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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The relationship between bite depth and incisor angular change.

A geometric, two-dimensional model was developed, which estimates the effect of changing incisal angular position to the effective bite depth. Because of the constant lengths of incisors whose long axes can be viewed as the sides of a triangle, it is possible to calculate the amount of their overlap as a function of changing angle. Additionally, a distinction is made between controlled and uncontrolled tipping, defined in respect to their centers of rotation. It is suggested that an average of 0.1 to 0.2 millimeter change in overbite occurs for every degree of incisal angular change.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion.

The purpose of this study was to explore the possible significant sex difference in occlusion, provide information about the occlusal variation among Egyptians, and present an epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion among different ethnic world populations. The hypothesis was that the occlusal variation is not independent of sex. A sample of 501 female and male adult subjects was studied. Normal occlusion, Angle's classification of malocclusion, and the Dewey-Anderson modifications for typifications were recorded. Chi-square tests were used. The results obtained from this study indicate that a significant sex difference in occlusion exists for normal occlusion, Angle Class I, and Angle Class III. Further, considering an anterior crossbite as the sole indicator of an Angle Class III malocclusion is erroneous; an anterior crossbite may exist in other classes, and Angle Class III type 1 (edge-to-edge) is more prevalent than either Class III type 2 (normal anterior overbite) or type 3 (anterior crossbite). Although numerically different, occlusal variation follows a universal general distributional pattern for most world populations. Some speculations are presented for clinical implications and for research suggestions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Little influence on tooth position from playing a wind instrument.

The morphology of the face and dentition of 62 adult professional wind instrument musicians was recorded with roentgencephalometry and dental casts. The musician group was comprised of 31 brass instrument players, and 31 reed instrument or flute players. The results were compared between the two subgroups and between these and a control group. The few differences found between groups were small. Overbite and upper dental arch width at the canines were smaller in the musicians than in the control group. Width at the maxillary and mandibular molars was somewhat smaller in the reed instrument and flute players than in the control group. No difference in overjet was found. Cephalometric analysis showed similar, normal facial morphology in all groups. The range of variables recorded was large in all groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Quantitation of rotational movements associated with surgical mandibular advancement.

Surgical mandibular advancement can be used to correct an anteroposterior and/or vertical malocclusion. The procedure of choice is often the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). By varying the amount of presurgical overbite correction, the rotational movement of the distal segment of the osteotomy can be controlled. Consequently, the malocclusion and the resultant vertical and anteroposterior facial form changes are predictably planned to produce both the desired occlusion as well as the optimal esthetic facial result. Opening rotation of the distal segment elongates the lower face height by varying amounts depending on the nature of the rotation. The amount and type of rotation can be determined and quantified by the technique presented in this paper, which is based on a geometric theorem used to determine the kinematic center of rotation of an object. This technique can shorten treatment time and produce more predictable results. The specific applications are: 1) treatment planning for individual patients, 2) uniform analyses of treatments and grouping of treatment types, and 3) development of more accurate computerized treatment planning programs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

The gingival smile line.

A comparative study was performed to examine the nature of the gingival smile line (GSL), a specific dentolabial configuration characterized by the exposure of maxillary anterior gingiva during a full smile. Five soft-tissue, three dental and three skeletal variables were selected, measured and reported for a GSL sample (n = 27) and a reference sample (n = 88), both consisting of North American white orthodontic patients with a median age of 14.4 years. The results indicated that the capacity to project a gingival smile was related to: anterior vertical maxillary excess and the muscular ability to raise the upper lip significantly higher than average when smiling. Other variables significantly associated with GSL were greater overjet, greater interlabial gap at rest, and greater overbite. Factors that did not appear associated with the GSL phenomenon were upper-lip length, incisor clinical crown height, mandibular plane angle, and palatal plane angle. Clinical aspects of GSL were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Mandibular incisor extraction--postretention evaluation of stability and relapse.

Pretreatment, posttreatment and 10-year postretention dental cast and lateral cephalogram records of 42 patients were evaluated. Each patient had undergone edgewise orthodontic treatment following removal of one or two mandibular incisors and various maxillary teeth. Seven of 24 patients (29%) in the single-incisor extraction group and 10 of 18 (56%) patients in the two-incisor extraction group demonstrated unacceptable mandibular incisor alignment at the postretention stage. This result was considerably more favorable than the results of previously reported premolar extraction cases (70% unacceptable alignment at postretention). Intercanine width decreased during treatment and continued to decrease postretention in most cases. Overbite and overjet remained acceptable. No associations could be found to predict the amount of relapse.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1994

Effects of orthodontic treatment on the growth of individuals with Class II division 1 malocclusion.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of orthodontic treatment on the growth potential and dentofacial characteristics of individuals with Class II, division 1 malocclusion over a 5-year period. The changes were compared to matched, untreated normal individuals. Lateral cephalograms were available on 91 treated Class II, division 1 cases. Of these, 44 individuals (21 males and 23 females) were treated with first premolar extractions and 47 (20 males and 27 females) were treated nonextraction. The Class II groups were compared to 35 normal individuals (20 males and 15 females) matched for age and sex. Pretreatment, the Class II individuals had larger overjet, deeper overbite, larger ANB angle, more retrusive mandible and a convex soft tissue profile. In addition, the upper and lower lips in males, and the lower lip in females were significantly more protrusive in the subjects that were eventually treated with the extraction of four first premolars. At the end of the 5-year observation period, there was an overall "normalization" of the skeletal relationships of the treated Class II subjects in both the extraction and the nonextraction groups when compared to normals. Treatment had a differential impact on the dental relationships as well as on lip prominence as a result of the extraction decision. At the end of the observation period, both males and females in the extraction group had more retrusive maxillary and mandibular incisors as well as more retrusive lips than the corresponding normals. In the nonextraction groups, there was a tendency for both the incisors and the lips to be relatively more protrusive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Treatment needs following activator-headgear therapy.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the types and prevalence of malocclusions that remain to be corrected after a period of combined activator-headgear treatment. Study models of all patients who started treatment with an activator-headgear appliance in the graduate orthodontic clinic at the University of Oslo between 1972 and 1982 were screened. Patients initially judged to need a second phase of treatment and those later judged to have poor cooperation were omitted from the study. The results show that the most frequently remaining problems following activator-headgear treatment were overbite, overjet, and the presence of interdental spaces. Correction of the Class II skeletal and dental relationship was achieved in the majority of the cases. The only predictor for success was age at the time of treatment.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1996

Tomographic assessment of temporomandibular joints in patients with malocclusion.

There is a paucity of information on the morphological assessment of the temporomandibular joint in relation to varying skeletal and dental relationships. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphologic relationship of the condyle and fossa in patients with different malocclusions and skeletal relationships. Pretreatment records of 232 orthodontic patients, 95 males and 137 females, of Caucasian descent and ranging in age from 9 years 4 months to 42 years 6 months, were examined. Records included dental casts, lateral cephalometric radiographs, hand-wrist radiographs, and corrected tomograms of right and left TM joints. Nonconcentricity and mild asymmetry of the condyle-fossa relationship were commonly observed. The left condyle was found to be more anteriorly positioned than the right, with the mean percentage of joint space being 6.93% on the left side and -1.24% on the right. Skeletal and dental Class III patients demonstrated significantly more anteriorly positioned condyles (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in condylar position between Class I and Class II groups based on ANB or Angle's classification. Further, no significant difference in condylar position was observed between groups based on overbite or crossbite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sagittal skeletal and dental changes of reverse headgear treatment in Chinese boys with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Cleft lip and palate patients often develop maxillary retrusion after cleft repair. Maxillary protraction treatment during early childhood helps to achieve more favorable occlusion with positive overjet and overbite and allows a more normal growth pattern to occur. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skeletal and dental changes during reverse headgear treatment in a homogeneous group, i.e., Chinese boys born with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. The results showed that after 7.8 months of reverse headgear wear, normalization of the sagittal maxillomandibular relationship (ANB angle) was achieved. Significant skeletal changes included anterior position of the maxilla and posterior position of the mandible. Dental changes within the respective skeletal units were not significant except for the mandibular molar.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1996

Imprecision in orthodontic diagnosis: reliability of clinical measures of malocclusion.

The study examined the reliability among seven orthodontists in judging dental and facial aspects of malocclusion in a screening of elementary schoolchildren. Data included measures typically recorded during a clinical orthodontic examination: facial assessment of skeletal/incisor relationships and individual measures of morphologic malocclusion. Interexaminer reliability data were collected on 52 children. Pairwise comparisons between orthodontists were made using exact percent agreement and agreement within one category. Kappa statistics and one-sided Z-tests were used to evaluate observed agreement compared with agreement that would be expected by chance. Median Kappa statistics indicated that the reliability of maxillary and mandibular anteroposterior positions, incisor exposure, interlabial gap, and maxillary crowding was poor (K < 0.40). Acceptable reliability existed for mandibular anterior crowding, facial convexity, overbite, overjet, and molar classification (median Kappas ranged from 0.48 to 0.72). Excellent reliability existed only for evaluating the presence of a posterior crossbite (K = 0.79). The results caution that the language of clinical orthodontic diagnosis is imprecise.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1996

Changes in the dental arches and dentition between 25 and 45 years of age.

The purpose of this longitudinal investigation was to study changes in the dental arches and dentition that occur in midadulthood in an untreated, normal sample. The subjects had Class I molar and canine relationships with less than 4.0 mm of overjet and less than 50% overbite. None had undergone previous orthodontic treatment. Evaluations and measurements were made from dental casts and periapical radiographic surveys of 15 females and 15 males from approximately 25 years to 46 years. The findings indicate that over the span of the study, significant changes occur in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and dentition in both males and females, including a clinically significant increase in tooth size-arch length (circumference) discrepancy. These changes should be considered part of the normal maturational process and should be taken into consideration when planning treatment and retention options for adolescent and adult patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Class II Division 2 malocclusion: a heritable pattern of small teeth in well-developed jaws.

Angle's designation of the Class II Division 2 (II/2) malocclusion recognizes a unique combination of overbite, incisor retroclination, and sagittal discrepancy. A very severe II/2 phenotype, characterized by concealment of the mandibular incisors in occlusion, has been called Deckbiss in German, or cover-bite. In this report, the cover-bite malocclusion is studied to identify morphological factors associated with Angle's II/2 occlusal discrepancy. Selected X-ray cephalometric and odontometric measurements were recorded for 23 subjects (M14; F9) with II/2 cover-bite malocclusion. Data were compared with those from a control-reference sample of 537 individuals. Cephalometrically, the II/2 cover-bite sample showed a pattern of strong vertical posterior development of the mandible with forward-rotation and skeletofacial hypodivergence (p < 0.0001). Anteroposteriorly, the maxillomandibular dentoalveolar relationship was relatively normal, and the basal bone region of the mandibular corpus appeared significantly well developed anteriorly, accounting for excessive bony chin projection (p < 0.0001). Dentally, mesiodistal tooth diameters for the maxillary and mandibular incisors of the II/2 cover-bite sample were significantly smaller than those of the reference sample (p < 0.002), pointing to systematically reduced tooth-size as a trait associated with II/2 malocclusion. These findings of a characteristic pattern of heritable skeletal and tooth-size features in II/2 cover-bite malocclusion indicate the presence of strong genetic influences in the formation of Angle's II/2 deep-bite discrepancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Changes in occlusion between 23 and 34 years.

The purpose of this study was to examine occlusal changes in the adult dentition. Study models made at average ages of 23 and 34 years of 64 females and 80 males of Norwegian descent were measured. None of the subjects underwent orthodontic treatment or surgery during the observation period. The means of the measured changes were small, with none exceeding 0.55 mm, and were larger in males than in females. The most obvious finding in both sexes was a decrease of up to 2.5 mm in the mandibular anterior perimeter, with very few subjects showing an increase. Significant changes were found in mandibular intercanine width and intermolar distance in both arches. A significant decrease in maxillary arch perimeter was seen in females, but with smaller values than in the mandibular arch. Overjet and overbite decreased significantly only in males. For each variable in each sex, some subjects showed decreases and others showed increases, indicating that individual prediction may be difficult. However, very few subjects demonstrated increased space in the anterior segments.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Occlusal traits and perception of orthodontic need in eighth grade students.

In 1994, 1155 eight-grade students in Alachua County, Fla., were asked about self-perception of and level of concern for their occlusal status. Clinical assessments of orthodontic parameters were also recorded. Twenty-five percent of the students had a history of orthodontic treatment. Of the remaining students who had no history of orthodontic treatment, 74% reported satisfaction with the way their teeth looked, 64% expressed no perceived need for braces, and 57% were judged clinically to have optional or no orthodontic needs. Sex, soft tissue profile, overjet, anterior crowding, and molar classification were significantly associated with the perception of need for braces while race and overbite were not. Clinical judgment of orthodontic need differed significantly among levels of satisfaction with teeth. Eighth graders with no history of orthodontic treatment were generally satisfied with the appearance of their teeth and perceived less need for braces than clinicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The use of tooth thickness in predicting intermaxillary tooth-size discrepancies.

Intermaxillary tooth-size discrepancies can be assessed using a diagnostic setup or predicted using a mathematical formula, such as the Bolton analysis. However, variations in tooth thickness may produce inaccuracies in the Bolton analysis ratio. To date, no method for incorporating tooth thickness into discrepancy prediction has been proposed. The purpose of this study was to design and test a new method of predicting anterior tooth-size discrepancy that takes into account tooth thickness and width. Forty-four positioner setup models were set to ideal overbite (2.5 mm) and occlusion (Class I canine relationship). Interproximal gaps between the maxillary or mandibular central incisors were allowed in order to optimize tip and torque. The mesiodistal width of all anterior teeth and the labiolingual thickness of the maxillary incisors were measured on these idealized setups to the nearest 0.1 mm. Actual intermaxillary anterior ratios were then calculated. A new method of prediction was developed by assuming a linear relationship between tooth thickness and ideal intermaxillary ratio. Errors in Bolton's method were compared with the new method. The results showed wide variations in mesiodistal tooth widths, tooth thicknesses, and intermaxillary anterior ratios in orthodontically treated patients. The correlation coefficient between the intermaxillary ratio and tooth thickness was r = 0.68 when tooth thickness was < 2.75 mm, and r = 0.28 when tooth thickness was > or = 2.75 mm. The mean absolute errors in predicting the actual intermaxillary ideal ratio was 1.29 +/- 0.81 for Bolton's ratio and 0.84 +/- 0.46 for the new prediction formula. These new formulas were better than Bolton's ratio in predicting tooth-size discrepancies (p = 0.003). Tooth thickness combined with mesiodistal width may be useful in predicting intermaxillary tooth-size discrepancies.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a myofunctional appliance on orofacial muscle activity and structures.

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of an oral shield treatment on orofacial muscle activity and facial morphology in children with lip and/or tongue dysfunction. The sample consisted of 7 girls and 2 boys, 7 to 12 years old. EMG recordings with and without the shield in situ were obtained when the shield was placed, and 3, 6, and 12 months later. Lateral cephalograms were obtained at the initial and 1-year stages. The lip muscles showed dominant activity when the subjects were sucking on an empty straw and during swallowing; this was strongest during the first 3 months. The mentalis, buccinator, and digastric muscles generally showed weaker activity. The anterior temporal muscle showed dominant activity during maximal clench, but after the 3-month stage a significant decrease was noted. After 1 year of treatment, no significant changes in overjet or overbite were observed. Most of the craniofacial growth changes were normal for the age group. The results indicate that treatment with an oral shield caused a decrease in orofacial muscle activity during oral functions. Although there was a slight average retraction of the maxillary incisors, the change in position was not statistically significant.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1999

The craniofacial morphology of bruxers versus nonbruxers.

The purpose of this investigation was to test for an association between the craniofacial morphologies of bruxers and nonbruxers. The sample for this retrospective descriptive comparative study consisted of 28 Caucasian dental school subjects. Sixteen were bruxers and 12 were nonbruxers. The determination of bruxism was based on a six-item questionnaire as well as objective measures of the severity of tooth wear as analyzed from dental casts. Craniofacial morphology was determined directly using anthropometric spreading calipers. Craniofacial measurements included glabella-opiscranion, euryon-euryon, nasion-gnathion, zygoma-zygoma, and gonion-gonion. From these measurements, the following indices were calculated: cephalic (Gla-Op/Eu-Eu), facial (Na-Gla/Zy-Zy), gonial (Zy-Zy/Go-Go), and gonial height (Na-Gla/Go-Go). This study found no differences in the craniofacial morphologies of bruxers and nonbruxers, nor was there a difference in overbite. There was, however, a statistically significant difference in the bizygomatic (Zy-Zy) and cranial (Eu-Eu) widths of bruxers compared with nonbruxers.

Adult↗