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PubMed2003

Is digital image compression acceptable within diabetic retinopathy screening?

AIMS: The National Screening Committee (NSC), whilst recommending the use of digital mydriatic retinal photography for diabetic retinopathy screening, has not yet accepted the use of digitally compressed images for grading. By greatly reducing the file size, however, compression of images is invaluable for storage and for its rapid transmission across computer networks. We undertook a study to compare the different levels of JPEG compression with the original bit-mapped image to determine whether there was any loss of clinical detail following compression. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty images were analysed in this study. These images had been captured from 66 eyes consecutively photographed in a diabetic retinopathy screening programme, using a Sony DXC-950 P 3CCD colour video camera mounted on a Canon CR6-45NMf fundus camera. Single 45 degrees macula-centred images were taken from each eye. The images were compressed using the JPEG algorithm within Adobe Photoshop (version 4.0) and then displayed with a Sony Trinitron colour monitor. Four different levels of compression were used, JPEG-1, JPEG-2, JPEG-3, JPEG-4, and an objective analysis was undertaken using 'lesion counts'. The compressed images were assessed separately and blindly and the results compared with their original BMP images. RESULTS: Eight BMP images could not be evaluated (five right eye and three left eye). A total of 290 images were therefore used in the final evaluation. All the JPEG-1 images with file sizes between 16 and 24 kb were found to be 'pixelated', while the JPEG-4 images (66-107 kb) appeared similar to the original BMP (1.3 Mb) images. Both JPEG-2 and JPEG-3 images had significantly lower counted lesions than the BMP images. CONCLUSIONS: From our findings we can conclude that only some degree of image compression (compression ratios of 1 : 20 to 1 : 12) with file sizes of 66-107 kb is permissible using JPEG format, whereas the images obtained after higher compression ratios may not be suitable for diabetic retinopathy screening.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes in a systematic screening programme.

AIM: To measure the cumulative incidence of any retinopathy, maculopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR), and calculate optimal screening intervals by retinopathy grade at baseline for patients with Type 1 diabetes attending an established systematic retinal screening programme. METHODS: All patients with Type 1 diabetes registered with enrolled general practitioners, excluding only those attending an ophthalmologist, were studied if retinopathy data was available at baseline and at least one further screen event. Screening utilized non-stereoscopic 3-field mydriatic photography and modified Wisconsin grading. STDR was defined as moderate pre-proliferative retinopathy or greater and/or significant maculopathy in any eye. RESULTS: Patients (n=501) underwent 2742 screen events. Cumulative incidence of STDR in patients without baseline retinopathy was 0.3% (95% CI 0.0-0.9) at 1 year, rising to 3.9% (1.4-5.4) at 5 years. Rates of progression to STDR in patients with background and mild pre-proliferative retinopathy at 1 year were 3.6% (0.5-6.6) and 13.5% (4.2-22.7), respectively. Progression to STDR was greater in patients with a higher grade of baseline retinopathy (P=0.001) or a longer disease duration (P=0.003). For a 95% likelihood of remaining free of STDR, mean screening intervals by baseline status were: no retinopathy 5.7 (95% CI 3.5-7.6) years, background 1.3 (0.4-2.0) years and mild pre-proliferative 0.4 (0-0.8) years. CONCLUSIONS: Screening at 2-3 year intervals, rather than annually, for patients without retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes is feasible because of the low risk of progression to STDR, and may result in significant cost savings for a screening programme. Patients with higher grades of retinopathy require screening at least annually or more frequent.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cluster headache pathogenesis: a pupillometric study.

Thirty-two cluster headache patients and healthy controls (n = 16-20 for the various tests) were examined by means of a Whitaker pupillometer during pain-free intervals. Eye drops of the sympathomimetic agents tyramine, hydroxyamphetamine, and phenylephrine were instilled into the conjunctival sacs on separate occasions, and pupillary diameters recorded at standard time intervals. The mydriatic responses of the two pupils were compared. A moderate, but statistically significant, basal relative miosis was found on the pain side in cluster headache. The symptomatic-side pupils were less responsive than their counterparts when stimulated with tyramine and hydroxyamphetamine, the difference being statistically significant for the OH-amphetamine test. With the phenylephrine test, however, the mydriasis on the symptomatic side significantly exceeded that of the contralateral pupil. This pattern of reactions does not quite correspond to those of "ordinary" Horner's syndrome (1st, 2nd, and 3rd neuron lesion). There are, however, gross similarities with the recently reported pattern in central sympathetic neuron dysfunction. In cluster headache there is probably a "Horner-like picture" rather than a proper Horner's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. XIII. The pupillometric pattern.

Pupillometric studies were carried out in eight patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) and in age- and sex-matched controls in the basal condition and after instillation of 2% tyramine (CPH, n = 5; controls, n = 17), 1% OH-amphetamine (CPH, n = 6; controls, n = 12), and 1% phenylephrine (CPH, n = 6; controls, n = 17). The pupil on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides in CPH patients was significantly smaller in the basal condition than in controls, particularly on the symptomatic side. The mydriatic responses to pharmacologic stimulation were essentially similar on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides. An evaporimetric study of the forehead sweat glands, using the body heating and pilocarpine tests, was also carried out in these patients and in age- and sex-matched controls. "Early", "intermediate", and "late" measurements demonstrated symmetry of forehead sweating. The findings for both methods of examination thus contrast with those in cluster headache patients. Pupillometric and forehead sweating patterns therefore suggest differences in the pathogenesis of the two headache entities. These tests may be used to distinguish CPH and cluster headache clinically.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Oculosympathetic alterations in migraine patients.

Oculosympathetic function was studied in 20 headache-free migraine patients and in 20 controls. Pupillary investigation was performed under basal conditions, and after instillation of tyramine (2%) and phenylephrine (1%) eyedrops. Each test was performed twice shortly after a spontaneous attack and then repeated after 7 and 15 days. In the patients, the normal mydriatic response induced by tyramine was significantly (p<0.001) reduced and phenylephrine instillation caused a significant (p<0.01) pupillary dilatation in both the assessments performed shortly after the attack. These abnormal responses were bilateral in all patients and slightly anisocoric in some. They were significantly (p<0.001) more pronounced in the patients who had pain and pronounced vascular features. The reduced oculosympathetic response to tyramine, as well as the hypersensitivity to phenylephrine, was less evident 7 days after the attack and absent after 15 days. A transient and bilateral post-ganglionic oculosympathetic hypofunction, with adrenoceptor hypersensitivity, was found to be temporally related to the migraine attack, regardless of the side or predominant side of pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Pupillary disorder after use of asthma spray aerosol].

A 46-year-old patient was referred as an emergency case to our neuro-ophthalmologic department, because her left pupil was mydriatic and unreactive since the morning of the same day. This pupil did not constrict normally on application of 1 % pilocarpin eye drops. Thus the diagnosis of a medication-induced mydriasis was established. The causative agent proved to be an aerosol, containing ipratropium bromide used for asthma treatment.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

The microsurgical anatomy of the ciliary ganglion and its clinical importance in orbital traumas: an anatomic study.

The ciliary ganglion can easily be injured during surgery for the repair of orbital fractures and laterally situated intraorbital mass lesions. The aim of this study is to elucidate the microsurgical anatomy of the ciliary ganglion and to emphasize its clinical importance in orbital traumas and surgeries. The orbits of 10 adult cadavers were fixed with 10 % formalin and dissected under the microscope with special attention to the presence and location of the ciliary ganglion. The motor (parasympathetic), sympathetic, and sensory roots, and the short ciliary nerves were exposed. Its relationship with other intraorbital neural and vascular structures were investigated. Some anatomic landmarks were determined and the distances between these landmarks were measured. The ciliary ganglion is an intraorbital neural structure approximately 3 mm in size, situated near the orbital apex, posterolateral to the globe in loose areolar tissue between the optic nerve and lateral rectus muscle. The mean distance between the ganglion and the optic nerve was 2.9 mm (range: 2.70 - 3.10 mm) and the mean distance between the lateral rectus muscle and the ganglion was 10.4 mm (range: 9.20 - 11.20 mm). Six to 10 short ciliary nerves arise from the ganglion and run forward in a curving manner with the ciliary arteries above and below the optic nerve. The ciliary ganglion should be taken into the account especially during lateral approaches to the orbit and the patients should be warned before the surgery about possible mydriatic or tonic pupils as a complication.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type-1 and type-2 diabetics in the Upper Palatinate].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of blindness in industrial countries. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and risk indicators among volunteers in a rural district in Bavaria, Germany. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a mobile survey unit, we investigated 627 diabetic volunteers (275 women, 352 men, mean age 64.5 +/- 12.5 yr) in 23 cities and villages. One retinal Polaroid photo was taken per eye, using a non-mydriatic camera (Canon CR4-45 NM). RESULTS: In 60 subjects (9.6%) retinal photographs were not assessable. Among the remaining 567 patients (76 type-1 diabetes, HbA1c 7.3 +/- 1.2% and 491 type-2 diabetes, HbA1c 7.7 +/- 1.5%) in 72.3% no retinopathy was found (57.9% type-1 diabetes/74.5% type-2 diabetes). Non-proliferative retinopathy was diagnosed in 22% (38.2%/19.6) and proliferative retinopathy in 5.6% (3.9%/5.9%). Photocoagulation scars were present in 6.1% (11.7%/5.3%) and macular oedema in 11.8% (14.1%/11.6%). In 6.1% (5.3%/6.6%) of patients visual acuity was less than 0.1 in at least one eye. The degree of retinopathy was found to be related to the duration of diabetes mellitus, age at onset, glycaemic control (HbA1c), blood pressure and symptoms of neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of retinopathy of 22.0% in the study group was found to be low for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, perhaps due to the methods used and/or good or acceptable glycaemic control measured as HbA1c.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Holzwig iris retractor and use in narrow pupils].

BACKGROUND: The objective was to develop an easy to handle tool for temporary implantation to dilate narrow pupils. MATERIAL AND METHODS: High molecular PMMA was used to lathe cut a v-shaped device with sides of 6.9 mm length, 0.8 mm height and 0.4 mm width which opens 7.0 mm. Positioning holes of 0.5 mm diameter are located in the caudal ends of the sides. The HIR was used during cataract extraction in 24 patients with mydriatic-resistant pupils, amblyopia or distinctive macula degeneration. RESULTS: In all 26 cases cataract extraction was made easier due to physiologically dilated pupils. The risk of an intraoperative miosis was effectively eliminated. In two cases removal was difficult as the lower tunnel lip interfered with the removal of the HIR. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the commercially available devices, the HIR is the simplest, safest and most physiologic alternative.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1996

[Drug side-effects of the eye--a contribution to quality assurance in ophthalmology].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this research is to catalogue the increasing number of side effects of medications on the eyes and, by putting this catalogue into a data bank, to make it available for use in hospitals. Here a deliberate search is made for medications, which could possibly cause certain side effects as well as a list of possible undesired side effects caused by a certain group of medications analogous to the main groups in the so-called "Rote Liste". METHODS: With the use of the medical literature data bank MEDLINE (CD-ROM) and a search strategy suitable to the topic, German or English publications are included in the data bank, when dose, duration and method of application has been stated, and there had to be a definite or at least possible connection between the side effects observed and the substance causing the side effects. The relevant datas in each article, for example, details about the substance, its application, the publication reference, the individual side effects, categorized according to anatomical or functional aspects, and, if necessary, details about reversibility and therapy were registrated on the data bank. RESULTS: The most common side effects in systemic therapy relate to conjunctiva, cornea/sclera, retina as well as a large number of changes in vision. In external application the undesired side effects were also mainly on conjunctiva, cornea/sclera, as well as on eyelids, uvea, and changes in visual acuity. In medications taken externally ophthalmological side effects were most frequently caused by cytostatics, dermatics, corticoids and antibiotics. In the case of external application on the eye, by far the most undesired side effects were caused by glaucoma medications, followed by antibiotics, mydriatics and corticoids. CONCLUSION: In future, with the use of the data bank, it should be possible to quickly observe a relation between undesired side effects and medications which could possibly cause these side effects.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1996

[Rifabutin-induced hypopyon iritis in HIV infection].

BACKGROUND: Rifabutin is a new semisynthetic rifamycin which is approved in Germany for clinical application since 1/15/95. The drug is used for prophylaxis and treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection in patients with AIDS. In 1994 it was reported that rifabutin can cause anterior uveitis. This side effect is dose-dependent and aggravated, when the drug is combined with clarithromycin and/or fluconazol. PATIENT: A 32-year-old woman suffered from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and systemic MAI. She was treated with a combination of rifabutin (450 mg/day), clarithromycin (750 mg/day) and ethambutol (800 mg/day). 78 days later she developed a unilateral hypopyon iritis. RESULTS: Rifabutin was discontinued and topical steroids and mydriatics were given. The uveitis disappeared within two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The ophthalmologist should be aware of this new potential etiology of anterior uveitis. Rifabutin should be withdrawn immediately. Anti-inflammatory eye drops might be helpful.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

[Thermal photodisruptive laser iridotomy. A retrospective long-term study].

BACKGROUND: The combined application of the argon- and Nd:YAG-laser for iridotomies permits utilizing advantages of both lasertypes and avoiding their disadvantages. Long-term results of this thermal-photodisruptive technique have so far not been presented, however. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 127 eyes of 70 patients with an average age of 67.8 years were retrospectively examined in order to obtain information on the longterm results, with special attention being given to a potential occlusion of the iris coloboma, potential cataract progression, regulation of IOP, the pigmentation of the anterior chamber angle and the formation of synechiae. The average time of follow-up was 2.8 years. Laser iridotomy had been performed because of glaucoma of the involved eye or at the fellow eye or because of a narrow angle situation. RESULTS: The total amount of energies applied was 1.1 J on the average for the argon laser and 172.2 mJ for the Nd:YAG-laser. Iris colobomas with an average diameter of 500 microns were performed on all eyes. Due to this large diameter none of the colobomas was found to be occluded. Progression of cataract was seen in 21/127 eyes (16.5%). In some of the cases this seemed to be attributable to a lentogene component already in starting the acute angle closure glaucoma or the narrow angle situation. IOP was within the normal range in 113/127 (89.0%) eyes not additionally treated by any other therapy. In 46/74 (62.2%) eyes was increased pigmentation of the chamber angle. Synechiae arose in 25/74 (33.8%) eyes. These, however, could be significantly reduced by giving mydriatics immediately after the procedure. There were no significant differences on comparing laser iridotomy with surgical iridectomy. CONCLUSION: Thermal-photodisruptive laser iridotomy has become a successful alternative method to the application of either argon- or Nd:YAG-laser alone. Since it is a low-risk procedure, it should be regarded as the method of choice prior to surgical iridectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Pholedrine for determining the site of Horner syndrome].

BACKGROUND: Pharmacologic testing by indirect acting sympathomimetics like hydroxyamphetamine may determine the site of the lesion in Horner's syndrome. Pholedrine is chemically similar to hydroxyamphetamine. Therefore we examined if it shows the same effects in normal subjects and in patients with Horner's syndrome. METHODS: Pupil diameter was measured by means of standardized photography before and after single and with different intervals repeated administration of pholedrine eye drops in normal subjects. In 18 patients with Horner's syndrome and known hydroxyamphetamine test results, a pholedrine test was carried out analogous to the hydroxyamphetamine test. RESULTS: Pholedrine dilates the normal pupil by 2.2 mm (mean). It acts at the longest 8-10 hours with maximal effect between 20 and 90 minutes. After this period its effect decreases rapidly. It acts independently from age and from baseline pupil diameter. Given repeatedly the second administration reaches the same mydriatic effect as the first only if the interval between both applications is 72 hours or more. This is because it needs some time to refill the noradrenaline stores in the sympathetic neuron innervating the dilator muscle of the pupil. In Horner's syndrome pholedrine dilates the involved pupil only minimally in case of a postganglionic lesion, and in case of a preganglionic lesion it dilates the pupil even slightly more than the normal fellow pupil. It shows the same effect as hydroxyamphetamine. There are only few side effects. CONCLUSION: Pholedrine is a substitute for hydroxyamphetamine to localize the site of the lesion in patients with Horner's syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Quantitative measurement of inflammation in HLA-B27 acute anterior uveitis using the Kowa FC-100 laser flare-cell meter].

PURPOSE: LFP represents a major gain of sensitivity over slit-lamp evaluation of aqueous flare, allowing to detect subclinical changes of flare both in low grade and high grade flare situations. It is now possible to exactly quantify anterior chamber inflammation and determine inflammatory patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine the mean initial and evolutionary flare in AAU and the mean duration of an AAU episode. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Since 1990 routine LFP follow-up of inflammation in uveitis patients is performed by the same technician with a Kowa FC-1000 laser flare-cell meter. The standard treatment for AAU was to begin with hourly topical 1% prednisolone acetate drops during the day and ointment at night and mydriatic drops. In case of a flare rise or persistence of the initial high flare after 48 hours a periocular injection of betamethasone (4 mg) was added to the topical therapy. End of an episode was defined as a flare under 8 photons/ms. RESULTS: Mean initial flare was 160.7 +/- 22 ph/ms (n = 61). Mean duration of an AAU episode was 18.5 +/- 15 days and evolution of mean flare showed that 50% flare reduction occurred on day 2 of therapy and 90% reduction on day 8. With our treatment protocol 14% of non complicated AAU needed an additional periocular steroid injection. CONCLUSION: LFP represents a major improvement in the management of AAU patients by allowing precise adjustment of therapy and favors good patient compliance because of the numbered evidence of disease recovery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Experiences with disc lenses composed of silicone].

Our study presents the results with a silicone disc-lens (Adatomed 90D) over a postoperative period of 18 months. It includes 47 patients, 42 could be reexamined. The implantation was done after continuous circular capsulorhexis and phacoemulsification with a Faulkner-folder directly into the capsular bag. The implantation was sometimes difficult. Skill and experience of the surgeon are required. The IOL springs forth of the implantation forceps, which can lead to traumatization of the capsule and the iris. Three times the posterior capsule ruptured, in two cases the implantation was stopped because of vitreous pressure and the risk of rupturing the capsule. In 6 cases the rim of the anterior capsule ruptured during the implantation. Postoperatively one IOL had a sulcus position, all other IOLs were in the capsular bag. A deposit of viscoelastic substance (Healon) between the IOL and the posterior capsule in 34 cases (72%) was remarkable. In 14 cases (33%) it remained for 18 months. 16 times (38%) regeneratory after-cataract reached the central part of the capsule. The visual disturbance was different, in 6 cases (14%) a YAG-laser-capsulotomy was performed. An influence of the deposit of viscoelastic substance on the development of posterior capsule opacification could not be proved. 17 IOLs (40%) were minimally decentrated upwards. Only 11 cases (26%) had an excellent mydriatic pupillary reaction. The reason is not clear. 10 eyes (24%) developed iridocapsular synechia, 22 eyes (52%) foreign body giant cells and 20 eyes (48%) dispersed pigment on the IOL surface. The giant cells did not diminish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Tyndallometry of the anterior chamber with the Kowa FC-100 Laser FLare-Cell Meter].

The laser flare-cell meter measures the scattered light intensity of a He-Ne laser in the aqueous of the anterior chamber. It allows a reliable quantitative determination of the flare and the number of cells in the aqueous humor. The aqueous flare intensities are significantly decreased by short-acting mydriatic agents such as 0.5% tropicamide and phenylephrine. Diurnal variations and an increase of the aqueous flare with increasing age were demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Surgical pupillary dilatation within the scope of complicated retinal detachment surgery].

During vitreoretinal surgery 14 aphakic patients with complicated retinal detachment were treated with 2 new techniques for surgical dilatation of a miotic and rigid pupil. In 4 cases, iris excision was not performed in the upper part of the pars pupillaris, as usual, but in the lower part. As a result, peripheral anterior synechiae due to silicone oil injection did not occur postoperatively. In the other 10 cases the pupil was temporarily stretched during the operation with 4 iris loop sutures. These sutures were laid in such a way that a retraction of the iris in the main directions of the 4 quadrants was made possible, thereby forming a large square pupil. Postoperatively, no iris damage was found in those cases where miosis had only developed during surgery. In the case of a preoperatively miotic and rigid pupil, stretching caused multiple small sphincter tears in most cases. A few weeks after surgery these patients again showed constriction of the pupil. Their pupils reacted to light, miotics, and mydriatics, but reactions were diminished.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1985

[Legal and ethical aspects of drug therapy].

Legally speaking, the administration of drugs for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is, in fact, bodily injury which enjoys exemption from punishment only when it is justified and the patient has given his consent. In daily practice the application of relatively low-risk diagnostic drops ought to represent a part of the commission which the patient gives the ophthalmologist in seeking out his practice. The risk involved in diagnostically and therapeutically administered drugs must be reasonably related to the possible advantage to be gained. Therefore, a brief explanation to the patient and the securing of his consent are surely appropriate before the use of a mydriatic in cases with a dangerously narrow chamber angle. Rational therapy with drugs depends on knowledge of their effects. In our specialty this is by no means the case with all drugs. However, there are problems in verifying their efficacy. Personal, practical experience often leads to false conclusions and to perpetuation of the same mistakes. From retrospective studies we can only arrive at reliable conclusions in the case of obvious, gross effects; not even exploratory data analysis provides sure knowledge; at best it established hypotheses. Therefore, the most important means of testing drugs is the prospective controlled study with random distribution of patients into a control group and groups given the test substance. With the help of statistical methods, this leads from ignorance to secure knowledge. Members of the legal profession have expressed their misgivings about randomized studies, partially because they are not familiar with the state of our ignorance and the difficulties involved in testing pharmaceuticals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Diagnostic Uses of Chemicals↗