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PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of viable and inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines in turkeys.

Market turkeys spray-vaccinated at 20 days of age with viable Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and challenged 7 weeks postvaccination failed to yield NDV by tracheal swabbing 4 days postchallenge but demonstrated serologic evidence of infection. Birds vaccinated subcutaneously with inactivated oil-emulsion (OE) NDV vaccine had virologic and serologic evidence of infection. Breeder hens vaccinated by spray with commercial La Sota vaccine at 19 weeks of age and revaccinated subcutaneously with OE vaccine at 32 weeks of age had an adequate level of resistance against a drop in egg production but demonstrated serologic evidence of infection when challenged with velogenic NDV at 38 weeks of age.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1991

Changes in lymphoid organs and blood lymphocytes induced by vitamin A deficiency and Newcastle disease virus infection in chickens.

The effect of vitamin A deficiency in the presence or absence of Newcastle disease virus infection (NDV, La Sota strain) on weight of lymphoid organs and on the number and type of circulating white blood cells (WBC) was investigated in chickens. Day-old chickens with limited vitamin A reserves were fed purified diets containing either marginal (ad libitum) or adequate (pair-fed) levels of vitamin A and at 21-28 days of age; half the chickens in each group were infected with NDV. Vitamin A deficiency resulted only in significantly lower absolute and relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and after infection both weights of bursa and thymus were significantly lower. Relative weight of spleen was significantly higher after infection irrespective of vitamin A status. Liver weights were not affected by vitamin A status and/or NDV infection. Both vitamin A deficiency and NDV infection resulted in lymphopenia, while the lowest number of WBC were observed in vitamin A-deficient chickens during the acute phase of NDV (5 days after infection). Subsequent to lymphopenia due to NDV infection, a marked lymphocytosis was observed in controls and to a lesser extent in vitamin A-deficient birds. These results indicate that vitamin A deficiency, which is aggravated by concomitant NDV infection, affects lymphoid cell systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Location of a neutralizing epitope for the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus.

The binding site of a monoclonal antibody to the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) polypeptide of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been located. Complementary DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to portions of the HN gene were cloned into the Escherichia coli vector pUC19 and fragments of the HN protein were thereby fused to the alpha-peptide of beta-galactosidase. Western blot analysis of E. coli lysates containing expressed fragments of the HN cDNA or synthetic oligonucleotides identified an antibody-binding peptide (Asp-Glu-Gln-Asp-Tyr-Gln-Ile-Arg; amino acid residues 346 to 353). Nucleotide sequence analysis of an antibody-resistant mutant of NDV revealed a Glu (wild-type) to Lys (mutant) substitution within the above sequence. The methods described could be useful for the location of continuous epitopes of other polypeptides.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of a heat-labile factor(s) in normal serum on the interferon-inducing activity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Brief report.

The effect of fresh serum on the interferon-inducing activity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied. Infectivity in fertile eggs, hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes and interferon-inducing activity in mouse L cells and mouse spleen cells were all reduced by treatment of NDV with fresh serum from humans or guinea pigs, while hemagglutinating (HA) activity remained unchanged. The interferon-inducing ability of UV-inactivated NDV was also similarly reduced after treatment with serum. The serum effects were decreased by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes or the addition of 10 mM EDTA. These results suggest that a heat-labile serum factor(s) such as complement or certain enzyme(s) reduced the hemolytic activity and consequently the penetrating activity of NDV, and that interferon-inducing activity was related to the hemolytic but not to the HA activity of NDV particles. Thus, it was concluded that the hemolytic activity of NDV was necessary for interferon induction in both mouse L cells and mouse spleen cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein: self-assembly and length-determination domains.

The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Newcastle disease virus expressed in E. coli assembled as ring- and herringbone-like particles. In order to identify the contiguous NP sequence essential for assembly of these particles, 11 N- or C-terminally deleted NP mutants were constructed and their ability to self-assemble was tested. The results indicate that a large part of the NP N-terminal end, encompassing amino acids 1 to 375, is required for proper folding to form a herringbone-like structure. In contrast, the C-terminal end covering amino acids 376 to 489 was dispensable for the formation of herringbone-like particles. A region located between amino acids 375 to 439 may play a role in regulating the length of the herringbone-like particles. Mutants with amino acid deletions further from the C-terminal end (84, 98, 109 and 114 amino acids) tended to form longer particles compared to mutants with shorter deletions (25 and 49 amino acids).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dynamic properties of Newcastle Disease Virus envelope and their relations with viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase membrane glycoprotein.

The lipid composition of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Clone-30 strain shows a low lipid/protein ratio, a high cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio, and major phospholipids being qualitatively different to other NDV strains. The major fatty acyl constituents are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids; cerebrosides, sulfatides and two kinds of gangliosides are also found in the NDV membrane. It is reported for the first time in NDV that phospholipid classes are asymmetrically distributed over the two leaflets of the membrane: 60 +/- 4.5% of the phosphatidylcholine and 70 +/- 5.0% of the sphingomyelin are in the outer monolayer. Intact viral membranes and reconstituted NDV envelopes showed similar dynamic properties. Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins of NDV membrane affect the lipid thermotropic behaviour in reconstituted proteoliposomes made up of a single class of phospholipids. It is shown that the lipid composition is more important than the bulk membrane fluidity/order for both sialidase (neuraminidase) and hemagglutinating HN activities. Sialidase and hemagglutinating activities requires the presence of definite phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine) in its environment.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1964

USE-DILUTION TEST AND NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS.

The use-dilution test for evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants against bacteria was modified to determine the effectiveness of disinfectants against a group of viruses. Modifications were kept to a minimum to retain the general principles of the test and thereby retain the test's familiarity among testing laboratory personnel. Modifications included the use of a standard allantoic fluid suspension of Newcastle disease virus instead of a standard bacterial culture. The only other modification was the inoculation of six embryonated chicken eggs (10 to 12 days old) with 0.1 ml of nutrient broth into which a carrier ring was transferred after a standard period in diluted disinfectant. The death or survival of 60 embryos, then, is the criterion by which a disinfectant can be judged effective at use-dilution. Experiments are described which establish the validity of the modified test procedure. The effectiveness of nine common disinfectants against Newcastle disease virus as judged by this test procedure is reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A 38,000-dalton antigen found in Namalwa cells induced by Newcastle disease virus.

An antigen has been isolated from Namalwa cells, a Burkitt lymphoma line, that was induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for interferon production. The antigen was extracted by 3 M NaCl from ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP), obtained from the nuclear 0.01 M Tris extract, and was purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Its molecular weight was 38 kilodalton (kDa) as determined by SDS-PAGE. The tryptic peptide map of 125I-labeled antigen contained seven major peptides. The antigen was not found in HeLa cells, normal human liver or in Namalwa cells that had not been induced by the virus. This result suggests that this antigen was produced in Namalwa cells as a result of induction by the NDV virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vaccination of chickens with a clone-selected Lastoa strain of Newcastle disease virus.

A cone-selected Lasota strain of Newcastle disease (ND) was found to be more immunogenic than the B1 strain but less immunogenic than the regular Lasota strain while having the same pathogenic index as the B1 strain. The geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers induced in chickens vaccinated with the cloned Lasota strain were higher than those induced in chickens vaccinated with the B1 strain but were found to be slightly less than the titers obtained in chickens vaccinated with the regular Lasota strain. The clone-selected Lasota strain had essentially the same spreading potential as the regular Lasota strain, as indicated by geometric mean titers and challenge mortality of nonvaccinated chickens which were placed in contact with the vaccinated chickens. Oral, ocular, or aerosol vaccination of maternally immune chickens with the clone-selected Lasota strain gave essentially the same protection as those vaccinated with the regular Lasota strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Newcastle disease virus and two influenza viruses: differing effects of acid and temperature on the uptake of infectious virus into bovine and canine kidney cell lines.

The entry of 2 influenza viruses was compared to the entry of the Ulster strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by measuring the escape rate of preadsorbed virus from neutralization using a microwell assay. The 2-minute entry of Ulster into Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells increased exponentially over the temperature range for fusion of 30-37 degrees C and was prevented by pH 4.6 which corresponded to the pH within endosomes. The 2-hour entry of both influenza viruses into MDBK cells increased exponentially over the temperature range of 0-30 degrees C with Q10 values similar to Q10 for the endocytosis of horse radish peroxidase and their entry times were reduced to less than 10 minutes at pH 4.6. When Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used the entry of one influenza virus, NIB-8, took 2 minutes whereas the other, A/Jap/Bel, took 2 hours. The reason for this was unknown. NIB-8 contains genes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virus and genes 4, 5, 6 from A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2) virus. A/Jap/Bel is a triple reassortant which shares genes 3 and 7 with NIB-8 whereas 1, 2, 4, 5 are from A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2) and genes 6, 8 are from A/Bel/42 (H1N1).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A fowlpox virus vaccine vector with insertion sites in the terminal repeats: demonstration of its efficacy using the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus.

In this paper we report the development and testing of a fowlpox virus vector system. Insertion sites in non-essential regions within the terminal inverted repeats of the virus have been characterised. Foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. To test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus, and inoculated into chickens. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the recombinant to protect chickens against challenge by a virulent strain of NDV and to elicit the formation of anti-fusion protein antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Plaque cloning of the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus].

A plaque clone was successfully produced and the plaque characteristic was studied of a velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (strain II). The isolated 3 plaque mutants were found to form bright plaques in chick embryo fibroblast cultures, having a different size: those of clone I had a 4 mm dia, those of clone II - 2.5 mm dia, and those of clone III - 1.5 mm dia. The clones were differing in their virulence to day-old and six-week-old susceptible birds both from one another and from the parent virus. With regard to chick embryos, however, the difference in their virulence was negligible so far as the average time of perishing was concerned. Two methods of obtaining clones of the virus were comparatively tested: (1) infecting the cells as a monolayer (method of Dulbecco) and (2) infecting the cells set as a suspension. More advantageous proved the suspension method.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical detection of Newcastle disease virus in chickens.

An immunoperoxidase histochemical technique utilizing a monoclonal primary antibody was developed for detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigen in tissues from chickens. The technique was applied to trachea, lung, spleen, Harderian gland, and cecal tonsil harvested from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens at 2, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days postinoculation (PI) with NDV, and to corresponding tissues from commercial broiler chickens representing 30 cases of spontaneous respiratory disease. Positive staining occurred in the cytoplasm of respiratory epithelial cells in the trachea or bronchi of NDV-inoculated SPF chickens at 5 and 7 days PI. Staining also occurred in the respiratory epithelium of the trachea and bronchi of commercial broilers from seven of 30 cases of spontaneous respiratory disease. These results indicate that the immunoperoxidase technique has value as a rapid diagnostic test for Newcastle disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Inactivated oil emulsion vaccines from selected clones of Newcastle disease virus.

The immunogenicity of oil emulsion (OE) vaccines prepared from two selected clones of a Nigerian strain of Newcastle disease virus and two commercial vaccine strains were compared. Geometric mean haemagglutination inhibition titre was lowest in OE-Lasota, although all four vaccines gave 100% protection against clinical Newcastle disease. The use of OE vaccines is recommended for commercial use in Nigeria.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Interferon production in mouse spleen cells and mouse fibroblasts (L cells) stimulated by various strains of Newcastle disease virus.

Interferon production in mouse spleen cells and mouse fibroblasts (L cells) stimulated by three strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Italian, La Sota and Ulster, was investigated. Strain Italian was fully infectious and highly virulent; strain Ulster exhibited very low infectivity and very low virulence; strain La Sota was between these extremes. All of these strains of MDBK cell-grown NDV could induce interferon in mouse spleen cells, and it was concluded that proteolytic cleavage of F0 protein of NDV and, consequently, virus penetration are not necessary for interferon induction in these cells. On the other hand, NDV with uncleaved F0, which was characterized by an apparent lack of haemolytic and cell fusion activity and infectivity for tissue culture cells, had no interferon-inducing ability in L cells. The cleavage of F0 protein was paralleled by an appearance of interferon-inducing activity in L cells.

Animals↗