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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

A neuroprosthesis for high tetraplegia.

BACKGROUND: This case report describes a neuroprosthesis that restored shoulder and elbow function in a 23-year-old man with chronic C3 complete tetraplegia. Before implementation of the neuroprosthesis, electrodiagnostic testing revealed denervation from C5 to T1, with the greatest degree of denervation in the C8 and T1 myotomes. Thirteen percutaneous intramuscular electrodes were implanted into muscles acting on the shoulder and elbow of one upper limb. Before functional testing, the subject underwent a conditioning regimen to maximize the strength and endurance of the implanted muscles. RESULTS: After completion of the 8-week exercise regimen, stimulated active range of motion against gravity included 60 degrees of shoulder abduction, 45 degrees of shoulder flexion, 10 degrees of shoulder external rotation with the shoulder passively abducted to 90 degrees, and 110 degrees of elbow flexion. Stimulated elbow extension lacked 20 degrees of full extension with gravity eliminated. After system setup, the subject was able to pick up mashed potatoes on a plate with a utensil and bring them to his mouth using the neuroprosthesis and a balanced forearm orthosis. A switch mounted on the headrest of the subject's wheelchair and a position sensor mounted on the contralateral shoulder allowed the subject to control movement of his upper limb.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1981

Effects of dietary nickel on mallards.

Thirty breeding pairs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups and were fed breeder mash containing 0, 12.5, 50.0, 200.0, or 800.0 ppm Ni (as the sulfate) for 90 d. Ni ingestion had no effect on egg production, hatchability, or survival of ducklings. After 90 d birds were bled, sacrificed, and necropsied. There were no significant differences in hematocrit; concentrations of hemoglobin, plasma triglyceride, and cholesterol; of plasma activities of ornithine carbamoyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase. A black tarry feces was noted in the high Ni dose group at necropsy, but no gross or histopathologic lesions were observed. Although absolute concentrations of Ni in tissues were low, there were significant accumulations in kidneys of birds fed Ni at all dietary levels and in feathers, blood, and livers of birds fed high doses of Ni compared with controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructural alterations of the liver of Pekin ducks fed methyl mercury-containing diets.

This report describes the ultrastructural alterations of the liver of 24 male and 24 female Pekin ducks fed 0.0, 0.5, 5.0, and 15.0 ppm of methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl), mixed in a mash diet, for 12 wk. Birds were weighed weekly and observed for neurologic symptoms daily. Samples of blood, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and brain were analyzed for Hg residue by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Livers were fixed in situ by perfusion with glutaraldehyde fixative and processed for electron microscopy. The percent decreases in mean body weights between wk 0 and wk 7 were statistically not significant except for males fed 5.0 ppm MeHgCl. Leg paralysis and convulsions in males treated with 15.0 ppm began at wk 5 and in females at wk 8, but were more severe in the latter. The dose-residue response for the three dose levels in all five tissues was linear, with liver and kidney containing the highest and the brain the least amount of Hg. Hepatocytes in 0.5- and 5.0-ppm MeHgCl treatment groups showed little morphologic changes, while liver cells in the 15.0-ppm group had several ultrastructural alterations, including remarkable increase in peribiliary lysosomal bodies. The mitochondria of some hepatocytes exhibited lysis of both inner and outer membranes. Changes also occurred in endothelial and Kupffer cells. These results indicate that dosing Pekin ducks with 15.0 ppm causes ultrastructural alterations indicative of toxic injury to the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Investigations in the use of mice exposed to mycotoxins as a model for growing pigs.

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the feasibility of using mice to screen for possible dietary mycotoxin interactions before testing them with swine. Selected mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin, were fed to young mice, alone and in combination. The severity of effects on body weights caused by DON (0-20 mg DON/kg diet) was more pronounced in a dose-related manner when the animals were exposed to contaminated diets starting at 21 d of age than at 28 d (Experiment 1) as reflected in the analysis of variance. The relative variance among diets after 7 d was twice as great for the younger than for the older mice. In both age groups, the weight gain response was linear, similar to that seen in growing swine. In Experiment 2, a significant (p < .05) diet type x DON interaction for food consumption evident after 7 d, indicated that the effect of DON depended on the type of diet (freeze-dried vs. regular mash). There was no difference in food efficiency between diet type, but a strong dose-dependent effect due to DON was observed. When DON and T-2 toxin were fed together to young mice, a significant (p < .001) linear decrease in weight gain and food consumption was observed after 7 d on the contaminated diet as the toxin concentration increased.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Influences of wet feeding and supplementation with ascorbic acid on performance and carcass composition of broiler chicks exposed to a high ambient temperature.

In two experiments was investigated whether feeding with an air-dry feed mixed with different amounts of water and/or supplemental ascorbic acid affect performance and carcass compositions of broilers exposed to a high ambient temperature (35 to 37 degrees C for 8 h/d and thermoneutral for 16 h/d). In the first trial, 64 one-week-old male broiler chicks were fed ad libitum in four dietary treatment groups for a 6-week period. Experimental mash diets were prepared by mixing a maize-soybean based standard broiler starter or finisher with tap water in the ratios of 0.0:1.0, 0.5:1.0, 1.0:1.0 and 1.5:1.0 (water:air-dry feed, w/w). More water in the diet increased BWG, DMI, abdominal fat and carcass weight, carcass CP, crude fat, but it deteriorated DM conversion efficiency. In the second experiment, 64 one-week-old male broiler chicks were given air-dry or wet (water:feed, 1.5:1) starter or finisher diets without or with ascorbic acid supplementation (0 and 250 mg/kg air-dry feed, resp.) ad libitum for a 6-week period. Ascorbic acid supplementation increased BWG, carcass weight and carcass CP significantly, while reducing carcass crude fat content. However, feeding broilers with a diet mixed with water in a ratio of 1.5:1.0 increased BWG, DMI, carcass weight and carcass lipid markedly, but deteriorated DM conversion efficiency. There was also a significant interaction between ascorbic acid and wet feeding, whereby ascorbic acid supplementation induced a significant reduction in carcass lipid contents of broilers fed on air-dry diets but not on wet diets. It is concluded that wet feeding, especially an addition of 150% water to produce a porridge like consistency, improved growth performance by increasing fat, ash and protein deposition in the body, while reducing DM conversion efficiency. It is also concluded that under heat stress supplemental ascorbic acid in air-dry diets stimulates broiler performance but not in wet diets.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

[Use of sugar beet in porcine nutrition. 1. Effect of various methods of treatment on the gastrointestinal tract].

The influence of the size of particles, of steaming and preserving (formic acid) of the sugar beet 'Rosamona' was studied with respect to apparent digestibility and tract parameters. Digestibility measuring only resulted in an improvement for crude protein due to the cutting up into small pieces. Tract measures and fillings, microbial activity and an estimate of the absorption rates of nutrients indicate that the bigger part of fresh and silaged coarse particles is digested in the colon but that the nutrients of steamed (and partly mashed) beets are predominantly pre-caecally digested.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Effect of dietary contamination with mercury on the performance of rabbits.

This work was designed to study effects of HgSO4 on rabbits performance when added in the mash diet for 7 weeks with concentrations of 0, 150, and 300 ppm as Hg (6 animals/group). The Hg application caused mortality associated with diarrhoea, haemorrhage, oedema and liver and stomach necrosis. The contaminated diets caused significantly increased feed intake, drinking water consumption and live body gain. Mercury did not affect organ percentages significantly (P greater than or equal to 0.05). Serum analyses reflected a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) rise in the glucose content (for the animals fed the 300 ppm Hg-diet) with a slight decrease in Ca level and activity of both transaminases GPT and GOT. The most affected organ by the application of Hg was the liver which reflected a slight increase in its dry matter substance, significant increase (P less than or equal to 0.01) in the ether extract percentage on the 300 ppm Hg-diet and severe reduction (P less than or equal to 0.01) in its vitamin A as well as in the iron content (P less than or equal to 0.05) on the 300 ppm Hg-diet. The highest level of Hg added caused an increase (P less than or equal to 0.01) in bone magnesium.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Study on effects of feeding laying hens on separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, or citrinin)-contaminated diets on the egg quality and tissue constituents.

Four groups (each of 8 laying hens plus one cock) were offered commercial laying mash contaminated with 100 ppb of aflatoxins, citrinin, patulin or uncontaminated (control) for 6 weeks. The mycotoxin-contaminated diets led to some significant changes in egg characteristics and composition such as ash and calcium contents of the egg shell. The noticeable changes including also the relative weights of adrenal glands. Blood profile reflected too alterations (P greater than 0.05) in urea content and activity of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase as well. The mycotoxins affected significantly moisture and fat contents of the red muscle and protein content, texture and percentage of lean meat in both types of muscles (red and white). Patulin toxicosis was responsible for the strongest alterations in moisture, fat and vitamin A contents of the laying hen's liver and for the lowest calcium content of egg shell besides the shape alteration of the eggs. Laying hens fed on aflatoxin-contaminated diet produced hatched chicks with higher weight (P less than or equal to 0.05) than those from the controls. Citrinin residues were 10 ppb in the fresh muscles and egg yolk and 6 ppb in egg white.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1995

[Effects of L-carnitine in poultry].

Because of the well established function of carnitine possible effects of carnitine were studied in poultry. In trial I it was investigated if carnitine and its precursors (lysine, methionine) reduce the formation of abdominal fat in broilers. Chickens (10 groups of 10 chickens each) were fed different diets (control, lysine and methionine in excess and deficient, respectively, with or without 5% fat supplement, L-carnitine and DL-carnitine supplement, respectively). Performance (body weight gain, feed conversion), amount of abdominal fat and carnitine concentration in blood, muscles (M. sartorius, M. pectoralis superficialis, cardiac), liver and kidney were determined. Performance and abdominal fat were influenced by dietary fat, lysine and methionine as expected and were not altered by carnitine. Excess and deficiency of lysine and methionine did not influence, fat supplement reduced and carnitine supplementation significantly increased tissue concentration of carnitine. In trial II it was studied if supplementation of a commercial layers' ration with either 500 mg L-carnitine or 500 mg nicotinic acid or both per kg reduces the cholesterol concentration in yolk. Influence on body weight, feed intake, laying performance, serum and yolk cholesterol concentration could not be observed, but yolk concentration of carnitine was significantly increased in supplemented groups. Trial III should clarify if the L-carnitine content in broiler parent stock ration influences hatchability. Four groups of 1350 hens each were fed a commercial all-mash supplemented with 0, 20, 50 and 100 mg L-carnitine, respectively. Hatching rate was increased from 83% to 87% and from 82.4% to 85.3% in groups supplemented with 50 and 100 mg L-carnitine, respectively, and in randomly sampled eggs of these groups carnitine concentration in yolk was higher.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

[Energy metabolism in laying hens of different body weight genotypes].

Energy metabolism and some performance parameters were investigated in laying hens of 3 different body weight-genotypes: 6 x 7 (normal-sized, crossbred from normal-sized male and female lines, group 1), 47 x 38 (dwarf-sized, breeding from a dwarf-sized male line and a normal-sized female line, group 2) and 44 x 47 (dwarf-sized, breeding from dwarf-sized male and female lines, group 3). Energy balance was measured by indirect calorimetry through C- and N-balances in 12 animals of each group during 10 consecutive days at production peak, within the period between the 27th and the 37th week of age. Hens were caged individually at 23 degrees C environmental temperature and fed ad libitum on a laying mash. The mean body weight in the dwarf-sized groups 2 and 3 was 32% lower than in the normal-sized group 1 during the energy balance period. The daily gross energy intake in group 2 and 3 was decreased by 33 and 34%, respectively. There were no significant differences in digestibility and metabolizability of gross energy between the groups. The energy requirements for maintenance [kJ ME/kg0.75.d] derived from the energy balances were lower by 4% (P > 0.05) and 14% (P < 0.05) in the dwarf-sized groups 2 and 3 as compared with the normal-sized group 1, when equal coefficients of partial efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for energy retention in body and eggs are assumed for the 3 body-mass genotypes. There were no relevant differences in body composition at the end of the energy balance periods as well as in egg composition between the 3 experimental groups.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Test for physiological limitation to nutrient assimilation in a long-distance passerine migrant at a Springtime stopover site.

During northward migration, blackcaps arrive at stopover sites in Israel's Negev Desert with reduced masses of organs that are important in food digestion and assimilation. Blackcaps that stay to refuel (largely on fruits) do not gain mass rapidly until after 3 d at the stopover site. We hypothesized that (1) it may take several days to rebuild these reduced organs, (2) during this recovery interval high feeding rates might not be possible, and (3) this could be the basis for the absence of immediate body mass gain in blackcaps at stopover sites. To test predictions from this hypothesis we used an established fasting protocol to create a group of blackcaps with reduced intestinal and liver mass compared with ad lib. fed controls. Migrants were captured and caged in the laboratory, where they were habituated to a fruit mash diet for 8 d. One experimental group was then fasted 2 d, one was fed at a restricted level (one-third ad lib. food intake) for 4 d, and one was held as ad lib.-fed controls. The fasted and restricted birds were then allowed to feed again ad lib. Birds that were experimentally fasted progressively increased their daily assimilation rate and achieved the highest rate (one-third higher than controls) 3 d after the end of their fast. Birds that were restricted achieved high rates immediately once ad lib. food was provided. Increased assimilation rate was achieved via hyperphagia and not increased assimilation efficiency. The response of the fasted birds supports the hypothesis that there may be physiological constraints to the rate of refueling during migratory stopover.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

Applied potential tomography: a new non-invasive technique for assessing gastric function.

Applied potential tomography is a new, non-invasive technique that yields sequential images of the resistivity of gastric contents after subjects have ingested a liquid or semi-solid meal. This study validates the technique as a means of measuring gastric emptying. Experiments in vitro showed an excellent correlation between measurements of resistivity and either the square of the radius of a glass rod or the volume of water in a spherical balloon when both were placed in an oval tank containing saline. Altering the lateral position of the rod in the tank did not alter the values obtained. Images of abdominal resistivity were also directly correlated with the volume of air in a gastric balloon. Profiles of gastric emptying of liquid meals obtained using APT were very similar to those obtained using scintigraphy or dye dilution techniques provided that acid secretion was inhibited by cimetidine. Profiles of emptying of a mashed potato meal using APT were also very similar to those obtained by scintigraphy. Measurements of the emptying of a liquid meal from the stomach were reproducible if acid secretion was inhibited by cimetidine. Thus, APT is an accurate and reproducible method of measuring gastric emptying of liquids and particulate food. It is inexpensive, well tolerated, easy to use and ideally suited for multiple studies in patients, even those who are pregnant. A preliminary study is also presented that assesses the technique as a means of measuring gastric acid secretion. Comparison of resistivity changes with measured acid secretion following the injection of pentagastrin shows good correlations. APT might offer a non-invasive alternative to the use of a nasogastric tube and acid collection.

Duodenal Ulcer↗
PubMed2005

The glycemic index of foods influences postprandial insulin-like growth factor-binding protein responses in lean young subjects.

BACKGROUND: Growth in normal and malignant tissues has been linked to hyperinsulinemia and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). We hypothesized that IGF and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) responses may be acutely affected by differences in the glycemic index (GI) of foods. OBJECTIVE: We compared the postprandial responses of IGFs and IGFBP to 2 foods of similar macronutrient composition but with greatly different GIs-pearled barley (GI: 25) and instant mashed potato (GI: 85). DESIGN: Ten young lean subjects consumed 50-g carbohydrate portions of the 2 foods or water (extended fast) in random order after an overnight fast. Capillary blood was collected at regular intervals over 4 h for measurement of blood glucose, insulin, and components of the IGF system. RESULTS: Serum IGFBP-1 declined markedly after both meals, but the mean (+/-SEM) change at 4 h was significantly (P < 0.01) more prolonged after the low-GI meal (-55 +/- 20 ng/mL) than after the high-GI meal (-13 +/- 15 ng/mL). Conversely, the change in serum IGFBP-3 concentration at 4 h was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after the low-GI meal (251 +/- 102 ng/mL) than after the high-GI meal (-110 +/- 96 ng/mL); the same pattern was observed at 2 h. Changes in IGFBP-2, free IGF-1, and total IGF-1 responses were minimal and did not differ significantly from those during the 4-h fast. CONCLUSION: Acute changes in IGFBP-3 after low-GI and high-GI foods may provide a biologic mechanism linking cell multiplication with greater consumption of high-GI carbohydrates.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fat on blood glucose and insulin responses in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

To compare the metabolic effect of coingestion of saturated and monounsaturated fats with potato, 12 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) received 300 g mashed potato alone or in combination with 40 g olive oil, 80 g olive oil, 50 g butter, or 100 g butter, respectively. The blood glucose response area to potatoes with 100 g butter (448 +/- 68 mmol.240 min/L) was significantly lower than after the four other meals: 596 +/- 63 (potato alone), 649 +/- 82 (potato + 40 g olive oil), 587 +/- 80 (potato + 50 g butter), and 604 +/- 81 (potato + 80 g olive oil) nmol.240 min/L, P < 0.05, respectively. The insulin response was significantly increased by adding 50 and 100 g butter, whereas addition of 40 and 80 g olive oil had no effect. The fatty acid concentration was higher when 100 g butter was added to the potato meal than when it was not (0.67 +/- 0.05 compared with 0.48 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, P < 0.05). Fatty acid concentrations were similar to those found for the other meals. The triacylglycerol response increased in a dose-dependent manner with the fat content of the meals irrespective of the type of fat. We conclude that butter increases the insulin response more than does olive oil, and large amounts of butter also increase fatty acid and triacylglycerol concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fructose prefeeding reduces the glycemic response to a high-glycemic index, starchy food in humans.

The study objective was to determine whether a small dose of fructose administered before or simultaneously with a high glycemic index, starchy food decreases postprandial glycemic response. Nondiabetic healthy adults (n = 31; mean +/- SEM: age, 26 +/- 1 y; weight, 66.1 +/- 2.6 kg; body mass index, 23.3 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)) were studied in a randomized crossover design. Treatments consisted of 50 g available carbohydrate from instant mashed potatoes fed alone (control) or with 10 g fructose fed 60, 30 or 0 min before the potato meal. Capillary finger-stick blood samples were analyzed for glucose concentration at -60, -30, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min relative to the ingestion of the potato meal. Compared with the control, the positive incremental area under the glucose curve was reduced 25 and 27% (P < 0.01) when fructose was fed either 60 or 30 min before the meal, respectively. In contrast to previous studies demonstrating that immediate administration of a small amount of fructose lowers the glycemic response to a glucose solution, we found that fructose must be consumed before a starchy food to reduce postprandial glycemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The degree of fat saturation does not alter glycemic, insulinemic or satiety responses to a starchy staple in healthy men.

Inclusion of fat reduces the glycemic response to a carbohydate meal, although the effect of different types of fat on glycemic, insulinemic and satiety responses is unclear. Ten healthy men received 50-g carbohydrate portions of mashed potato with isoenergetic amounts of butter (saturated fatty acid), Sunola oil (monounsaturated fatty acid) or sunflower oil (PUFA) and two 50-g glucose loads on separate days. Capillary blood was collected at regular intervals for 2 h. Satiety ratings were assessed by use of a rating scale. The glycemic index (GI), insulin index (II) and satiety index (SI) scores were calculated. Energy intakes from a meal consumed ad libitum at 2 h and for the remainder of the day were quantified. The GI values ranged from 68 +/- 8 to 74 +/- 10 and the II values ranged from 113 +/- 10 to 122 +/- 17, but there was no effect of fat type. SI scores and subsequent energy intake did not differ among the test meals. Substitution of unsaturated fats for saturated fatty acids had no acute benefits on postprandial glycemia, insulin demand or short-term satiety in young men.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Almonds decrease postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and oxidative damage in healthy individuals.

Strategies that decrease postprandial glucose excursions, including digestive enzyme inhibition, and low glycemic index diets result in lower diabetes incidence and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, possibly through lower postprandial oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. We therefore assessed the effect of decreasing postprandial glucose excursions on measures of oxidative damage. Fifteen healthy subjects ate 2 bread control meals and 3 test meals: almonds and bread; parboiled rice; and instant mashed potatoes, balanced in carbohydrate, fat, and protein, using butter and cheese. We obtained blood samples at baseline and for 4 h postprandially. Glycemic indices for the rice (38 +/- 6) and almond meals (55 +/- 7) were less than for the potato meal (94 +/- 11) (P < 0.003), as were the postprandial areas under the insulin concentration time curve (P < 0.001). No postmeal treatment differences were seen in total antioxidant capacity. However, the serum protein thiol concentration increased following the almond meal (15 +/- 14 mmol/L), indicating less oxidative protein damage, and decreased after the control bread, rice, and potato meals (-10 +/- 8 mmol/L), when data from these 3 meals were pooled (P = 0.021). The change in protein thiols was also negatively related to the postprandial incremental peak glucose (r = -0.29, n = 60 observations, P = 0.026) and peak insulin responses (r = -0.26, n = 60 observations, P = 0.046). Therefore, lowering postprandial glucose excursions may decrease the risk of oxidative damage to proteins. Almonds are likely to lower this risk by decreasing the glycemic excursion and by providing antioxidants. These actions may relate to mechanisms by which nuts are associated with a decreased risk of CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Bioefficacy of enzyme preparations containing beta-glucanase and xylanase activities in broiler diets based on barley or wheat, in combination with flavomycin.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of two enzyme preparations containing beta-glucanase and xylanase activities on barley- and wheat-based diets, respectively, for broilers, in combination with flavomycin. In addition, the stability of the enzyme preparations after pelleting was measured. Temperatures recorded during the pelleting process reached 75 to 80 C, and the activities recovered with respect to the amounts present in the mash feed before pelleting were 80% or higher. Two performance experiments were conducted simultaneously under the same conditions over 6 wk. In addition, intestinal viscosity and incidence of vent pasting were measured and carcasses were eviscerated to determine abdominal fat, carcass yield, and percentage weight of intestines and viscera. Twenty-four pens (12 per sex), each containing 75 chickens were used in each experiment. Wheat- or barley-based diets were supplemented with flavomycin and a xylanase or a beta-glucanase preparation, respectively, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. In the wheat diets, xylanase and flavomycin improved feed efficiency, in parallel with a reduction of intestinal viscosity. Xylanase reduced the incidence of vent pasting and the percentage viscera, especially of intestines, and increased abdominal fat. In the barley diets, beta-glucanase and flavomycin improved feed conversion. beta-Glucanase also reduced intestinal viscosity and vent pasting. Both beta-glucanase and flavomycin reduced percentage intestines, but the effects were not additive. In general, the effects of the enzyme preparations and flavomycin were independent, except for percentage intestines with beta-glucanase.

Animal Feed↗