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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The effect of participation in the WIC program on preschoolers' diets.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate nutrient, food intake, and snacking behavior by participation in the WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) program. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted by USDA in 1994 to 1996 and 1998. METHODS: Statistical analysis was performed correcting for sample design effects and weighting for children in two income groups (<130%, n=1772 and 130% to 185% of poverty, n=689). RESULTS: Among WIC participants, the prevalence of snacking was significantly lower (68%) compared with nonparticipants (72%) (chi(2)=5.9, P=.01). For those <130% of poverty, WIC had a beneficial effect on the intake of fat, carbohydrates, added sugar, and fruit from the total diet as well as on added sugar from snacks. These were independent of food stamp participation. For those with higher incomes, the beneficial effects were limited to added sugar, iron density, and fruit intake for the total diet. A similar significant effect of decreased added sugar intake from snacks was also seen. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in line with previous research showing beneficial effects of WIC participation among preschoolers, primarily for nutrients targeted by the program. This study shows that the effect can reach beyond those targeted nutrients.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1995

[Development of a computer program to assess nutritional status of infants and preschool children].

A computer program named INFANDIET has been designed with a Window's application (ToolBook software vs. 1.53), based upon object-oriented programming, and devised to assess the nutritional status of infants by using compatible computers PC. Additionally, it is a useful tool to elaborate personalized diets. This program has been developed to assist health professionals and students in the evaluation of the infant nutritional status by a) creating and managing clinical histories with anthropometrical, immunological and clinical data; b) showing infant dietary guidelines, with the ability to update the nutritional and food composition database of the program; c) giving information about infant nutrition; d) and presenting a complete list of references.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics of teenage mothers and predictors of breastfeeding initiation in the Michigan WIC Program in 1995. Women, Infants, and Children.

Although breast milk is recommended as the optimal source of infant nutrition, breastfeeding initiation is below recommended levels, especially among teenage mothers. Breastfeeding initiation rates among Michigan (US) teenage mothers (12-19 y) were compared by demographics and health behaviors. Multivariate analyses determined which factors were significant independent predictors of breastfeeding initiation among teenage mothers enrolled prenatally in the Michigan Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program in 1995. Significant predictors independently associated with breastfeeding initiation were race/ethnicity, education, marital status, postpartum anemia status, parity, prenatal trimester of WIC enrollment, and smoking. The strongest predictor of breastfeeding initiation differed for white mothers (positive predictor: education beyond high school [OR = 3.13]) and black mothers (negative predictor: multiparous [OR = 0.25]). Initiation rates for this population of teenage mothers fall below the national average for mothers of all ages and the US Healthy People 2010 goals. Research is needed concerning how breastfeeding support and education can be improved to reach the US national health goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Effect of parenteral nutrition on the blood levels of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, thyroid hormones and cortisol in catabolic patients.

The changes in plasma insulin (IRI) glucagon (IRG), IRI:IRG ration, growth hormone (HGH), cortisol and thyroid hormones during two different but isocaloric parenteral nutrition regimens were investigated in 11 malnourished patients and 21 postoperative patients. The nutrition program which used glucose as a non-nitrogen energy source favoured anabolism by a higher rise in plasma IRI and by a higher rise in the initially low plasma IRI:IRG ratio in both malnourished and postoperative patients more than the alimentation regimen with glucose and lipid. The glucose program augmented the IRI:IRG ratio to an average of 5.5 +/- 1.2 (SEM) in malnourished patients and to 8.4+/-2.7 in postoperative patients. The corresponding values for the glucose-lipid program were 3.9+/- 1.0 and 1.9 +/- 0.4. In malnourished patients the difference between the anabolic effect of these nutrition regimens was further increased by a fall in the plasma HGH level to 0.7 +/- 0.3 microgram/l during fat infusion. Over a period of four days both alimentation programs similarly increased in the initially low serum T3 and free T3 index to the normal reference interval and decreased serum rT3 to a subnormal level (0.18+/-0.7 nmol/l) in malnourished patients. In postoperative patients the only change in thyroid hormones which was dependent on the four-day parenteral nutrition was the decrease in the initially elevated serum rT3 to the normal reference interval by both alimentation programs (by 54% in the glucose and by 30% in the glucose-lipid program).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of a fruit and vegetable distribution program--Mississippi, 2004-05 school year.

Although diets high in fruit and vegetables are associated with decreased risk for many chronic diseases, consumption of fruit and vegetables among children is below recommended levels. During the 2004-05 school year, the Mississippi Department of Education Child Nutrition Program initiated the Mississippi Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program. The program was designed to 1) increase student access to fresh fruit and vegetables, 2) increase the degree of student preference for fruit and vegetables, and 3) increase fruit and vegetable consumption. The 25 schools selected to participate in the program distributed fresh fruit and vegetables free of charge during the school day and provided nutrition education activities to promote and support consumption of fruit and vegetables. An evaluation of the program was conducted using a pretest in the fall (before the program was implemented by the schools) and a posttest in the spring (at the end of the school year). This report summarizes the findings of that evaluation, which indicated that the program might have 1) increased the variety of fruit and vegetables ever tried by students from all three grades sampled (5th, 8th, and 10th); 2) increased the degree of preference for fruit among 8th-grade and 10th-grade students; 3) promoted positive attitudes toward eating fruit among 8th-grade students; 4) increased consumption of fruit, but not vegetables, among 8th-grade and 10th-grade students; and 5) decreased preference for fruit and vegetables, the belief that they could eat more vegetables, and willingness to try new fruit and vegetables among 5th-grade students. The results of this evaluation suggest that the distribution of fresh fruit at school free of charge to secondary school students might be an effective component of a comprehensive approach for improving student dietary behaviors; however, distribution of fresh vegetables might be more effective with changes in program implementation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Position paper of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition across the spectrum of aging.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that older Americans receive appropriate care; have broadened access to coordinated, comprehensive food and nutrition services; and receive the benefits of ongoing research to identify the most effective food and nutrition programs, interventions, and therapies across the spectrum of aging. Food and water and nutritional well-being are essential to the health, self-sufficiency, and quality of life for the fast growing, heterogeneous, multiracial, and ethnic populations of older adults. Many people, as they age, remain fully independent and actively engaged in their communities; however, others fare less well and need more support. A broad array of appropriate, culturally sensitive food and nutrition services, physical activities, and health and supportive care customized to the population of older adults are necessary. National, state, and local policies that promote coordination and integration of food and nutrition services into health and supportive systems are needed to maintain independence, functional ability, chronic disease management, and quality of life. Dietetics professionals can take the lead by researching and developing national, state, and local collaborative networks to incorporate effectively the food and nutrition services across the spectrum of aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Logical bases for action in nutrition and aging.

Logical bases (five of which are outlined) underlie action in nutrition and aging. First, nutrition, health, and aging form an integral triad affecting all. This basis has been applied to the conceptualization of the Nutrition Program for Older Americans (NPOA). Second, in North America, malnutrition is a sequitur of disease, whether physical, metabolic, emotional, or attitudinal. This basis is being applied by NPOA and other programs in an effort of cope with the pathologic conditions that bar proper nutrition. Third, since aging is a lifelong process, good nutrition and health practices must be applies throughout life. This basis will become effective only when the present image of the aged improves to the point that younger persons will strive for effective longevity. Fourth, changes in lifestyle to avoid risks have positive value. This basis requires professional and political leadership if it is to become widely adopted. Fifth, acute illnesses and accidents require immediate attention to nutritional and other factors if needless morbidity and mortality are to be avoided. This basis requires far more education of health professionals and lay persons to obviate such tragedies. All these bases are the infastructure for other actions directed at improving the image of today's aged and thereby diminishing the fatalism of younger persons and augumenting their determination to adopt lifestyles compatible with long, active, happy and productive lives.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Metabolic aspects of continuous renal replacement therapies.

Continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRTs) are associated with a broad pattern of additional metabolic effects beyond renal detoxification. Because of the continuous mode of therapy and the high fluid turnover usually associated with CRRTs, these side effects can become clinically relevant. With many CRRT systems currently used, heat loss is considerable, but CRRTs can also be used to modulate body temperature in hyperpyretic patients. Inappropriate glucose concentrations of some substitution fluids can result in excessive glucose intake. Most substitution and/or dialysate fluids used for CRRTs contain lactate as organic anion. In disease states with impaired lactate utilization, such as acute or chronic liver failure, and/or with increased endogenous lactate formation such as in shock states, this can result in hyperlactemia and is potentially associated with various adverse side effects. Small molecular weight substances such as amino acids or water-soluble vitamins are lost in relevant amounts. With convective clearance and the high molecular cut-off of synthetic membranes, medium-sized molecules such as hormones and cytokines are also filtered, but the pathophysiologic relevance of this observation remains to be specified. Moreover, synthetic membranes used for CRRTs have adsorptive properties for a variety of molecules, such as cytokines, complement factors, and endotoxin. Continuous blood membrane interactions cause the phenomena of bioincompatibility and a low-grade inflammatory reaction with potentially adverse consequences on protein metabolism and immunocompetence. In designing a nutritional program for a patient on CRRT, these metabolic effects--especially the loss of nutritional substrates--must be considered. Certainly, most of these side effects, such as the excessive load of lactate or the loss of nutrients, are undesirable. However, some side effects, such as the modulation of body temperature and the elimination of endotoxin and/or mediators, might be at least potentially beneficial.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2001

Translation of nutritional sciences into medical education: the Nutrition Academic Award Program.

For the past 40 y the scientific community has decried the inadequacy of the training of physicians and other health professionals in the subject of human nutrition. In 1997 the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute developed the Nutrition Academic Award (NAA) Program, an initiative to improve nutrition training across a network of US medical schools. The purpose of this funding, which began in 1998, is to support the development and enhancement of nutrition curricula for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians to learn principles and practice skills in nutrition. The NAA recipients developed the Nutrition Curricular Guide for Training Physicians, a plan to incorporate clinical guidelines into physician practice skills, create educational and assessment practice tools, and evaluate curricula, materials, and teaching tools. Dissemination of NAA activities and materials will be facilitated by a national website, presentations and publications, and consultants and advisors from the NAA nutrition education programs. The NAA Program constitutes a major new effort to enhance nutrition knowledge and skills among health care providers and to effectively apply the science of human nutrition to clinical medicine. This article describes the purpose and aims of the NAA Program, the organizational structure of the network of recipients, a profile of the recipients and individual programs at 21 medical schools, the various strategies to overcome barriers in training physicians in human nutrition, and collaborative and dissemination efforts.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving school breakfasts: effects of the CATCH Eat Smart Program on the nutrient content of school breakfasts.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the impact of the Eat Smart School Nutrition Program, the food service component of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), on the percentage of calories from total fat and saturated fat and the sodium content of school breakfasts. METHODS: Fifty-nine of the 96 CATCH schools offered breakfast. We collected 5 consecutive days of school breakfast menu, recipe, and vendor product information at three periods to assess the nutrient content of the school menus as offered. RESULTS: At baseline (Fall 1991), intervention school breakfasts provided 28% of calories from total fat and control schools 30%. Decreases occurred over time in both groups, but no significant differences were attributable to the intervention (adjusted mean difference = -0.4; P = 0.77). Saturated fat exceeded the Eat Smart goal at baseline in all schools and by follow-up (Spring 1994), the reduction in mean percentage of calories from saturated fat was greater in intervention than in control schools (adjusted mean difference = -1.6%; P = 0.052). Sodium goals were not achieved. Mean calorie levels were maintained at or above Eat Smart goals throughout the study in both groups. Differences over time in other dietary variables (percentage of calories from protein and carbohydrate and mean levels of protein, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin A value, vitamin C, total sugars, and dietary fiber) were not statistically significant between groups. No significant reductions in student participation in the School Breakfast Program (SBP) occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The Eat Smart food service intervention improved school breakfast composition, but not significantly more so than in control schools. Fat and saturated fat in school breakfasts were lowered while maintaining calories, other essential nutrient levels, and student participation in the SBP. Secular trends and also the possibility that control schools were affected by the Eat Smart intervention may account for these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The diet-induced proinflammatory state: a cause of chronic pain and other degenerative diseases?

BACKGROUND: It is the rare physician who includes diet therapy and nutritional supplements in patient care. Perhaps this is because chiropractic and medical schools devote very few classroom hours to nutrition. It is also possible that physicians are under the misconception that a detailed biochemical understanding of each individual disease is required before nutritional interventions can be used. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is two-fold: (1) to demonstrate that chronic pain and other degenerative conditions encountered in clinical practice have similar biochemical etiologies, such as a diet-induced proinflammatory state, and (2) to outline a basic nutritional program that can be used by all practitioners. DATA SOURCES: The data were accumulated over a period of years by reviewing contemporary articles and books and subsequently by retrieving relevant articles. Articles were also selected through MEDLINE and manual library searches. RESULTS: The typical American diet is deficient in fruits and vegetables and contains excessive amounts of meat, refined grain products, and dessert foods. Such a diet can have numerous adverse biochemical effects, all of which create a proinflammatory state and predispose the body to degenerative diseases. It appears that an inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables can result in a suboptimal intake of antioxidants and phytochemicals and an imbalanced intake of essential fatty acids. Through different mechanisms, each nutritional alteration can promote inflammation and disease. CONCLUSION: We can no longer view different diseases as distinct biochemical entities. Nearly all degenerative diseases have the same underlying biochemical etiology, that is, a diet-induced proinflammatory state. Although specific diseases may require specific treatments, such as adjustments for hypomobile joints, beta-blockers for hypertension, and chemotherapy for cancer, the treatment program must also include nutritional protocols to reduce the proinflammatory state.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1991

Replacement nutrition management.

The basic principles of dairy cow feeding apply equally to the dairy heifer. Ration balancing must be accomplished in order to formulate least-cost, nutrient-balanced rations for each age group of heifers. Forage testing enables rations to be developed that utilize the various quality forages that are available on a farm and allows optimum allocation of forages for maximum profitability of the farm feeding system. In addition to feeding management, housing, ventilation, health care, grouping, cleanliness, and many other management factors can complement a sound heifer nutrition program.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

The impact of nutrition of the cumulus oocyte complex and embryo on subsequent development in ruminants.

Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and early embryos rely on a histotrophic nutrition source for energy production and the synthesis of macromolecules. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that the balance of supply and demand for energy and other anabolic substrates during oocyte maturation and very early stages of development programmes subsequent developmental potential, and this may include subsequent fetal growth trajectory. One example is the role of glucose (Glc) during cumulus-oocyte complex maturation. Glucose is an essential nutrient for maturation, especially its role during cumulus expansion. Our laboratory has shown that during in vitro culture, too little glucose during cumulus-oocyte complex maturation affects meiotic competence. We have focussed on glucose (Glc) metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) during COC maturation in vitro. The HBP in somatic cells is regarded as a "fuel-sensing" pathway and its interaction with cell signalling systems and transcriptional regulation is increasingly apparent. Up-regulation of the HBP during oocyte maturation in vitro has negative consequences for subsequent development. Another example is the role of hypoxia (low O2) during peri-compaction development. My laboratory believes that ruminant embryos during compaction, blastulation and subsequent development in the uterine cavity lack a key hypoxia responsive element. Because of this, hypoxia is important for normal development in ruminants but perturbs further development in rodents. The implication of these examples to the fundamental concept of peri-conception nutritional programming of development are discussed.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Dental public health for the 21st century: implications for specialty education and practice.

A panel of public health practitioners sponsored by the Health Resources and Services Administration met December 6-8, 1994, to examine current roles and responsibilities for dental public health workers and to recommend changes in education and training to meet challenges posed by an evolving health care system. Overall, at least the same number, if not more, dental public health personnel will be needed in the future. While some new roles were identified, the panel felt that only small numbers of personnel will be needed to fill these new roles. Not all of these roles necessarily require a dental degree. The panel felt that a need exists for more academicians for dental schools, schools of public health, dental public health residencies, and dental hygiene programs; oral epidemiologists and health services researchers; health educators; and specialists in utilization review/outcomes assessment, dental informatics, nutrition, program evaluation, and prevention. To meet these personnel needs: (1) dental public health residency programs should be structured to meet the educational needs of working public health dentists with MPH degrees through on-the-job residency programs; (2) the standards for advanced specialty education programs in dental public health should be made sufficiently flexible to include dentists who have advanced education and the requisite core public health courses; (3) flexible MPH degree programs must be available because of the rising debt of dental students and the decreased numbers of graduating dentists; (4) loan repayment should be available for dentists who have pursued public health training and are working in state or local health departments; and (5) standards for advanced education in dental public health should be developed for dental hygienists.

Certification↗
PubMed2001

Practical implications of nutritional support during continuous renal replacement therapy.

Continuous blood membrane interactions during continuous renal replacement therapy cause bioincompatibility and low grade inflammatory reactions with potentially adverse consequences on protein metabolism and immunocompetence. In designing a nutritional program for patients receiving this treatment, these adverse metabolic effects, especially the loss of nutritional substrates, must be considered. This review provides a practical overview of nutritional support in acute renal failure, including assessment techniques, determination of nutrient needs, and appropriate intervention for patient support.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of two cardiovascular disease reduction education programs varying in the type of nutrition information provided.

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of two worksite cardiovascular nutrition education programs. Program 1 focused on information related to the skills needed to change dietary behaviours (1 session, 45 minutes). Program 2 focused on information related to skills as well as cardiovascular risk factors (1 session, 60 minutes). The study sample consisted of office employees at three worksites. The pretest consisted of questions pertaining to: frequency of consumption of high fat foods, knowledge related to the risk and skills components of the program, and self-report of family and personal history of cardiovascular disease. Of employees who completed the pretest, 67% (55/82) in Program 1, 88% (46/52) in Program 2, and 86% (30/35) in the control group completed the post-test (six weeks after the programs). The results of regression analysis indicated that participants of Program 1 (skills only) reduced their frequency of consumption of high fat foods (p < 0.01); no other variables were significant. Nutrition education programs for the prevention of cardiovascular disease should focus on information related to skills when limited time is available.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The height census of first grade schoolchildren: anthropometric data analysis].

The present study aims at identifying prior areas for nutritional programs considering growth scores of children entering the first grade of school. Data were obtained through the nutritional surveillance system in a Brazilian city called Osasco, São Paulo. The analysis was meant to determine the magnitude and distribution of growth retardation. In order to establish the nutritional status of children the indicator height/age expressed by standard deviation scores (z-score) was used. Values below -2 s.d. of the reference population median (NCHS) were considered height retarded. Children's growth was geographically distributed into groups of schools according to height deficit prevalence. Results showed marked differences among the schools with deficit prevalence varying between 0 and 16.1%. This led to the identification of communities with good health and nutrition levels, and communities exposed to different levels of malnutrition. The level of dissociation was such that it was possible to pinpoint areas and micro-areas where social programs and investments are most needed.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1987

Training in geriatrics for future dietitians.

Inclusion of geriatric training for future dietitians was assessed through a questionnaire mailed to directors of all internship programs and coordinated undergraduate programs (CUPs) accredited by The American Dietetic Association. All respondents, internship programs (70%) and CUPs (77%), included some exposure to geriatrics. Ninety-six percent of the CUPs included geriatric-related topics in undergraduate courses. Of the 95% internship programs providing class sessions on geriatrics, most included 6 hours or less. Major topics related to nutrition assessment; physical, social, and psychological needs; diet-related diseases; and nutrition programs benefiting the elderly. Fifty-one percent of the CUPs and 23% of the internship programs trained students 3 weeks or more in a geriatric setting, while 45% and 72%, respectively, trained 2 weeks or less. Nursing homes were the primary site of training. The most frequently required activities included identifying specific needs of the elderly in relation to other adults, completing diet histories, and presenting nutrition education to a geriatric population. The question remains as to whether the quantity and type of geriatric experiences currently included are sufficient to keep pace with the increasingly aging population.

Dietetics↗