14, 18 or 25) and behaviorally (open field was studied in another group of animals on PDs 18 and 25). Hippocampal and cortical morphology was checked by light microscopy (Nissl staining) on PDs 18 and/or 25. Another group of rats was injected with a 6 mg/kg dose of KA on PD 18 and examined on PD 25. The dose of KA used induced only nonconvulsive seizures characterized by automatisms (scratching on PD 12, wet dog shakes on PD 18). Cortical ADs in animals stimulated on PD 14, 18, or 25 did not differ from those in control rats. KA-Treated rats exposed to open field two times (on PDs 18 and 25) exhibited more exploratory activities during the second exposure than control animals. A similar difference was noted in PD 25 rats injected with KA on PD 18. Qualitative histology did not reveal any obvious neuronal damage in hippocampus and cortex. These results demonstrate that nonconvulsive seizures induced at early developmental stages that do not result in observable electrophysiological and morphological changes may have delayed behavioral consequences.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Phytoene desaturase: heterologous expression in an active state, purification, and biochemical properties.

Conditions were developed for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of the membrane-bound cyanobacterial/plant-type phytoene desaturase (PDS) from Synechococcus in an active form. Decrease of growth temperature for the transformant to 28 degrees C resulted in an increase of proteins in a supernatant fraction obtained after pressure disruption (20 MPa) of cells and centrifugation. This supernatant in which the highest PDS activity was found was used for purification to a homogeneous protein by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE chromatography. The purified PDS was employed to determine substrate specificity and cofactor requirement. Substrates in addition to phytoene were phytofluene and 1,2-epoxy phytoene which were converted to zeta-carotene and the corresponding 1,2-epoxide. The reaction was stimulated by NAD, NADP, and oxygen. The K(m) values determined for phytoene and NADP were 3.5 microM and 14.3 mM, respectively.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1991

The molecular basis of resistance to the herbicide norflurazon.

We have cloned and sequenced a gene, pds, from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 that is responsible for resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. A point mutation in that gene, leading to an amino acid substitution from valine to glycine in its polypeptide product, was found to confer this resistance. Previous studies with herbicide-resistant mutants have indicated that this gene encodes phytoene desaturase (PDS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. A short amino acid sequence that is homologous to conserved motifs in the binding sites for NAD(H) and NADP(H) was identified in PDS, suggesting the involvement of these dinucleotides as cofactors in phytoene desaturation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

A new quantitative method for the analysis of cardiac perfusion tomography (SPET): validation in post-infarct patients treated with thrombolytic therapy.

In this study a new method for assessment of perfusion defects (PDs) derived from myocardial perfusion tomograms was evaluated in patients treated with thrombolytic therapy. Using global constraints and dynamic programming, a model-based delineation algorithm defined myocardial borders, the basal plane and absolute and relative PD size in 49 thallium-201 chloride (201TL CL) and 60 technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) tomograms. Tomographic (single-photon emission tomography: SPET) and planar quantification of PDs was compared to enzymatic infarct size as well as to global (LVEF) and regional ventricular function (RWM) obtained by contrast angiography. The algorithm delineated the myocardium and the valve plane in most cases, even when large PDs were present. Manual correction of the automatic delineation of the basal plane was necessary in less than 20% of the studies. Using 201Tl Cl, LVEF correlated better with tomographic PD (r = -0.67) than with planar PD (r = -0.54). Comparing planar to tomographic imaging using 99mTc-MIBI, a higher correlation with enzymatic infarct size (r = 0.73 vs 0.57) and with global ventricular function (r = 0.64 vs -0.52) was found when tomographic techniques were used. No close correlation between PD and RWM was found. The beneficial effect of thrombolysis was shown by a significant difference of PD in patients with open versus occluded infarct-related vessels. It can be concluded that this new automated algorithm for quantification of SPET perfusion defect size provides a useful tool in evaluating thrombolytic therapy.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1982

Fine structure of arterial smooth muscle cells cultured in the presence of whole blood serum or plasma-derived serum.

Normal diploid cells require serum to proliferate in culture. Platelet-derived growth factor has been identified as the main serum component responsible for this effect. Here, smooth muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from the aorta of 5-day-old rats and cultured in the presence of 10% whole blood serum (WBS) or plasma-derived serum (PDS), i.e. with or without platelet factor, and studied by transmission electron microscopy. The cells proliferated actively in WBS-medium but remained quiescent in PDS-medium. Fine structurally, cells from WBS-cultures demonstrated numerous mitochondria, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a large Golgi complex, a few lysosomes, and microfilaments arranged in parallel bundles. After transfer to PDS-medium, the RER- and Golgi cisternae were markedly dilated and the number of membrane-associated ribosomes decreased. Segregation of fragments of cytoplasm within autophagosomes was frequently observed and the number of lysosomes increased. Lipid droplets were more abundant and often gathered in the Golgi area. Moreover, the cells had become more irregular in shape and showed many bleb-like processes at their surface. Microfilament bundles had also become more prominent and crossed each other in different directions. These observations show that the removal of platelet factor from the medium clearly modifies the fine structure of cultured smooth muscle cells. The findings are in good agreement with the concept that platelet factor not only supports the proliferation of cultured cells but also stimulates their secretory activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Accuracy and precision of quantitative arteriography in the evaluation of coronary artery disease after coronary bypass surgery. A validation study.

Computer-assisted quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) has gained widespread acceptance in assessing changes in coronary dimensions over time, but little is known about the utility of QCA in patients having undergone coronary bypass surgery. As a validation study, we analyzed the accuracy and precision of QCA in a subset of the baseline angiograms of a clinical trial in 395 post-bypass men with low HDL cholesterol concentrations who have been randomized to receive double-blind gemfibrozil or placebo for 2 1/2 years. Based on repeat measurements of the same cineframe, the average diameter of a segment (ADS) had a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.1%. The mean CVs of the minimum luminal diameter (MLD), percent diameter stenosis (PDS) and stenotic flow reserve of an obstruction were 8.6, 10.2 and 9.8%, respectively, but the area of the atherosclerotic plaque had an unacceptably high CV, 24.0%. When the measurements from two contrast injections into a native coronary artery during the same angiographic session were compared, precision (standard deviation of the differences) was 0.198 mm for ADS, 0.192 mm for MLD, and 7.37% for PDS. Variability was not substantially reduced when measurements from 3 or 5 consecutive cineframes were averaged. Comparable repeatability was found when venous bypass grafts were imaged twice, whether the grafts themselves or the grafted native vessels were analyzed. We conclude that QCA has an acceptable accuracy and precision in analyzing coronary dimensions in bypass-grafted patients. A change of 0.40 mm in ADS and MLD, and 20% in PDS represent true progression or regression of coronary atherosclerosis with more than 95% confidence.

Cholesterol, HDL↗
PubMed2001

The Comparison between Self-Expanding and Balloon Expandable Stent Results in Left Anterior Descending Artery.

The first Wallstent results had high thrombosis and death. It was reported that the left anterior descending (LAD) artery was the vessel implicated in major complications that occurred in patients who received a Wallstent. Subsequently, Wallstent applications were refrained from with LAD lesions. However, the promising results of second-generation self-expanding Magic Wallstent implantation have been reported recently. The purpose of this study is to assess the immediate and intermediate clinical outcomes of patients undergoing self-expanding Magic Wallstent implantation at the LAD site and to compare those outcomes with those of a similar group of patients undergoing balloon expandable stenting at the same site. Between 1995 and 1999, 255 consecutive patients underwent LAD stenting at our center. The study population was divided into two groups based on the mode of delivery (self-expanding versus balloon-expandable) of stent design. Group I included 97 patients in whom self-expanding Magic Wallstents were implanted. Group II included 158 patients in whom various types of balloon-expandable stents were implanted. Procedural success was defined as successful deployment of the stent in the absence of adverse cardiac events (death, acute myocardial infarction, emergency coronary bypass surgery). Clinical success was defined as the absence of adverse cardiac events (death, acute myocardial infarction, emergency coronary bypass surgery, repeat balloon angioplasty) within the first two weeks. The mean follow-up period was 8 +/- 5.3 months for Group I and 9.8 +/- 7.5 months for Group II. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Fourteen patients in Group I and 22 patients in Group II had bailout procedures. The number of patients with reference vessel diameter less than 3 mm was 37 in Group I and 60 in Group II. The stent length was greater in Group I than in Group II (p = 0.0003). In Group I, stenting improved minimal lumen diameter (MLD) from 0.65 +/- 0.4 mm to 2.35 +/- 0.4 and percent diameter stenosis (PDS) from 76.24 +/- 17.3 to 22.78 +/- 13.6. In Group II, stenting improved MLD from 0.73 +/- 0.4 mm to 2.49 +/- 0.5 and PDS from 76.71 +/- 15.5 to 18.99 +/- 9.6. Final MLD and final PDS improved more in Group II than Group I. Stent could not be delivered in three patients in Group I and nine in Group II. In Group II, six stents were dislocated from its delivery system. Procedural and clinical success and subacute stent thrombosis rates were 93.8%, 85.6%, and 7.2% in Group I, and 93%, 86.7%, and 5.1% in Group II, respectively. Within the first two weeks, death occurred in one patient in each group, acute myocardial infarction in four (Group I) and two (Group II) patients; coronary bypass surgery in three (Group I) and five (Group II) patients, and balloon angioplasty in two (Group I) and four (Group II) patients, respectively. In Group I, following the first two weeks, no patients died, two patients had nonfatal myocardial infarction, and coronary bypass surgery and target vessel repeat balloon angioplasty was required in five and ten patients, respectively. In Group II, one patient died in the follow-up period, there was no nonfatal myocardial infarction, and bypass surgery and target vessel repeat balloon angioplasties were required in three and eleven patients, respectively. None of these differences in clinical events was statically significant. We found that self-expanding Magic Wallstent implantation can be performed in LAD lesions and was associated with a rate of early clinical results and intermediate term clinical results similar to that of balloon-expandable stents in LAD arteries. In conclusion, the Magic Wallstent may confidently be used for LAD lesions. </hea

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Distribution and localization of cells and collagens in the proliferated intima of arterially implanted autovein grafts.

We examined the microscopic features and distribution of collagens in the hyperplastic intima of arterially implanted autovein bypass grafts under conditions of a reduced blood flow with a poor distal outflow. Vascular anastomosis was made using 7-0 nonabsorbable polypropylene sutures (PP group), or absorbable polydioxanone sutures (PDS group). On the contralateral limb, an autovein bypass graft was performed under normal flow conditions (NF group). The thickness of the intima in the NF group was approximately 50 microm throughout the duration of the study, while in the PP and PDS groups, intimal hyperplasia progressed to 290+/-112 microm and 267+/-123 microm, respectively, at 13 months after grafting. Collagen accumulated significantly in both the PP and PDS groups; types IV and V collagen in particular increased considerably in the deep layer. Regardless of the suture materials, the progression of intimal hyperplasia was considered to be closely related to the poor distal outflow to be and caused by the proliferation of myofibroblasts and active production of collagen. The increase in types IV and V collagen, particularly in the deep layer of the hyperplastic intima, was due to development of numerous vasa vasora in this region.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1991

[Comparative study of various stabilization procedures in dislocation of the pelvic half joint].

Our experimental studies show that the most rigid methods of osteosynthesis were tested in the groups D, E and F. The operation methods in groups B and C with screw-arthrodeses of the sacro-iliac joint show the greatest load difference, but could not be evaluated statistically. Group A using the tension-wire-banding and group G with our PDS-banding have nearly as good results as the rigid fixation methods. From the biomechanical point of view we find the PDS-banding useful in the treatment of the ruptures of pelvic half-joints. Finally, after using the PDS-technique, the frequently very difficult removal of osteosynthesis material is unnecessary.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

The restoration of the functions of serially passaged calf hepatocytes by spheroid formation.

A serial cultivation system of hepatocytes was established for the first time using calf liver as a cell source and, repeating passage of more than 30 cumulative population doublings (PDs), was obtained in the presence of long-acting ascorbic acid derivative (L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate) and epidermal growth factor. The complete purification of hepatocytes was achieved by repeating ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment, by which hepatocytes were easily detached from the culture dish, leaving most of the nonparenchymal cells on the dish. As the population cumulatively doubled, the cell density and albumin-synthesizing ability decreased gradually, and doubling time has exceeded 120 h at about 30 cumulative PDs. In serially passaged cells, the hepatocyte-specific histochemical and biochemical markers-including glucose-6-phosphatase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and ammonia-metabolizing activities-have been lost after 20 cumulative PDs. However, when these passaged cells were allowed to form spheroids, the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of hepatocytes have rapidly been restored to levels comparable to those in younger generations. Because no extrinsic factor was needed for this restoration, three-dimensional cell-cell interaction would be indispensable for the differentiation of the hepatocytes. The routine serial cultivation of hepatocytes and their redifferentiation by spheroid formation will be useful for studying metabolism, gene regulation, and transplantation of hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of Weikangfu granule on the physiopathologic figure of precancerosis of gastric mucosa in patients of chronic gastritis with Pi-deficiency syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To study the physiopathologic basis of Weikangfu Granule (WKFG) in treating precancerosis of gastric mucosa in patients of chronic gastritis with Pi-deficiency syndrome (CG-PDS). METHODS: One hundred and fifteen patients of CG-PDS who suffered from intestinal metaplasia (IM) and atypical hyperplasia (ATHP) of gastric mucosa, were divided into two groups. The treated group (n = 61) was treated by WKFG with its ingredients modified according to the syndrome type of patients. The control group (n = 54) was treated with Weishu granule. The histopathological and subcellular ultrastructural changes were detected by optical microscope, screening electronic microscope, transmission electronic microscope and histochemical staining; the nuclear and mitochondrial ultrastructure of gastric mucosa were analyzed with energy dispersion X-ray analyser and image analysis system. And the changes of cAMP, lipid peroxide (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) before and after treatment in the treated group were measured and compared with those of the health control group consisting of 15 volunteers. RESULTS: The symptomatic and pathological therapeutic effect in the treated group were significantly superior to those in the control group (P < 0.05). The contents of Zn, Cu, cAMP, SOD and (3)H-TdR LCT in gastric mucosa of the treated group before treatment were all lower than those of the healthy control group, yet all these indexes markedly increased after treatment, while serum LPO level, which increased before treatment was lowered after treatment. All the changes showed statistical significance (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: WKFG can reverse IM and ATHP in patients of CG-PDS, and the effect may be realized by way of increasing the level of Zn, Cu, cAMP and SOD in gastric mucosa, promoting cell differentiation, enhancing cellular immunity and reducing oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Healing process of cartilage attached to a polydioxanone implant].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To correct severe septal deformities, it is often necessary to perform an extracorporal septoplasty with temporary removal of the deviated septal cartilage, followed by straightening and reimplantation into the nose as free graft. The utilization of a compound graft, which sutures the cartilage fragments to a resorbable polydioxanon (PDS) foil, facilitates this technique immediately while simultaneously ensuring support of the nasal dorsum. PATIENTS/METHODS: On account of the good clinical experiences (during the past 3 years 71 patients have been treated using this method), we investigated the biological properties of the foil and its degradation products in connection with cartilage in an animal model from a histological point of view. In five rabbits, a 0.15-mm-thick PDS foil was implanted in combination with the cartilage into the outer ear. The follow-up period was between 2 and 25 weeks. RESULTS: The results showed the following: (1) Up to the tenth week, the foil maintains the original structure; (2) The foil will be completely resorbed after 25 weeks; (3) The cartilage underneath the foil is protected from necrosis; (4) The degradation products of the polydioxanon do not interfere with the healing process; (5) Concerning the regeneration of cartilage, the foil acts as a guarding splint; (6) After resorption, almost no scar tissue remains. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the fact that the PDS foil endonasal implant means no additional risk to the patient, we can recommend the compound graft for simplification of extracorporal septoplasty.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Technique of finger arthrodesis by dorsal thread tension band fixation. Comparing biomechanical investigations].

Dorsal tension band fixation is a wide-spread technique of finger arthrodesis. When using a resorbable PDS-suture as tension band fixation a costly implant removal is not needed. Aim of this study is the investigation of the primary stability of this technique in combination with the cup-in-cone-procedure. Freeze-preserved fingers with thread tension band fixation using the PDS-material (series 1), the same fixating method on formaldehyde preserved fingers (series 3), freeze-preserved fingers with a standard tension band fixating (wire loop, series 2) are load in a four-point-bending in the direction of palmarflexion. From 6 degrees onwards the wire-tension-system requires a higher torque for bending, but in case of higher torque frequently leads to fracture. The examination shows that the thread-tension-band method by PDS-loop for the stabilisation of finger joint arthrodesis has a sufficient initial stability against bending forces.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Personality disorders in the community: a report from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.

BACKGROUND: The first set of aims of the present study was to determine the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in a nation, and gender differences in the types and numbers of PDs endorsed. The second set of aims was to establish the relationship of PD to other, non-PD disorders, physical conditions, and disability. METHOD: Data were obtained from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, conducted between May and August 1997. A stratified random sample of households was generated, from which all those aged 18 or over were considered potential interviewees. There were 10,641 respondents to the survey, and this represented a response rate of 78%. Each interviewee was asked 59 questions indexing specific ICD-10 PD criteria. RESULTS: Of the total survey sample, 704 persons had at least one PD. Using weighted replicate weights, it was estimated that approximately 6.5% of the adult population of Australia have one or more PDs (lifetime prevalence). Persons with PD were more likely to be younger, male, and not married, and to have an anxiety disorder, an affective disorder, a substance use disorder, or a physical condition. They were also more likely to have greater disability than those without PD. CONCLUSION: The study is the first nationwide survey of mental disorders conducted within Australia. It provides an estimate of the prevalence of the various types of PD. The survey has considerable limitations, however, and these are discussed.

Adult↗