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PubMed1996

Lymphocyte subset responses to exercise and glucocorticoid suppression in healthy men.

It is well established that in vivo changes in ratios of lymphocyte phenotype subsets is altered by glucocorticoid administration. To determine whether the lymphocyte response would be further affected by strenuous exercise, since glucocorticoids are released during exercise, 14 physically fit men were randomly given placebo (P), 4 mg of dexamethasone (DEX), or 100 mg of hydrocortisone (HCO) 4 h before high-intensity treadmill running. Blood was drawn pre- and immediately post-exercise; lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56) were determined by flow cytometry. Pre-exercise CD3 and CD4 percentages were lower, whereas CD8 and CD56 were higher with DEX and HCO as compared to P. Exercise induced a lymphocytosis after all treatments, but subsets did not change proportionally. With P, DEX, and HCO, the magnitudes of change were comparable: CD3 and CD4 decreased and CD8 and CD56 increased. Notably, for all treatments exercise induced in approximately 2-fold increase in the percentage of cells expressing CD56 (natural killer cells). Thus, a single oral dose of DEX or HCO did not alter the direction or magnitude of immediate post-exercise changes in lymphocyte subset expression. Whether glucocorticoid pretreatment influences lymphocyte responses during recovery from strenuous exercise remains to be determined.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1987

The effect of immunosuppressive agents on lymphocyte subsets in rat peripheral blood.

A method for monitoring circulating lymphocytes subsets in the rat on an automated flow cytometer with monoclonal antibodies was used to ascertain in vivo effects of various doses of immunosuppressive agents. The agents tested were anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS), azathioprine (AZA), cyclophosphamide (CTX), cyclosporin A (CsA) and methylprednisolone (MP). Each immunosuppressive agent varied in its capacity to induce changes in T cell subsets and B cell numbers. The rapidity of onset of action of the agents varied considerably; with ALS and MP maximal effects were seen within hours whilst the effects with CsA, cyclophosphamide (CTX) and azathioprine (AZA) took several days to develop. ALS had marked anti-T cell activity but did not selectively affect the T cell subsets. AZA and CTX both exerted their major effect upon the B cell (OX4+) subpopulation. CsA administration was associated with the appearance of many circulating lymphocytes which expressed the pan-T marker (W3/13) but neither of the T cell subset markers (W3/25, OX8). With CsA there was no significant alteration in the W3/25:OX8 ratio, although a persistent decrease in the number of all T lymphocytes was observed after administration of this drug at a dose of 45 mg/kg had ceased. MP was the only drug which had a marked selective effect on a T cell subset. The numbers of circulating Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reactive lymphocytes (W3/25+) were significantly more depressed than the Class I MHC reactive subset (OX8+). This effect persisted for up to 31 days after the single injection of a depot preparation of this drug, and was found to be associated with prolonged survival of precultured endocrine xenografts.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Identification of lymphocyte subsets in the human fallopian tube.

PROBLEM: Immunohistochemical investigations for the detection of lymphocyte subsets in the human oviduct have been performed. Knowledge about local immunity especially cell-mediated immunity, in the fallopian tube has been, up to now, limited. As an essential structure for the human reproduction process, the tubal mucous membrane is exposed to a variety of antigens. METHOD: A total number of 20 tubal biopsies obtained from fertile women during gynecological operations like tubal ligations or hysterectomy were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique. Seven specimens were obtained during the proliferative phase, ten during the secretory phase and three during a caesarean section with tubal ligations. RESULTS: It could be established that the presence of lymphocytes in the oviductal mucous membrane is physiological. These cells can be identified by their typical immunohistochemical patterns. There were no significant differences of the type and number of lymphocytes in the mucosa within the phases of menstrual cycle. The dominant cell types in the tubal mucosa were the CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: It can be suggested that the lymphocytes in the tubal mucosa may involved in the process of immune tolerance, which could realize the transport of sperms and blastocysts through the oviduct under normal conditions without activation of local immune mechanisms. The lymphoid tissue of the oviduct is a specialized form of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changes in T, B, and NK lymphocyte subsets during and after normal pregnancy.

PROBLEM: Pregnancy affects the maternal immune system and the clinical course of maternal diseases. Here we report the changes in the detailed lymphocyte subsets of helper T cells, suppressor T cells, CD5+ B cells, T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta-positive T cells (T alpha beta cells), TCR alpha beta-negative T cell (T gamma delta cells), and other during and after pregnancy through to one year postpartum, and discuss the significance of the changes. METHOD: The absolute numbers of helper T cells, suppressor T cells, cytotoxic T cells, TCR alpha beta-negative T cells (T gamma delta cells), CD5- B cells, CD5+ B cells, and NK cell subsets were examined by two-color flow cytometry in peripheral blood from 51 healthy non-pregnant women, 106 healthy pregnant women, and 148 healthy postpartum women. RESULTS: In early pregnancy, the numbers of suppressor T cells and NK cells with strong cytotoxicity (NK+3 cells) increased, and the number of cytotoxic T cells decreased. In late pregnancy, the helper T cell and NK+3 cell numbers decreased. T alpha beta, CD5- B and CD5+ B cells decreased during pregnancy. After delivery, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells increased from 1 to 4 months postpartum, and suppressor T cells increased at 7 months postpartum. TCR alpha beta-negative T cells increased at 4 to 10 months postpartum. Both CD5- and CD5+ B cells decreased further at 1 month postpartum, but CD5+ B cells increased markedly at 7 to 10 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that 1) early increases of suppressor T cells and NK+3 cells during pregnancy may be related to the mechanism to accept or reject the fetus in early pregnancy, respectively; 2) late decreases of helper T cells and NK+3 cells may be related to the maintenance of pregnancy: 3) postpartum increases of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, TCR alpha beta-negative T cells (T gamma delta cells), and CD5+ B cells may be related to the postpartum aggravation of autoimmune diseases; and 4) the immunological effects of pregnancy remains until about 1 year after delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of diet and age on jejunal and circulating lymphocyte subsets in children with coeliac disease: persistence of CD4-8-intraepithelial T cells through treatment.

Monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the relative numbers of T lymphocyte subsets in 61 jejunal biopsies and in peripheral blood of 35 children with coeliac disease, and of 13 healthy controls. The T cell numbers in the lamina propria were unaffected by a change from gluten-free to gluten containing diet in the patients. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (where the CD8 cells predominated) were significantly raised in patients taking gluten. Ten to 20% of the patients' intraepithelial CD3 (mature T) cells expressed neither CD8 nor CD4 surface antigens. This CD4 8 T cell population persisted through gluten elimination and challenge. The circulating lymphocyte subsets showed little variation with the diet although there was a marked increase in the proportion (14.9%) of CD4 8 T cells in patients during gluten elimination. In the histologically normal jejunal mucosa from control subjects, the age of the subject showed a positive correlation with villus intraepithelial CD3+ and CD8+ cells, and crypt intraepithelial CD4+ cells. No clear cut effect of age was observed on lamina propria lymphocyte counts of the controls, or on the lymphocyte counts in jejunal mucosa of the coeliac patients. The observed CD3+4-8- lymphocytes may represent activated cells unable to present their surface antigens, or they may be gamma delta-receptor bearing T cells, which could have a significant role in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of indomethacin on natural killer(NK) cell and T lymphocyte subsets from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma].

Twenty-one patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma were randomly divided into two groups. They were orally given tegafur 200 mg three times a day with(Group I, n = 11) or without(Group II, n = 10) indomethacin 25 mg three times a day for 7 days. Before and after the therapies the NK cell and T-lymphocyte subset activity in peripheral blood were measured. The results showed that NK cell activity in Group I was significantly higher than that in Group II(P < 0.01) and that before the treatment as well(P < 0.05). T-lymphocyte subsets had no significant difference between the two groups and before or after the therapy. It is suggested that the indomethacin might improve the NK activity of the patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1986

Immune abnormalities associated with HLA-B8: lymphocyte subsets and functional correlates.

Mononuclear cell populations were enumerated in healthy young adults with or without the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8. Mononuclear cell counts were lower in subjects with HLA-B8, as was reflected in lower absolute numbers of the cell subsets. When cell populations were compared as percentages of total mononuclear cells, subjects with HLA-B8 had significantly more B lymphocytes bearing IgM than did subjects without HLA-B8. The T4/T8 ratio was significantly increased in subjects with HLA-B8. due both to increases in OKT4+ cells and to decrease in OKT8+ cells. B-Lymphocyte function was compared in subjects with and without HLA-B8 by measuring pokeweed mitogen driven differentiation of B cells to IgM bearing blasts, and was significantly greater in subjects with HLA-B8. Subjects with HLA-B8. Subjects with HLA-B8 were also found to have decreased Con A-induced suppression. Alterations in lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte functions may underlie the predisposition to autoimmunity associated with HLA-B8.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Effect of coix seed on the changes in peripheral lymphocyte subsets].

Coix seed has been used in patients with verruca vulgaris and verruca planae juveniles, which have been considered to be induced by viral infection. Moreover, coixenolide, component in the seeds of coix, was reported to show anti-tumor activity. Possibly coix seed may have some influence on the cytotoxic activity of peripheral lymphocytes but there has been no data on this. Then we investigated the changes in number of cytotoxic lymphoid cells in seven volunteers before, during (four weeks) and after taking six coix seed tablets. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies using a flow cytometer. The level of CD3+CD56+ (MHC-non restricted cytotoxic T cells) markedly increased at four weeks (before 1.9 +/- 0.5% vs four weeks 4.2 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.01). The level of CD16+CD57- (the mature, most active natural killer cells) increased at three weeks (before 4.5 +/- 0.8% vs three weeks 5.2 +/- 0.8%, p less than 0.05). The level of CD3-CD56+ (natural killer cells) and the level of CD16+CD57+ (the variable active natural killer cells) decreased at one week and returned to normal level thereafter (before 13.7 +/- 2.1% vs one week 11.2 +/- 1.5%, p less than 0.05; before 8.8 +/- 1.5% vs one week 6.9 +/- 1.3%, p less than 0.05, respectively). These results indicate that coix seed modulate the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and may be effective to virus disease through the enhancement of cytotoxic activity.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed1994

A phenotypic study of CD8+ lymphocyte subsets in infants using three-color flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for the multiparametric evaluation of cell surface phenotype in patients with HIV disease. Many cell surface molecules can be evaluated by three-color flow cytometry and the markers correlated with functional activity. It has recently been recognized in adults that the CD8 cell is an important lymphocyte subset in HIV disease that correlates with disease outcome, but there is little information about CD8 subsets in infants. Therefore, we studied infants born to HIV-infected mothers and those born to uninfected mothers. No significant differences were seen in phenotypic markers of activation (CD38, HLA-DR), maturation (CD45RO, CD45RA), and function (CD28) between uninfected infants born to HIV infected or uninfected mothers. In HIV-infected infants, a substantial increase in CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ expression was seen. In addition, we found that there was a significant increase in the CD8+ CD45RO+ CD45RA- subset which is characteristic of the memory phenotype. Finally, evaluation of CD28 (costimulatory molecule involved in T cell activation), which is expressed on almost all CD8 cells at birth, showed that this population was significantly reduced in infected infants. These studies suggest that three-color flow cytometry is a powerful tool for evaluating phenotypic changes in lymphocyte subsets and enhancing our understanding of the pathobiology of HIV disease.

CD8 Antigens↗
PubMed1984

Haemophilia and T lymphocyte subsets.

Number of circulating lymphocytes and T cell subsets were assessed in 13 boys with severe haemophilia and 12 age matched controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups. This conflicts with previous findings in adults where lymphopenia and changes in T cell subpopulations have been found frequently.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

A serial study of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Twelve patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 3 control subjects were evaluated weekly for six months. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were enumerated using monoclonal antibodies and analysis with a dual-laser fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Results were correlated with clinically assessed disease activity. Fluctuations occurred in the number of T lymphocytes (Leu 1+) and cells with the helper/inducer phenotype (Leu 3a/OKT4+) in both patients and controls. Fluctuations in the number of cells with the suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c) cell phenotype (OKT5, OKT8, Leu 2a+) also occurred. Variations in the relative numbers of cells labeled with all three Ts/c monoclonals did occur, but with OKT5 generally labeling fewer cells than OKT8 or anti-Leu 2a. When findings were correlated with disease activity, OKT5 was a more sensitive gauge of disease activity than either OKT8 or anti-Leu 2a. When peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were correlated with disease activity, the following patterns were observed: a reduction in the number of Ts/c cells without evidence of clinical disease (four episodes), the development of new symptoms suggestive of an acute relapse but without a reduction in the number of Ts/c cells (two episodes), and a reduction in the number of Ts/c cells associated with acute relapse (two episodes). In the two patients with acute relapse and a reduction in the number of Ts/c cells, clinical disease preceded a reduction in the number of Ts/c cells in 1 patient, whereas the two events occurred simultaneously in the other patient. Taken together, these limited results indicate that in some cases a reduction in the number of Ts/c cells may be the result rather than the cause of disease activity and may represent an epiphenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The Quilty lesion enigma: focal apoptosis/necrosis and lymphocyte subsets in human cardiac allografts.

Quilty lesions, as first described by Billingham in 1981, or 'Quilty Effect' (QE) are distinct endomyocardial mononuclear cell infiltrates that have been observed in human heart transplant recipients, as well as in experimental models of heart transplantation. In the present investigations, the pattern and extent of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and myocyte necrosis, as well as specific lymphocyte subsets in Quilty lesions was assessed. Endomyocardial biopsies obtained from 13 patients at 10-3362 days post-transplant were examined. Apoptosis, as identified by DNA nick end-labeling, was found in myocytes at the periphery of Quilty lesions in 11 of 13 cases (85%), and 'early' stages of myocyte necrosis, as demonstrated by specific staining with alpha light chain myosin monoclonal antibodies (mAb), was observed at the same sites in 10 of 13 cases (77%) of both Quilty type A and type B lesions. Apoptosis was not identified in the lymphocyte infiltrates of any of the lesions examined. Lymphocyte subsets were characterized using mAb for T cell receptor (CD3), for helper/inducer T cells (CD4), for cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (CD8) and for mature B cells (CD20). Immunostaining revealed separate clusters of T lymphocytes with less prevalent B cells within the Quilty lesions. CD4+ cells were found in larger numbers than CD8+ cells in all cases. Non-B, non-T large lymphocytes were occasionally present. Except for the extent of the cellular infiltrate, no major cytochemical lymphocyte distribution differences were found between Quilty type A and B lesions. Myocyte apoptosis and early necrosis at the periphery of Quilty lesions suggest that early myocyte injury occurring in B lesions may represent initial or 'abortive stages' of cardiac allograft rejection. Why these lesions do not progress to overt rejection indeed warrant further detailed studies.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2004

Differential effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation and immobilization stress on blood lymphocyte subsets in rats.

OBJECTIVES: There is growing evidence of the relationship between sleep and the immune response. Studies aimed at elucidating the function of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have found it difficult to separate the effects due to REM sleep deprivation and the effects due to the stress produced by the deprivation procedure. It has been claimed that immobilization is the main stressor that the animals have to face during the deprivation process. In this study, we analyzed the effects of short-term (24 h) and long-term (240 h) REM sleep deprivation on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of rats. In addition, these effects were compared with those obtained after both short- and long-term stress by immobilization. METHODS: Lymphocyte population bearing surface markers such as CD5 (T cells), CD45RA (B cells), CD4 (T helper/inducer cells), CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic cells) and CD161 (NK cells) were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies. Lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Both short- and long-term REM sleep deprivation decreased the percentage of T lymphocytes and induced a significant increase in NK cells. Short-term immobilization induced only a significant increase in the percentage of B lymphocytes and a decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes, while long-term immobilization did not elicit any change. CONCLUSION: The present results support the notion that REM sleep deprivation and immobilization stress each exert particular effects on the immune system. These data suggest that the characteristics of the immune response will depend on the nature of the behavioral manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Non-random recirculation of small, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in sheep: evidence for lymphocyte subset-specific lymphocyte- endothelial cell recognition.

The migratory properties of small, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets have been examined in sheep under physiological conditions. Lymphocytes obtained free-floating in lymph were directly labeled with fluorochrome in vitro and returned to the blood of the same animal. Over the next 48 h the lymph collection bottles were replaced at various times. The cells in these collections, as well as an aliquot of the cells used for direct fluorescent labeling, were then phenotyped with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which define the mutually exclusive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets in sheep. Binding of mAbs was detected by using secondary reagents labeled with a fluorochrome of a different colour. All cell samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and CD4/CD8 ratios were determined for the recirculated, fluorochrome-labeled population in each lymph collection. The mean CD4/CD8 ratio was then calculated and compared with the CD4/CD8 ratio of the intravenously infused starting population. In three experiments employing efferent prescapular lymph cells, three experiments employing efferent intestinal lymph cells and two experiments employing afferent intestinal lymph cells, the mean CD4/CD8 ratio of the recirculated, fluorochrome-labeled population was different from the CD4/CD8 ratio of the starting population, thereby indicating that non-random migration of these subsets had occurred. The finding that the CD4/CD8 ratio of the recirculated population was higher than the CD4/CD8 ratio of the transfused starting population in every case provides strong experimental support for the hypothesis that small, CD4+ T cells are extracted from the blood by specialized vascular endothelium with greater efficiency than small, CD8+ T cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Lymphocyte subsets and assessment of cancer risk in renal transplant recipients.

Renal transplant recipients have a well-recognized increased risk of de novo neoplasia. In this study, we investigated whether lymphocyte subset count could predict the risk of developing noncutaneous neoplasia (NCSC) in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Between January 1995 and December 1995, lymphocyte subsets (CD4, CD8, CD19) were measured in 281 RTR. This population was studied until November 1999 for the development of NCSC. The mean follow-up was 42+/-9 months. Neoplasm was diagnosed in 22 patients (7.9%). Patients who developed a cancer were significantly older (53.8+/-6 years vs 38+/-16 years, P<0.0001), had lower CD4 (234+/-126/mm(3) vs 543+/-214/mm(3), P<0.005) and CD19 (19+/-9/mm(3) vs 51+/-22/mm(3), P<0.0001) levels, and more frequently had past histories of skin cancer (24% vs 4%, P<0.01). Cox regression revealed that high CD4 levels (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.62-0.89 for each 100/mm(3) increase in CD4 cell count) were associated with decreased risk of NCSC, whereas age (RR 2.49, 95% CI 1.12-5.92 for each 10-year increase in age) was predictive of the subsequent development of NCSC. To conclude, CD4 cell depletion is associated with the development of solid cancers and lymphoma in RTR.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lymphocyte subset reconstitution after HLA-identical placental blood transplantation (PBT) or PBT plus bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in three children with beta-thalassemia major.

The kinetics of circulating lymphoid cells were evaluated in three children suffering from beta-thalassemia major after HLA-identical sibling placental blood transplant (PBT) in one patient and placental blood plus bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in two patients. Recovery of the main lymphocyte subsets, as determined by phenotype analysis of circulating PBMCs, was complete within 2 months after transplant. NK (CD56+) cells were the first to appear in peripheral blood, followed by T (CD3+, CD2+, CD7+) and B (CD19+) cells. Of the T lymphocytes, the CD8+ were the first to reconstitute, but recovery of CD4+ cells was also rapid and within 6 months these T cells reached normal values. The expression of CD57 by NK or T cells was slightly delayed. The evaluation of RA and RO isoform expression of the CD45 molecule showed a prevalence of the CD45RA antigen with a ratio of 2-3:1. In the PBT only patient, T cells expressing the CD45RO antigen prevailed in the early post-transplant period. Severe or chronic GVHD was not observed. This experience demonstrates that reconstitution of lymphocyte subsets is successful in genetic hematological diseases after transplantation of HLA-identical placental blood or placental blood plus bone marrow from healthy or heterozygous siblings. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 26, 743-747.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1985

Lymphocyte subsets in women on low dose oral contraceptives.

Oral contraceptive users have been reported to have a higher incidence of viral, bacterial and fungal infections. This study was undertaken to try to elucidate some of the mechanisms responsible for this increased susceptibility to infection. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were labelled with murine monoclonal antibodies directed against T cells and the various lymphocyte subsets: helper cells, suppressor/cytotoxic cells, or natural killer cells. The lymphocytes were then analyzed on a Coulter Electronics Epics V fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS). A total of 27 control and 33 oral contraceptive users were studied. In comparison to the control group, there was no significant difference between the two groups in percentage or absolute numbers of total T cells, helper cells, suppressor/cytotoxic cells or natural killer cells. This study suggests that the increase in herpes virus, C. trachomonas, candida, and other infections in women taking oral contraceptives is not related to alterations in the numbers of T lymphocyte subsets or in levels of NK cells.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Changes in lymphocyte subsets following administration of interleukin 2 and cyclophosphamide in mice with transitional cell carcinoma.

We investigated the effects of combination therapy with interleukin 2(IL-2) and cyclophosphamide (CPM) in C3H/HeN mice implanted with mouse bladder tumor cells (MBT2). Tumor growth was suppressed in the mice treated with IL-2 alone and mice treated with CPM alone, although not completely. However, tumor growth was completely suppressed in the mice treated with both IL-2 and CPM. As for lymphocyte subset analysis of the spleen using flow cytometry, the frequency of Lyt2+ cells and asialo GM1+ cells was significantly higher in the mice treated with IL-2 and CPM compared to the other groups. In the lymphocyte subset analysis of the thymus, the frequency of L3T4-Lyt2+ cells was significantly lower in the mice treated with CPM alone and mice treated with IL-2 and CPM compared to the other groups.

Animals↗