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PubMed1983

Influence of the estrous cycle on selected biochemical and cytologic characteristics of milk of cows with subclinical mastitis.

The purpose in this experiment was to determine the relationship between subclinical mastitis and the estrous cycle. Subclinical mastitis was defined as a quarter in which milk had a somatic cell concentration greater than 500,000/ml and was bacteriologic culture-positive on 2 consecutive examinations. Normal quarters were defined as quarters from which milk had a somatic cell concentration less than 500,000/ml and was bacteriologic culture-negative on 2 consecutive examinations. Selected biochemical and cytologic characteristics of milk from 10 cows with subclinical mastitis were measured at 5-day intervals during the estrous cycle. Milk and blood progesterone concentrations were determined. Analysis of variance of dependent variables was performed, using a model with the following factors: cows, treatments, days of estrous cycle, and interaction of treatment with day of the estrous cycle. Treatment consisted of comparison of normal and subclinically mastitic quarters. Clinical signs of mastitis tended to occur more often during estrus (days 0 and 20) than during diestrus (day 10). Day of the estrous cycle was a significant source of variation for bovine serum albumin concentrations in milk. Somatic cell concentrations, electrical conductivity, milk bacterial concentrations, and log10 milk bacterial concentrations did not vary significantly during days of the estrous cycle. A significant treatment-by-day interaction occurred for milk progesterone concentrations; blood progesterone concentrations were not similarly affected. Milk progesterone concentrations for mastitic and normal quarters were similar at estrus (days 0 and 20) and metestrus (day 5). Milk progesterone concentrations for mastitic quarters were significantly decreased on day 15 of the estrous cycle, compared with values from normal quarters.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1980

[Differentiation of the streptococci isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis].

Differentiation was carried out of a total of 170 strains of streptococci that caused mastitis, which were isolated from 3200 milk samples taken from a farm. Ouchterlony's agar gel precipitation method was employed for the serologic typing of the strains along with the Jonagar No. 2 Oxoid and group antisera. The biochemical behaviour of the strains was followed up with regard to the hydrolysis of esculin and sodium hippurate, the fermentation of lactose, sucrose, glucose, trehalose, mannite, and salicin, and the breakdown of arginine. It was found that 17.05 per cent of the isolated mastitis streptococci belonged to group B, 17.64 per cent belonged to group C, and 62.94 per cent--to group C. Untypeable were as many as 2.37 per cent. The behaviour of these three groups of mastitis causative agents with regard to esculin and sodium hippurate proved most stable in the biochemical differentiation of the strains. In this respect the selective TKT agar medium could be used in a mass scale diagnosis for the rapid differentiation of the most frequently isolated mastitis streptococci on the base of the characteristic morphologic traits.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Does selection for characteristics of the udder, teats, ease of milking and udder health offer any prospects of improvement of resistance to mastitis? (author's transl)].

Improvement of resistance to mastitis by indirect selection for udder traits, ease of milking and milk cell counts is discussed. --Selection for less pendulous udders with shorter teats is practised. Genetic variation in udder and teat measurements between and within sub-populations of Dutch Friesian (DF) and Meuse-Rhine-IJssel (MRY) cattle in first lactations is important (Table 1). --Selection for ease of milking based on an ease of milking test of progeny groups has been practised since 1962. An optimum peak flow of about 2.9 kg/minute is attained in the DF and MRY breeds (Graph 1). --A field trial in 1587 DF and 1139 MRY cows showed that culling for problems of udder health after three lactations (DF 10%, MRY 20% of the cows culled) is of more importance than culling for hard milking (DF 6%, MRY 4%) (results in 3.3). --There was no relationship between the incidence of clinical mastitis (DF 20%, MRY 22%) in the third and fourth lactations and the peak flow tested in the first lactation (Table 2). --There was a positive correlation between peak flow and lactation milk yield (DF r = 0.23, MRY r = 0.19) (Table 3). --The incidence of leaking milk just before milking is slightly lower in the DF breed than in the MRY breed and related to the peak flow (Table 4). --Milk cell counts tested in DF and MRY progeny groups in first lactations showed genetic variations (DF log cell count 2.43 sigma 0.32 h2 = 0.30). --Determining milk cell counts in progeny groups during the last part of the first lactation (when differences are more marked than during the first part of lactation) may provide a basis for indirect selection for resistance to mastitis (Graph 2). There are prospects of improvements of udder health by indirect selection for udder and teat conformation traits. Selection for ease of milking is of minor importance in this regard. Further research is required to show that selection for udder traits during first lactations, e.g. a small proportion of daughter in the classes showing high milk cell counts, may provide a basis for selection for a lower incidence of mastitis in the older cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Bovine mastitis: a survey of Ontario dairy producers, 1978.

A survey to assess the knowledge and perception regarding mastitis of 1200 randomly selected Ontario dairy producers was conducted using a mailed questionnaire. Other data were provided by the Ontario Milk Marketing Board and the Dairy Herd Improvement Association. In general, producers were less aware of subclinical than clinical mastitis and did not appreciate the losses in production associated with it. Approximately 40% of producers were not familiar with mastitis in its subclinical form.Many producers have not adopted practices that have been advocated for the integrated control of mastitis. For example, 35.5% of producers surveyed used single service paper towels and 38% regularly used teat dips and dry cow antibiotic therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Isolation and significance of anaerobic bacteria isolated from cases of bovine mastitis.

The role of obligate anaerobic bacteria in the aetiology of mastitis of lactating dairy cows was investigated. Anaerobes were isolated from 12% of lactating mastitic cows, which were representative of 50% of the 10 dairy herds examined. Bacteroides fragilis was the most frequently isolated organism of (50%), followed by Peptococcus indolicus (33%), Eubacterium lentum (33%), E. aerofaciens (17%), Propionibacterium granulosum (17%) and an anaerobic Streptococcus sp. (17%). These obligate anaerobes were always isolated together with organisms classically involved in mastitis. It was possible to induce overt clinical mastitis in healthy lactating udders within 24 hours by infection with single pure cultures of anaerobes via the teat canal. All B. fragilis strains were resistant to penicillin G and tetracycline. In addition, one strain was also resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin and amoxicillin. Anaerobic gram positive cocci and bacilli were sensitive to most antibiotics. These findings imply an important role for anaerobes in the aetiology of mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Comprehensive method for the prevention of mastitis in cows].

Trials have been carried out in the course of two years to reduce the cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis and the losses thereof in the industrial raising of cows. As a result of mastitis control measures the outbreaks of the disease were decreased: by 58.8 per cent, and by the end of the second year--by 66.2 per cent (subclinical mastitis) and by 33.0, resp. 28.6 per cent (clinical mastitis). This went along with the increase in the milk yield--by 120 1 per cow in the first year, and 70 1--in the second year.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Factors associated with mastitis in Ontario dairy herds: a case control study.

Data from Ontario dairy cattle herds which had had a high average milk gel index for 1978 (cases) and from other herds which had had a low average during the same period (controls) were collected and analyzed using case control techniques. The purpose of the study was to contrast factors of husbandry and management between the two groups and to determine the relative contribution of each of these factors on mastitis (as determined indirectly by the milk gel index) at the herd level. Control herds had higher average production levels than did case herds, shipping 1807 litres more milk per cow per year. Milk from control herds averaged 0.06 percentage points higher in butterfat, 0.19 percentage points higher in lactose and 0.05 percentage points lower in total protein. However, many factors can influence production, therefore these latter differences, in both shipped milk and composition, can not be attributed solely to differences in the prevalence of mastitis between the two groups. Control herds were more likely to use teat dip, receive regular veterinary service, use dry cow antibiotic preparations and have knowledge concerning subclinical mastitis than were case herds. Control herds also tended to raise more of their own replacements, have a higher culling rate for reasons of low production and have a more modernized dairy operation. Case herds, on the other hand, were more likely to scrutinize foremilk, use more milking units per operator and wait longer between the start of stimulation and attachment of the milking unit. The study confirms, under natural field conditions, the importance of integrated mastitis control practices and also reaffirms the relative importance of practices such as the use of teat dips and dry cow antibiotic preparations.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1994

[Clinical, diagnostic laboratory and therapeutic studies of mastitis in a large sheep breeding flock].

During two lambing seasons, 6500 ewes of a large sheep breeding unit were investigated. Within this period, 467 ewes suffered from mastitis. The morbidity was 3.8% and the lethality 4.7%. In 84% of the investigated animals udder-pathogenic bacteria were detected. Mostly, Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated as agents of ovine mastitis. Before and during the antibiotic therapy the clinical symptoms (general condition, temperature, milk appearance, consistency of the udder tissue) were recorded. The combined antibiotic therapy, which consisted of parenteral and local intracisternal applications, was mostly satisfactory concerning recovery from mastitis and survival of the ewes. Only 17 ewes died from mastitis; most deaths caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMed1994

[Puerperal and non-puerperal mastitis].

Report about 82 women with inflammatory breast diseases, who were hospitalized during january 1988 and december 1993. 37 women had a puerperal mastitis, 39 women a non-puerperal mastitis and 6 had perimamillary abscesses. In 35 (42.7%) of the 82 patients abscesses occurred. The different etiology and bacteriology as well as resulting treatment guidelines are discussed. In the treatment of puerperal mastitis, staphylococcus effective penicillins keep the first place. The therapy of non-puerperal mastitis consists in prolactin inhibiting drugs and broad spectrum antibiotics. In abscesses and fistulas surgical treatment is necessary, the same in recurrences. If the process is suspicious for breast cancer diagnostic excision is to perform.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Association of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection with reduced mastitis, but with decreased milk production and increased cull rate in clinically normal dairy cows.

Approximately 45 Holstein cows that were Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-positive on the basis of fecal culture results were maintained at any one time in a 210-cow dairy herd. Farm management participated in the New York State Paratuberculosis Eradication Program. Paratuberculosis-positive cows were grouped separately from paratuberculosis-negative cows, but they were otherwise managed identically. During a 1-year study, 180 paratuberculosis-negative cows and 113 clinically normal paratuberculosis-positive cows were identified. Quarter milk samples (n = 6,100) were aseptically collected for microbiologic culture of mastitis pathogens from paratuberculosis-negative cows, and 3,129 quarter samples were obtained from paratuberculosis-positive cows. Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) records were used to monitor milk somatic cell count linear scores, mature equivalent milk production, new mastitis infections, and chronic mastitis infections. For second-lactation cows greater than 100 days in milk production, and increasing with age beyond that point, paratuberculosis-positive cows had lower mature equivalent milk production than did negative herdmates. Rates of new and chronic mastitis infections, as measured by DHIA linear scores were significantly (P < 0.05, P = 0.05, respectively) lower in cows with nonclinical paratuberculosis. Infected cows were culled from the herd at a faster rate than were paratuberculosis-negative herdmates. Therefore, paratuberculosis was associated with financial loss attributable to reduced milk production and increased culling of infected cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ibuprofen treatment of endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows.

Ibuprofen treatment was compared with saline solution treatment in an endotoxin-induced experimental model of bovine mastitis. Acute mastitis was induced in healthy lactating Holstein cows (n = 12) by intramammary inoculation of 1 mg of Escherichia coli 026:B6 lipopolysaccharide in a single quarter per cow. Cows were assigned at random to ibuprofen (25 mg/kg of body weight, IV, n = 6) or 0.9% sodium chloride solution control (1.25 ml/kg, IV, n = 6) treatment groups. Ibuprofen or saline solution was administered once, 2 hours after endotoxin administration. The clinical course of endotoxin-induced mastitis and hematologic, clinical biochemical, and plasma mineral changes were monitored and compared between ibuprofen-treated and control cows. Clinical monitoring and blood sample collection were performed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours after endotoxin challenge. Rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates were significantly (P < or = 0.05) increased in saline treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Blood eosinophil count and serum phosphorus, sodium, and total carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly (P < or = 0.05) decreased in saline-treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Ibuprofen treatment did not significantly change ruminations per minute, electrical conductivity of milk, quarter size, or quarter inflammation. The remaining hematologic, serum biochemical, plasma mineral, and coagulation values also were not changed significantly in response to ibuprofen treatment. Untoward effects attributed to ibuprofen administration were not observed. These results indicate that ibuprofen may provide empiric relief of clinical signs of coliform-induced mastitis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Lymphocytic mastitis and fibrosis of the breast in long-standing insulin-dependent diabetics. A histopathologic study on diabetic mastopathy and report of ten cases.

Diabetic mastopathy represents less than 1% of benign breast diseases, but is more frequent (13%) in insulin-dependent diabetics. We report on 10 cases (eight females and two males) of this rare lesion of the breast in patients with additional diabetes mellitus type I. All cases showed a marked B-lymphocytic mastitis in combination with a homogenous fibrosis of the breast and with presence of epithelioid fibroblasts. In the male patients, diabetic mastopathy simulated gynecomastia. A comparative examination of 12 cases of lymphocytic mastitis without long-standing type-I-diabetes mellitus revealed a more heterogeneous pattern with lower degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. From the pathophysiologic point of view, lymphocytic mastitis in diabetic mastopathy is thought to be a diabetes-induced reaction probably of autoimmune origin. Moreover, lymphocytic mastitis with or without diabetes mellitus may represent a lymphoepithelial lesion of the MALT-type which, under certain circumstances, is considered to bear a prelymphomatous potential.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Occurrence of Prototheca mastitis in dairy farms in Hesse].

During January 1994 and August 1996 from dairy farms in Hessia a total of 305,609 milk samples were investigated. Prototheca sp. as etiological agent of a mastitis was isolated from milk samples of seven dairy herds. According to our experiences and to several reports from various countries dealing with Prototheca infections in dairy herds, mastitis control programs should include Prototheca algae as potential pathogens. Mastitis due to this organism usually occurs in different semeiologies, one with clinical symptoms, and the other, more common type, as subclinical mastitis. In both cases, Prototheca organisms use to persist in the tissue of the mammary gland also during the dry period and antimicrobial treatment proves to be ineffective. Considering the wide distribution of these algae as saprophytes in the environment and in feces of several domestic animals, predisposing factors like a humid aerobic milieu and unsanitary milking conditions are necessary for Prototheca infections becoming manifest in the udder of dairy cows. Control measures should preferably stress the identification and removal of infected animals, in particular when the disease is sporadic in the herd. Due to the more questionable occurrence of spontaneous healing and the lack of an efficient drug, slaughtering of infected cows appears as a suitable method to eliminate the disease from the herd. Additionally, improvement of the hygiene status concerning feeding and milking management within a herd is as essential as in the control of other opportunistic udder pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Genus identification and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from cows with acute mastitis in a practice population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens from cows with mastitis treated at a private practice during a 2-year period. DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: Lactating dairy cows from 47 herds of 40 to 600 cows each. PROCEDURE: Bacteria isolated from milk samples were identified as coliforms, Staphylococcus spp, or Streptococcus spp, using selective media. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, using the disk diffusion method with the following antibiotics: gentamicin, amikacin sulfate, penicillin G, penicillin G-novobiocin, ampicillin, cephalothin sodium, ticarcillin, ceftiofur, lincomycin, erythromycin, pirlimycin hydrochloride, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and polymyxin B. RESULTS: Of 354 samples tested, 82 (23.2%) yielded no growth. Of bacteria isolated, 54 (15.3%) were coliforms, 96 (27.1%) were Staphylococcus spp, and 94 (26.6%) were Streptococcus spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on 62.4% of all samples cultured. For Staphylococcus isolates, cephalothin was the most effective antibiotic in vitro for which a commercially available preparation exists. Penicillin G-novobiocin was the most effective antibiotic in vitro for Streptococcus isolates. Commercial antibiotic preparations approved for intramammary use were not effective in vitro against coliforms that were found to cause mastitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Mastitis caused by coliform organisms does not respond to commercial preparations intended for intramammary use; however, it may respond to parenterally administered antibiotics. Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp or Streptococcus spp should be treated first with a cephalothin or penicillin G-novobiocin preparation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

Outbreak of mastitis caused by one strain of Staphylococcus aureus in a closed dairy herd.

The Washington State University dairy experienced an outbreak of intramammary infections (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus aureus during autumn 1993 through summer 1995. The outbreak was believed to be a result of transmission of 1 strain of S aureus in a herd that historically had excellent control of contagious mastitis. Control practices included strict hygiene at time of milking and preferential culling of cows infected with S aureus. Mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae was not found in this herd. Despite excellent control practices, the strain of S aureus caused a new infection rate of approximately 3% of the herd per month. Moreover, a second strain of S aureus, isolated from a cow with mastitis, was introduced into the herd experimentally, and it failed to transmit disease. The outbreak of S aureus mastitis in this herd was eventually controlled by maintaining a program of strict milking time hygiene, by intensifying the program of preferentially culling infected cows, and by segregating cows with S aureus IMI in a separate pen and milking these infected cows last.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Bovine mastitis in Finland in 1988 and 1995--changes in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance.

Two surveys were carried out (during 1988 and 1995) to estimate the prevalence of bovine mastitis in Finland. In 1988, 17,111 quarter milk samples were obtained from 4495 cows, and in 1995 the corresponding figures were 10,410 and 2648. Antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens was studied. Prevalence of mastitis on cow basis decreased from 47.8% in 1988 to 37.8% in 1995. Staphylococci was the largest group of pathogens isolated. The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus decreased and that of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) increased. The proportion of strains resistant to at least one antibacterial drug increased with regard to S. aureus from 36.9% in 1988, to 63.6% in 1995 and with CNS from 26.6% to 49.7%. Most of the increase in antibacterial resistance was due to a higher number of beta-lactamase producing strains. Multiresistance also increased, but it was proportional to the overall increase in resistance. All the predominant mastitis streptococci were susceptible to beta-lactams tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Characteristics of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort.

This study followed a prospective cohort of 306 breastfeeding mothers for the first three months postpartum and identified a cumulative incidence rate for lactation mastitis of 27.1% and a cumulative recurrence rate of 6.5%. Mastitis was given as the reason for cessation of breastfeeding by 18% of women who ceased to breastfeed. It was the third most commonly stated reason given for cessation of breastfeeding. Fifty-one percent of cases occurred within the first two weeks postpartum. Early onset mastitis and the severity of localised symptoms were associated with bilateral mastitis and protracted outcomes.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1984

Characterization of staphylococci associated with clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis.

Attempts were made to identify 900 species of staphylococci or micrococci recovered from samples of bovine milk examined for mastitis pathogens. The presence and identity of haemolysins was recorded together with results of disc diffusion antibiotic sensitivity tests. The occurrence of clinical mastitis was also noted and somatic cell counts (SCC) were performed on milk samples which were normal in appearance. Eight hundred and thirty-one coagulase positive staphylococci were obtained, of which 810 were S. aureus and 21 were S. intermedius. Of 65 coagulase negative staphylococci the species of 19 could not be determined by the identification systems used. The remainder were identified as S. hyicus sub sp. hyicus (1), S. hyicus sub sp. chromogenes (19), S. haemolyticus (17), S. hominis (3), S. epidermidis (4), S. capitis (1) and either S. hominis or S. warneri (1). Four other isolates could not clearly be assigned to the genus Staphylococcus or Micrococcus and were designated irregular strains. No micrococci were identified. The presence of alpha, beta, or delta haemolysins occurring singly or in various combinations was identified in 98.3% of coagulase positive staphylococci and in 60% of coagulase negative staphylococci. Epsilon haemolysin was detected in 47.6% of the coagulase negative staphylococci and in 9.5% of S. intermedius. All staphylococci were sensitive to tetracycline (30 microg), novobiocin (1.6 microg), nafcillin (30 microg), methicillin (10 microg) and cephalothin (30 microg) and variable numbers of each species were sensitive to penicillin (2 iu) and streptomycin (10 microg). One non-identified species of coagulase negative staphylococcus was sensitive to erythromycin (0.4 microg) the remaining staphylococci were resistant. Each of the four irregular strains was sensitive to erythromycin and novobiocin. Clinical mastitis was associated with 30.6% of coagulase positive staphylococci, 15.3% of coagulase negative staphylococci, and two of the four irregular strains (50%). Subclinical mastitis as determined by SCC of 500 x 10(3) or greater was associated with 92.7% of coagulase positive and 37.5% of coagulase negative staphylococci.

Journal Article↗