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PubMed1976

Elevated levels of IgE antibodies to ascaris and mite antigens in Papua New Guinea.

Levels of IgE as well as specific IgE antibodies to ascaris and mite have been studied in two groups in Papua New Guinea (PNG), patients with primary liver carcinoma (PLC) and normal blood donors, and in two groups in Japan, normal subjects and asthmatic patients. A radioallergosorbent test was used to measure IgE antibodies to ascaris and mite antigens. Much higher levels of IgE were found in the Papua New Guinean subjects than the normal Japanese subjects. Also levels of IgE antibodies to ascaris were much higher in Papua New Guineans than in the Japanese subjects. Though similar results were observed in IgE antibodies to mite, difference between normal Papua New Guineans and normal Japanese was small, whereas difference between the patients with PLC in PNG and the normal Japanese subjects was very large. Highest levels of IgE antibodies to mite were detected in Japanese with asthma. No correlations were observed among IgE levels, levels of IgE antibodies to ascaris and levels of IgE antibodies to mite. It is concluded that both ascaris and mite IgE antibodies contribute the very high levels of IgE seen in Papua New Guineans, but many other factors may be operative.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1988

Dust mite allergens and asthma: a worldwide problem. International Workshop report.

After the discovery of house dust mites in 1964 their association with asthma has been reported from many different parts of the world including the developing countries. Two sets of major allergens from mites of the genus Dermatophagoides are now well recognized. The Group I allergens are glycoproteins of relative molecular mass (M(r)) 25 000, which show both structural homology and cross-reactivity. The allergen Der p I has been cloned and sequenced confirming the M(r) and establishing its nature as a protease. The Group II allergens (M(r) 15 000) show even closer homology and cross-reactivity. Specific immunoassays for Group I and Group II allergens, using monospecific antisera and monoclonal antibodies, have been standardized and are suitable for measuring allergen levels in different parts of the world.Measures for reducing the levels of mite allergens in houses include the covering of mattresses, hot washing of bedding, and removal of carpets from bedrooms as well as humidity control, vacuum cleaning, and the use of acaricides in the rest of the house. There is already evidence that these procedures can cause a major improvement in the symptoms of asthma. While provisional standards for both sensitization to mites and also mite allergen exposure can now be recommended, there is an urgent need for controlled studies using protocols demonstrated to reduce mite allergen levels by at least tenfold and for further international collaboration.

Allergens↗
PubMed1995

House dust mite allergen content in two areas with large differences in relative humidity.

BACKGROUND: Striking differences in mite counts and mite-allergen levels have been documented between dwellings located at sea level and high altitude. Apart from relative humidity (RH), several other factors, ie, temperature, UV exposure, and altitude per se could account for this difference. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether RH by itself could influence mite infestation by comparing mite-allergens levels in two towns differing only with respect to RH. METHODS: We compared group I allergen content in two Moroccan towns: Casablanca, located on the seashore and Marrakech located at 1404 feet. Mean (+/- SD) RH in years 1990 and 1991 was 81.2 +/- 2.9% in Casablanca and 56.0 +/- 7.6% in Marrakech. Mean annual temperatures were 17.7 +/- 4.0 degrees C and 20.2 +/- 6.4 degrees C in Casablanca and Marrakech, respectively. In each town, 20 asymptomatic subjects agreed to participate in the study. Their mattresses were vacuum-cleaned for a standardized duration (2 min/m2). Mite allergen-content was evaluated using monoclonal antibodies and ELISA and results expressed as micrograms of group I (Der pI+Der f I) allergens per gram of dust (micrograms/g dust). RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) group I allergen level was 8.3 +/- 8.8 micrograms/g in Casablanca and 0.6 +/- 0.6 micrograms/g dust in Marrakech, a difference that is highly significant (P = .001). In both areas, mean Der f I allergen level was low (0.7 +/- 0.5 and < 0.1 micrograms/g dust, in Casablanca and Marrakech, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study shows that house dust mite allergen content in households depends on RH rather than on temperature.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

[Parasitic mites and ticks and allergy].

The review contains an of the literature on sensitivity and the clinical manifestations of allergy in human being to various parasitic and free-living mites and ticks (Sarcoptidae, Psoroptidae, Demodicidae, Ixodidae, Argasidae, Gamasina, Trombiculidae, Cheyletidae, Pygmephoridae, Tarsonemidae, Tetranychidae). The epidemiology and clinic of the allergic reactions of man to the penetration of mites and tick allergens through skin at their constant, temporal and occasional parasitizing are considered. The allergic reactions to different mite and tick allergens take both delayed and immediate type. However, the mechanism of these reactions sometimes is unknown. The mites or ticks infestations produce, as a rule, dermal allergic reactions in the atopic patients. In some cases the asthmatic component may be present. The cross-reactivity between mite/tick antigens and pyroglyphid mite antigens complicates the clinic, diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. New data on the nature and specificity of mite and ticks allergens are presented.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Induced responses in clover to an herbaceous mite.

Halotydeus destructor feeding on subterranean clover cotyledons can cause severe damage. The mites live on the soil surface and move up onto plants to feed. Foraging behaviour consists of palpating, probing, and feeding with frequent transitions between them. Sustained feeding is made up of a series of short (1-2 min) feeds separated by periods of palpating. The mites tend to feed in aggregations, and are attracted to cotyledons damaged by other mites feeding or by mechanical damage. Mites can distinguish between resistant and susceptible cotyledons within 30 min and resistance is antixenotic due to deterrence. Study of the mechanisms shows this to be induced plant resistance. Several green leaf volatiles are involved in the plant/mite interaction. After feeding commences, 2-E-hexenal is released that at low concentrations is attractive to mites, perhaps causing the feeding aggregations. The wound-induced C(8) compound, 1-octen-3-one, plays a significant role in the deterrence of cotyledons of resistant subterranean clover varieties to H. destructor. Damaged cotyledons of resistant varieties produce more 1-octen-3-one that those of susceptible varieties. Screening for resistance has identified varieties from Italy showing resistance. H. destructor does not occur in Europe. Production of damage-induced volatiles by the resistant plants may have resulted from invasion by herbivores or pathogens, but not from coevolution with these mites. The responses of H. destructor are probably an adaptation to these general plant defensive compounds.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2004

Toxicity of pesticides to predatory mites and insects in apple-tree site under field conditions.

Various applications of active ingredients of six fungicides and three insecticides and acaricides at normally recommended dosages were tested on two predatory mite species (Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Anthoseius bakeri Garman) from the family Phytoseiidae and on two predatory insect species (Coccinella septempunctata L. Chrysopa perla L.) dominantly present on apple trees. Small differences were found between fungicide treatments. On the trees treated with six fungicide applications the predatory mites and insects survived and increased to a high level, often 20-40 phytoseiids per 100 leaves and 4-8 predatory insects per sample unit. Only the active ingredients tolylfluanid and myclobutanil resulted in lower densities of predatory mites (10-20 phytoseiids per 100 leaves). One application of insecticides-acaricides (active ingredients: clofentezine, phosalone) showed no toxic effect on predatory mites and insects. Two applications of phosalone and one of alpha-cypermethrine were slightly or moderately toxic. Two applications of alpha-cypermethrine and eight routine sprays of various insecticides-acaricides and fungicides were very toxic and resulted in the lowest maximum number of predatory mites and insects, approximately 0-10 phytoseiids per 100 leaves and 1-4 predatory insects per sample unit. The toxicity of pesticides to predatory mites and insects is based on the toxicity of the pesticide' active ingredient and the spray frequency. The active ingredients of fungicides and only one or two applications of insecticides and acaricides were not or slightly toxic and could be used in integrated pest management.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The marine mites Hyadesia sp. and Copidognathus sp. Associated with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Two species of marine mites belonging to the families Hyadesiidae and Halacaridae, Hyadesia sp. and Copidognathus sp., respectively, were found associated with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Baja California in NW México. The first species was found inside the mussel gut with an intensity ranging from one to six mites per mussel and their prevalence was from 20.0 to 46.7%; this species was also found living free in the sediment at a density of 0.7 mite/100 ml. The second species was found on the mantle and gills of the host with an intensity ranging from one to three mites per host and their prevalence was from 3.3 to 6.7%; this species was abundant (4.5 mites/100 ml) and living free in the sediment around mussel clumps. Hyadesia sp. was found alive and attached in the gut of the mussel. A histological analysis revealed this species in the lumen of intestine surrounded by mucus and attached to the epithelial cells of the intestine, where some disorder of epithelial cells was associated. Moreover, this mite may be encapsulated by hemocytes inside the digestive diverticulum, the reproductive follicle, or the connective tissue surrounding the diverticulum. No damages to branches or gills resulting from the presence of Copidognathus sp. were observed. The results suggest that these mites are occasional invaders of mussels; however, as a result of this infestation, Hyadesia sp. may produce damage in the host's tissues. This is the first record of marine mites inside the gut, reproductive follicles, branches, and mantle of a marine bivalve.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Coprophilous mite communities as affected by concentration of plastic and glass particles.

The community and trophic structure of mites was examined in cattle manure and their response to treatment of manure with solid-waste particles was investigated. Mites were collected from artificial dung pats exposed to natural colonization in the field for 16 days. The pats were composed of manure alone or manure separately mixed with waste-material particles of four types and concentrations. Mites were the numerically dominant taxon among arthropods in manure. The Prostigmata was the most abundant suborder, mainly represented by the families Pygmephoridae and Ereynetidae. The common families of Mesostigmata were all cosmopolitan. Correlations with other arthropods suggest that Mesostigmata are opportunistic predators, preying upon dipteran larvae, Collembola and other mites, and preyed upon by larger predatory insect larvae. Cryptostigmata and Astigmata were a numerically minor community component. The species composition and abundance upon treatment of manure with polyethylene, polystyrene and glass particles was similar to that of the treatment control, i.e. natural and inert sand. Relatively low concentrations, 5 and 30% (v/v), of particles in manure did not alter the mite communities despite important differences with untreated manure in final moisture content. These findings may be relevant to proposed methods of solid-waste disposal. High particle concentrations of 60 and 90% had detrimental effects to the abundance of mites in manure and were caused by the very low final moisture content and probably nutrient deficiency of these treatments. The persistence of members of the prostigmatid families Tydeidae, Nanorchestidae and Tarsonemidae in the moisture-deficient 90%-concentration treatments supports previous evidence of adaptations to low-water-content habitats.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

House-dust-mite allergens: a review.

The house-dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pheronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei are cosmopolitan inhabitants of the homes of humans worldwide. These mites are the sources of multiple potent allergens that trigger allergic reactions in house-dust-mite-sensitive individuals. Many laboratories using widely varied mite materials and allergic sera, and biochemical and immunological assays, have isolated and characterized, to varying degrees, some of the allergens produced by these mites. The resulting large body of literature is difficult to interpret and relate. This review briefly summarizes the progress made in isolating and characterizing mite-derived antigens and allergens, the relationship between antigens isolated in different laboratories, and the patients' reactivity to these allergens. A brief summary of the allergic reaction and the role of IgE are provided as background.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Controlled exposure to mite allergen for a dose-finding of dimethindene maleate (DMM).

The aim of the study was to develop a laboratory system to challenge mite allergic patients with physiological concentrations of Der p I in order to evaluate the efficacy of antiallergic drugs in mite allergic patients. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was designed with three consecutive sessions. Twelve patients with proven sensitivity to dust mite were treated with a single dose of dimethindene maleate in a FOAD formulation (4 and 8 mg vs. placebo) 12 h before a long-term challenge with mite allergen Der p I in the Vienna challenge chamber. Challenge was performed with a constant concentration of 40 ng Der p I per cubic meter of air for 4 h. Nasal parameters were recorded at 15 min intervals during long-term challenge. In comparison to placebo, dimethindene leads to a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the nasal response at both concentrations tested. The house-dust mite model in the Vienna challenge chamber thus proved to be a useful tool for drug investigations in mite allergies.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Modelling parasitism and predation of mosquitoes by water mites.

Parasitism and predation are two ecological interactions that can occur simultaneously between two species. This is the case of Culicidae (Insecta: Diptera) and water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia). The larva mites are~parasites of aquatic and semiaquatic insects, and deutonymphs and adults are predators of insect larvae and eggs. Since several families of water mites are associated with mosquitoes there is an interest in the potential use of these mites as biological control agents. The aim of this paper is to use mathematical modelling and analysis to assess the impact of predation and parasitism in the mosquito population. We propose a system of ordinary differential equations to model the interactions among the larval and adult stages of mosquitoes and water mites. The model exhibits three equilibria: the first equilibrium point corresponds to the state where the two species are absent, the second one to the state where only mosquitoes are present (water mites need insects to complete their life cycle), and the third one is the coexistence equilibrium. We analyze conditions for the asymptotic stability of equilibria, supported by analytical and numerical methods. We discuss the different scenarios that appear when we change the parasitism and predation parameters. High rates of parasitism and moderate predation can drive two species to a stable coexistence.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Testing for non-target effects of spinosad on twospotted spider mites and their predator Phytoseiulus persimilis under greenhouse conditions.

The compatibility of the selective insecticide spinosad (Conserve SC), at rates recommended for thrips control in greenhouses, with release of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to control spider mites, was investigated in a crop of ivy geranium Pelargonium peltatum, cultivar 'Amethyst 96.' Plants were inoculated with twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), 2 weeks before treatments were applied. There were three treatment variables, each at two levels: predators (released or not), spray application (water or Conserve SC at 2 ml/3.79 l), and timing of spray (1 day before or after predators were released). Twospotted spider mite populations then were sampled twice each week over a three-week period. The application or timing of spinosad had no effect on the ability of the predator to reduce the population of spider mites. Spider mite populations in the no-predator treatment continued to expand over the course of the experiment, while those in the predator-release treatment declined. We conclude that P. persimilis can be used in conjunction with spinosad on ivy geraniums without causing obvious detrimental effects to this predator or leading to a reduction in biological control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Overwintering phenology of a predacious mite, Typhlodromus vulgaris (Acari: Phytoseiidae), on Japanese pear trees, observed with Phyto traps.

Phyto traps were attached to twigs, main branches and trunks of Japanese pear trees in central Japan in autumn of 2004, to evaluate the effectiveness of the trap as a tool to study overwintering phenology of arboreal phytoseiid mites. A subset of the traps was inspected and replaced at two-weeks intervals ("short-term Phyto trap"), in order to evaluate movement of phytoseiid mites on the trees in a short-term. The remaining traps were left undisturbed and collected monthly from January to May 2005 ("long-term Phyto trap"), to know what species overwinter in the traps and when they leave them. Most phytoseiid mites were collected in the traps on twigs. The most abundant phytoseiid species was Typhlodromus vulgaris Ehara. In the short-term traps on twigs, adult females and males of T. vulgaris were collected until mid-November 2004, when the pear trees became completely defoliated, but few mites were collected from December to April. On the other hand, adult females of T. vulgaris were abundant in the long-term traps on twigs sampled from January to April, but other stages of mites were never collected. These results indicate that T. vulgaris had moved to the long-term traps by late November, and that only adult females had overwintered in the traps. These females began to move and reproduce in early May. By that time immature developmental stages of T. vulgaris were also recorded in the short- and long-term Phyto traps. Our results confirmed that the Phyto trap was a useful tool for estimating overwintering phenology of phytoseiid mites on trees.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dust mite allergens: mitigation and control.

In recent years, greater attention has been given to the role of indoor allergens as a cause of sensitization and allergic respiratory diseases. Although indoor allergen control measures to reduce symptoms in individuals allergic to mites have produced controversial results, environmental allergen avoidance is today one of the four primary goals of asthma management recommended in several guidelines of asthma treatment. Exposure to high indoor aeroallergen levels, especially to house dust mite allergens, is an important environmental risk factor for allergic sensitization and the subsequent development and exacerbation of asthma. Therefore, effective aeroallergen avoidance is of use to prevent and treat allergic diseases. Although endotoxin exposure may be protective in early life, it has been demonstrated that the inhalation of endotoxin may exacerbate asthma in house dust mite sensitized patients. Mite-allergic asthmatic patients should be aware of the dangerous combination of mite allergen exposure associated with high endotoxin levels in house dust. These two immunologically active substances have been associated with severe asthma and seasonal exacerbation of symptoms. Effective house dust mite allergen avoidance will never be achieved using a single control measure; various methods are required to affect the multiple factors that facilitate high indoor allergen levels. Education of the patients and their families is also an important component of environmental control strategies.

Allergens↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of antigenic and allergenic composition of two partially purified extracts from Dermatophagoïdes farinae and Dermatophagoïdes pteronyssinus mite cultures.

Dermatophagoïdes farinae (Df 80d) and Dermatophagoïdes pteronyssinus (Dp 80d) extracts were analyzed for their antigenic and allergenic composition by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). By CIE, 11 antigens could be numbered in Df 80d (Df 1 to Df 11) and seven antigens in Dp 80d (Dp 1 to Dp 7). This technique allowed us also to define antigens with common as well as specific parts for the two mite species. Among the antigens of D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, only the antigen corresponding to Df 5 and Dp 5 seems to bear common epitopes to the two mite species, whereas Df 6 and Dp 4 appear to bear, respectively, specific epitopes of each species. Moreover, Df 11 appears to bear specific epitopes of D. farinae, although it shows a partial identity with Dp 7. By CRIE, on 20 mite-sensitive patients' sera, we identified, for each mite extract, the allergens responsive to human specific IgE. The allergograms show that the majority of mite-sensitive patients react with Df 11 and Df 6 and with Dp 7 and Dp 4. Thus, these antigens can be considered as major allergens. The minor allergens were also identified. None of these antigens was recognized by the control sera. Moreover, we observed that for one antigen (antigen 5) there exist antigenic determinants common to the two species of mites toward the rabbit serum and specific allergenic determinants to the human IgE response. A significant correlation was found between the specific IgE binding in CRIE and in RAST (Spearman coefficient: "rs" = 0.61 p less than 0.01 for Df; "rs" = 0.78 p less than 0.01 for Dp).

Allergens↗
PubMed1989

Antigenic and structural analysis of group II allergens (Der f II and Der p II) from house dust mites (Dermatophagoides spp).

Monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography was used to purify two homologous mite allergens, Der f II from Dermatophagoides farinae and Der p II from D. pteronyssinus. They have the same molecular weight (MW) (15 kd) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, they have similar amino acid compositions, and their N-terminal amino acid sequences differ in only four of the first 35 residues. An excellent correlation was observed between IgE antibody to Der f II and Der p II measured in sera from 65 mite-allergic patients (r = 0.94; p less than 0.001) and between quantitative intradermal skin tests to both allergens. A third allergen (Der f III, MW 29 kd) was purified from D. farinae by repeated gel filtration. In sera from 51 mite-allergic patients, IgE antibody to Der f II, Der f III, and previously purified Der f I (MW 24 kd) was detected in 92%, 16%, and 78% of the sera by radioimmunoassay, respectively. Most patients, 41/51 (80%), demonstrated IgE antibody to more than one allergen. With monoclonal antibodies fully cross-reactive with Der f II and Der p II, a two-site immunoassay was developed for measuring absolute quantities (nanograms or micrograms) of these allergens. In extracts rich in mite-fecal material (n = 5), Der f I and Der p I (group I allergens) and Der f II and Der p II (group II allergens) were measured in ratios of 11:1 to 35:1. Lower ratios (1.1:1 to 7:1) were observed in mite body extracts (n = 6). These experiments clearly define a second group of major dust mite allergens that demonstrate extensive structural and antigenic homology.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Cytokine production by mite-specific T cells from donors with mild atopic disease.

This study was designed to determine whether allergen-specific T cells from patients with mild atopic disease were similar to TH2 cells. Tetanus-specific and house mite-specific T-cell clones were derived from peripheral blood of donors with strong immediate epicutaneous skin tests to Dermatophagoides farinae but with mild allergic disease. Overall, the tetanus- and mite-specific clones produced similar amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (INF-gamma). However, when donors were divided into those with high and low serum levels of mite-specific IgE as determined by RAST, mite-specific clones from donors with high specific IgE produced significantly more IL-4 and less IFN-gamma than mite-specific clones from donors with low levels of specific IgE. These results suggest that circulating allergen-specific T cells from patients who do not have severe allergic disease may nonetheless be skewed toward a TH2 profile. We also examined IL-4 and IFN-gamma production during primary culture of antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Detectable amounts of IL-4 were not produced. Stimulation with tetanus antigen induced two to three times as much IFN-gamma as did stimulation with mite antigen. However, the amount of IFN-gamma produced during primary culture did not correlate with the cytokine production of the T-cell clones subsequently generated.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and characterization of a new allergen, Mag 3, from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae: cross-reactivity with high-molecular-weight allergen.

A new immunoreactive clone whose sequence is not homologous to that of any of the previously identified mite allergens was isolated by successive immunoscreening of a Dermatophagoides farinae cDNA library with rabbit antisera to an extract of the house dust mite and IgE in pooled sera from patients allergic to mites. Rabbit antibodies specific for the recombinant protein recognized a 177 kD protein in a mite body extract. This immunoreactive protein was located in the circumferential tissues of esophagus, gut and the other internal organs in mites. The reaction of human IgE to the purified natural antigen was inhibited competitively to 30% by the recombinant antigen. In terms of the frequency and the intensity of response to specific IgE in sera from asthmatic patients, the natural protein was similar to Der f2, while the recombinant protein was slightly less allergenic by these criteria. We conclude that the natural protein from the house dust mite, D. farinae, is an important allergen.

Amino Acid Sequence↗