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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Naming people ignoring semantics in a patient with left frontal damage.

Studies about proper name anomia generally assume that persons' names are harder to recall than other semantic information one knows about them and that name retrieval is not possible without biographical knowledge. We describe a patient, SB, who, after a left frontal haemorrhage, was unable to recall any biographical information about people she could name. Moreover, she had a normal score in an Object Picture Naming Test, but gave confabulatory answers in a Semantic Questionnaire involving the same items. The role of frontal function in producing this pattern of impairment is discussed, together with the possible existence of a direct route from visual perception to proper name retrieval.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The relationship between type of naming error and semantic-lexical discrimination in aphasic patients.

When submitted to confrontation naming tasks, aphasic patients show different types of naming errors: phonetic, phonemic and verbal-semantic paraphasias, neologisms and anomia, but it is generally difficult to decide whether these errors are mainly due to a breakdown of the semantic systems or to post-lexical phonological disorders. In order to clarify this issue, 118 aphasic patients were given 3 tests of confrontation naming and 3 tests of semantic-lexical discrimination. Naming errors on confrontation were used to classify aphasic patients in various subgroups (according to the prevalence of a given type of naming error), whereas performances obtained on tests of semantic-lexical discrimination were taken as an index of disorganization of the semantic systems. The performances on semantic discrimination tests of patients showing a prevalence of phonetic, phonemic and verbal-semantic paraphasias, neologisms and anomia on confrontation naming tasks were compared. A very small number of semantic discrimination errors was obtained by patients showing a prevalence of phonetic and phonemic transformations on confrontation, whereas a much larger number of semantic discrimination errors was obtained by patients showing a prevalence of verbal-semantic paraphasias, neologisms and anomia.

Anomia↗
PubMed2000

Antiproliferative effect of L-NAME on rat vascular smooth muscle cells.

The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME may have growth inhibitory effects in vivo. We investigated in vitro the potential growth inhibitory effects of three different NOS inhibitors: L-NAME (1 mM), LNMMA (1 mM) and aminoguanidine (0.5 mM), on fetal bovine serum (FBS) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB)-stimulated growth in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). [3H]-thymidine incorporation into rat mesenteric VSMCs was measured as an index of VSMCs proliferation (DNA synthesis) and activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), a major signaling event in cell growth, was measured by western blot assay. PDGF-BB (0-5 ng/mL) and FBS (0-5%) increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner up to 6-10 fold. L-NAME significantly reduced PDGF-BB (5 ng/ml) and FBS (5%) stimulated DNA synthesis by 46% and 38% respectively. The increase of [3H]-thymidine incorporation induced by PDGF-BB and FBS was unaltered by L-NMMA. In contrast, aminoguanidine induced an increase in FBS and PDGF-BB-stimulated [3H]-thymidine incorporation of 64% and 34% respectively above cells not exposed to aminoguanidine. ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by PDGF-BB and FBS was not affected by pre-treatment with L-NAME or aminoguanidine. In conclusion, NOS inhibitors differentially influence DNA synthesis in VSMCs: L-NAME inhibits FBS and PDGF-BB-stimulated cellular proliferation whereas aminoguanidine accentuates FBS and PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs proliferation. These phenomena are independent of the ERK1/2 pathway. The growth inhibitory effects of L-NAME may be related to differences in properties from other NOS inhibitors, and independent of its ability to inhibit NOS.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

L-NAME prevents in vivo the inactivation but not the down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 caused by an acute inflammatory reaction.

A turpentine-induced inflammatory reaction (TIIR) down-regulates multiple isoforms of hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) and increases microsomal lipid peroxidation. Since the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO*) is stimulated by inflammatory reactions, and NO* can depress the P450, it was of interest to investigate in vivo whether L-NAME and theophylline, by its anti-inflammatory properties, could prevent the depression of P450 caused by a TIIR. Control and rabbits with a TIIR received L-NAME for 72 h, and the activity of P450 was assessed in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, TIIR reduced theophylline systemic clearance by 50% (p<0.05), P450 total content by 67%, and the amount of CYP1A1/2 proteins by around 60% (p<0.05). L-NAME partially prevented the decrease in theophylline systemic clearance and in P450 total content, as well as the increase in lipid peroxidation; however, L-NAME did not hinder CYP1A1/2 proteins down-regulation. L-NAME did not modify the in vitro ability of the serum of rabbits with TIIR to decrease P450 activity, suggesting that the effect of L-NAME is not associated to a decrease in serum mediators. As assessed by the concentration in seromucoids, theophylline did not modify the severity of the inflammatory reaction, nor did it prevent the decrease in P450 activity. In conclusion, a TIIR down-regulates and reduces P450 activity, decrease that is at least in part mediated by NO*; theophylline does not prevent TIIR-induced P450 decrease in activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dominant hemisphere can disrupt visual naming in temporal lobe epilepsy patients.

We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to study visual naming in 14 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ten had left hemisphere language by Wada testing and all experienced speech arrest with rTMS of the motor speech area in the left frontal lobe. One left-hander had speech arrest with stimulation of sites on both sides. Subjects were asked to name pictures or read words presented on a computer monitor. rTMS was delivered on half of the trials. Stimulation sites were the motor speech area in the left frontal lobe, the mirror site on the right, and the left and right mid superior and posterior temporal lobes. rTMS at left hemisphere sites caused more naming errors than did right hemisphere rTMS. All individual subjects, except two who had temporal lobe resections and the one with bilateral speech arrest, produced more naming errors with rTMS of left hemisphere sites. There was no significant effect on word reading. rTMS at the left hemisphere and right frontal sites produced reductions in reaction time for picture naming, but not for word reading. This was observed for both correct and incorrect responses. This study shows that left hemisphere rTMS can disrupt visual naming selectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NAME suppresses isolation-induced ultrasounds in rat pups.

The present experiments examined the impact of manipulating the NO system on production of isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in 10- and 11-day-old rat pups. Pups were tested under both high- and low-baseline USV emission; the latter was accomplished by pretest administration of cocaine, a drug known to suppress USVs. Treatment with 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg (but not 1 mg/kg) of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly attenuated USV production, as did injection of 10 mg/kg cocaine; combined treatment with both drugs did not result in greater suppression, perhaps due to a floor effect. Although cocaine increased locomotor activity, treatment with L- or D-NAME alone did not alter activity levels. Exposure to L-NAME induced some hypothermia, although these alterations in body temperature were not systematically related to the drug-induced suppression of USVs. Alterations in USV production by L-NAME were not evident after pretreatment with the less active isomer D-NAME, evidence supporting the importance of NO synthesis inhibition per se in the marked L-NAME-induced suppression of USVs in isolated infant rats.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Aphasic naming in Spanish: predictors and errors.

Sixteen Spanish aphasic patients named drawings of objects on three occasions. Multiple regression analyses were carried out on the naming accuracy scores. For the patient group as a whole, naming was affected by visual complexity, object familiarity, age of acquisition, and word frequency. The combination of variables predicted naming accuracy in 15 of the 16 individual patients. Age of acquisition, word frequency, and object familiarity predicted performance in the greatest number of patients, while visual complexity, imageability, animacy, and length all affected performance in at least two patients. High proportions of semantic and phonological errors to particular objects were associated with objects having early learned names while high proportions of no-response errors were associated with low familiarity and low visual complexity. It is suggested that visual complexity and object familiarity affect the ease of object recognition while word frequency affects name retrieval. Age of acquisition may affect both stages, accounting for its influence in patients with a range of different patterns of disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Role of nitric oxide in sleep regulation: effects of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, on sleep in rats.

The effect of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a competitive inhibitor of enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), on spontaneous sleep during the light period, was studied in adult rats implanted for chronic sleep recordings. L-NAME was injected by subcutaneous (s.c.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) routes or was infused directly into the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN). Subcutaneous (1.25-5.0 mg/kg) or i.c.v. (0.25-1.0 mg) administration of L-NAME increased waking (W) and reduced slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) during the first 3 h of recording. On the other hand, direct application of L-NAME into the DRN (50.0-150.0 microg) induced an increment of W and a reduction of SWS without suppressing REMS. Values of W and SWS were significantly different compared with those of controls during the 6-h recording period. The effects of L-NAME observed after s.c. or i.c.v. administration confirm previous studies in rabbits and rats, in which the NOS inhibitor reduced sleep and increased W in a dose-dependent manner. It is possible that REMS suppression after L-NAME could be related to a reduction of acetylcholine release in areas critical for REMS promotion. A decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release after nitric oxide synthesis inhibition could play a role in the reduction of SWS.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

'What's his name?' A comparison of elderly participants' and undergraduate students' misnamings.

This study examined the effects of age on the types of errors produced when recalling names of faces. The types of errors included confusions (errors within the target set), intrusions (errors outside the target set), errors phonologically similar to the target, errors not phonologically similar to the target, and errors containing the same number of syllables as the target name. Participants included 49 elderly adults (57-85 years) and 48 undergraduate students (18-44 years). Age group had a significant effect on the number of name errors produced (n=681 for elderly and n=422 for undergraduates). Elderly participants produced more confusions than their younger counterparts; however, younger participants produced significantly more intrusions. The age groups also differed in their production of error names that were phonologically similar to the target name. The elderly participants produced more errors that were not phonologically similar to the target than the young adults. The results are discussed with regard to theories of name-face association and tip-of-the-tongue phenomena.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

LINCS: L-NAME (a NO synthase inhibitor) in the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock: a prospective randomized study.

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of L-NAME (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) in the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 30 consecutive patients with refractory cardiogenic shock (systolic blood pressure that deteriorated progressively to <100 mmHg during an acute coronary syndrome despite maximal percutaneous coronary revascularization, intra aortic balloon pump, and IV dopamine, furosemide and fluids treatment for at least 1h, accompanied by signs of peripheral hypoperfusion). Patients were randomized to supportive care alone (n=15, control group) or to supportive care in addition to L-NAME (1mg/Kg bolus and 1mg/Kg/h continuous IV drip for 5h n=15). Death at one month was 27% in the L-NAME group vs. 67% in the control group (p=0.008). Unaugmented mean arterial blood pressure at 24 h from randomization was 86+/-20 mmHg in the L-NAME group vs. 66+/-13 mmHg in the control group (p=0.004). Urine output increased at 24h by 135+/-78 cc/h in the L-NAME group vs a decrease of 12+/-87 cc/h in the control group (p<0.001). Time on IABP and time on mechanical ventilation were significantly shorter in the L-NAME group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study further support our previous observation that NO synthase inhibitors are beneficial in the treatment of patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Antinociceptive effect of spinally injected L-NAME on the acute nociceptive response induced by low concentrations of formalin.

The formalin test has been proposed as an animal model of pain produced by tissue injury. Although biphasic nociceptive responses to formalin injection have been well documented, low concentrations (0.125 and 0.5%) of formalin injected into the mouse hindpaw produced only the phasic (acute) paw-licking response, lasting the first 5 min after the formalin injection. To explore the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the spinal cord and peripheral system during the acute phase of the formalin test, we examined the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) or intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of L-N(G)-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor in mice. Pretreatment with L-NAME (160 nmol), injected i.t., resulted in a significant inhibition of the paw-licking response induced by 0.125 and 0.5% of formalin. L-Arginine (600 mg/kg, i.p.) but not D-arginine (600 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the antinociceptive effect of L-NAME on the acute nociceptive response induced by low concentrations of formalin. The i.pl. injection of L-NAME (160 nmol) produced a significant decrease of the late (tonic) phase response evoked by 2.0% formalin without affecting the early (acute) phase response. Similar results have been reported in the case of i.t. injected L-NAME as assayed by the 2.0% formalin test. L-NAME (160 nmol), injected into the plantar paw, gave no significant effect on the acute nociceptive response induced by a low concentration of formalin (0.125%). These results suggest that NO in the spinal cord may be involved in not only the late phase response of the formalin (2.0%)-induced paw-licking, but also at least the acute phase response induced by low concentrations (0.125 and 0.5%) of formalin, while peripheral NO has little effect on the early (acute) phase nociceptive response evoked by formalin (0.125--2.0%) injection.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1984

Spoken and signed naming of foods after receptive exclusion training in severe retardation.

Two low-functioning mentally retarded subjects learned to name food items after receptive exclusion training, conducted as follows: The subjects first learned to select a small number of foods in a two-choice matching-to-sample task. For one subject, the samples were dictated names; for the other, the samples were manual signs. They also learned to name these "known" foods, either orally or by signing. On exclusion trials, a known food was displayed with a new food whose corresponding name or sign had not yet been learned, and a novel sample (spoken or signed), corresponding to the new food, was presented. The subjects typically selected the new food immediately, apparently by "excluding" the food related to the known sample. If a known sample was presented, however, the subjects continued to select the known food correctly. Periodically during exclusion training with a number of new foods, the subjects were tested for production of food names or signs. With few exceptions, the subjects produced the food names without direct training, often after only a few receptive exclusion trials. The results suggest strategies for teaching simple receptive and expressive relations to severely mentally retarded individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Gender-dependent effect of L-NAME on polycystic kidney disease in Han:SPRD rats.

To determine whether the renal nitric oxide (NO) system has a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in Han:Sprague-Dawley (SPRD) rats, the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 70 mg/L, or L-arginine, 0.5 g/L, was administered to heterozygous diseased (cy/+) and homozygous normal animals. Urine nitrate and nitrite excretion was reduced by L-NAME treatment and, in the male cy/+ rats, increased by L-arginine administration. The administration of L-NAME significantly increased blood pressure in all groups, whereas L-arginine had no effect. L-NAME and L-arginine had a modest but significant overall effect on the severity of cystic disease in male rats, reflected by relative kidney weights and cyst volume densities. This effect was gender dependent because it was not observed in female animals. The administration of L-NAME resulted in a significant increase in plasma creatinine concentration of the cy/+ rats, which was more marked in male than female animals. These observations support the recently reported gender differences in the renal NO system and a small role for NO synthesis that can be inhibited by L-NAME in the pathogenesis of PKD in Han:SPRD rats. These observations do not exclude a more important role for the endogenous renal NO production in the pathogenesis of PKD in view of a recent report of a major NOS resistant to conventional inhibitors in the rat kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of the protective effects of L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) against the toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro.

The protective effects of L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) against the toxicity of sulphur mustard (HD) was characterized in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. These effects were not associated with the known nitric oxide synthase-inhibiting characteristics of this compound. No protection was evident in immature (1 day old) cultures. However, L-NAME pre-treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent protection against the toxicity of HD in mature (5 days and older) cultures, with maximal protection reaching greater than 220% at 5 mM L-NAME in terms of increasing the LC50 of control HD-treated cultures. Maximal protective effects were also achieved when L-NAME treatment was delayed up to 3 h post-HD exposure. These effects were reduced by 5 h and absent when the L-NAME was added to the cultures 8 h after HD exposure. Protection against the toxicity of HD was dependent on the continued presence of L-NAME in the medium and was persistent up to 48 h after HD exposure. This compound is one of the most effective drugs yet identified in protecting against the toxicity of HD and is the only one that exerts its effects therapeutically.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Relaxation induced by histamine is not endothelium dependent in tail arteries of L-NAME-treated rats.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the relaxation induced by histamine in tail arteries of rats after chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with the inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) compared to tail arteries of control rats. The maximum relaxation induced by histamine was greater in control (88.09% +/-5.50, n=6) than in L-NAME arteries (47.33% +/-6.40, n=6), although pD(2) values were not different between the two groups (control: 4.89+/-0.08; L-NAME: 4.81+/-0.10). After incubation with 100 microM L-NAME in vitro, the maximum relaxation induced by histamine was only reduced in the control arteries (44.93% +/-2.35, n=6), whereas it had no effect on aortas of rats pretreated with this inhibitor. The incubation with 100 microM L-NAME had the same effect as endothelium removal in both arterial groups. Furthermore, the relaxation induced by histamine was unaffected by indomethacin. The combination of L-NAME and the histamine antagonist cimetidine completely abolished the relaxation induced by histamine in both arterial groups. These results show that when NO synthesis is impaired, the relaxation induced by histamine is endothelium independent, and when NO-synthase is active, the relaxation involves both NO released from endothelial cells and an endothelium-independent mechanism that is sensitive to cimetidine.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Electroencephalographic activity over temporal brain areas during phonological encoding in picture naming.

OBJECTIVES: The present study examined electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of phonological encoding during picture naming with special emphasis on hemispheric asymmetries of these EEG correlates. We also examined whether a small set of stimuli was sufficient to study the phonological encoding, and to what extent the complexity of the produced message affects the EEG responses. METHODS: Event-related electrical brain activity during the covert and overt production of names and nominal phrases derived from 16 variants from 4 different pictures was compared with that during passive viewing of the same pictures. RESULTS: Topographical and source analyses of the differential EEG activity (naming versus passive viewing) indicated that the N1 and P2 components of the visual evoked potential resulted from the same brain areas, but were activated stronger during naming as compared to passive viewing. In contrast, the differential EEG activity from 275 to 400 ms suggested the involvement of additional brain areas during naming with more pronounced left- than right-hemispheric activation in middle and posterior temporal regions for both overt and covert naming. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the involvement of Wernicke's area in the phonological encoding of a message during speech production, which can even be obtained with a small set of pictures and a large number of repetitions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Naming as a function of linguistic form-class and object categories.

We examined whether children rely on linguistic information (i.e. mass vs. count nouns) or object category information (i.e. objects vs. substances) when they name things. A grinder test was used, in which substances (e.g. water) maintain identity through transformation but objects (e.g. a cup) do not. Thirty children aged three through six were asked if the same name could be used for the same item after transformation. The items included pairs of amorphous substances and discrete objects (e.g. water--a cup), perceptually similar discrete objects (e.g. chalk--a crayon), and food items (e.g. corn--a bean). Children accepted the same name for food, ignoring linguistic information, and for objects, relying on linguistic information. In Experiment 2, 32 children aged five through eight were asked if the same name could be used for unfamiliar hardware and food items after transformation when they were labelled by nonsense mass and count nouns. Children tended to use the same name for food, relying on perceptual information. These results are discussed in terms of the active conceptualization about names of objects in relation to object characteristics.

Child↗
PubMed2003

The sources of young children's name innovations for novel artifacts.

Two studies investigated whether four-year-old children (12 in Experiment 1 with a mean age of 4;8 and 36 in Experiment 2 with a mean age of 4;7) invent names for new artifacts based on the objects' functions as opposed to their perceptual properties. Children informed about the intended functions of novel objects provided more name innovations that were clearly function-based than perception-based. This tendency was observed when children were shown the objects' functions, even if they were also given verbal descriptions of the objects' perceptual properties and parts. Only when ignorant of the objects' intended functions did children tend to use perceptual features to create substantial numbers of names. Accordingly, results from this name-innovation methodology converge with findings from some recent studies of lexical categorization suggesting that functional information is critical to how preschoolers extend artifact names. Children appear to appreciate an intimate relation between the functions of artifacts and how they are named.

Analysis of Variance↗