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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The impact of disabling arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To use the WHO International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) as a framework to conceptualize how arthritis affects people and how the effects might be minimized. METHODS: The ICIDH framework emphasizes that the impact of arthritis in terms of handicap is a product of an interaction between a person's social and environmental setting and his or her level of impairment and disability. Data from the Canadian Health and Activity Limitation Survey are used to illustrate the impact for the handicap dimensions. RESULTS: Among persons who have arthritis, 25% cannot leave their residence or can leave only with help (mobility dimension), 45% have at least some level of physical dependence (physical independence dimension), 18% never participate in social activities (social integration dimension), 51% of those under age 65 are not in the labor force and 76% never go out to events such as sports or movies (occupation dimension), and 42% have out-of-pocket expenses because of disability (economic self-sufficiency dimension). CONCLUSION: Policies for the control of handicap require not only medical and rehabilitation interventions to reduce disability, but also consideration of environmental and other social factors.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

The economic burden of prostate cancer, California, 1998.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among men in the United States. This article reviews previous studies of the annual cost of all cancers and of prostate cancer in the United States and California and estimates the direct and indirect costs of prostate cancer in California in 1998. METHODS: Hospitalization costs, including costs of primary and secondary diagnoses of prostate cancer, were derived from the California Hospital Discharge data set (CHDS). Charges were converted to costs using hospital specific cost-to-charge ratios and an imputed cost for Health Maintenance Organization hospitalizations. Other direct medical costs were derived from the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Indirect mortality costs are the product of the number of deaths and the expected value of a male's future earnings taking into account age at death, earning patterns at successive ages, labor force participation, imputed value of housekeeping services, and a 3% discount rate. RESULTS: Prostate cancer direct health care costs in California were estimated at 180 million dollars, and lost productivity from premature death was estimated at 180 million dollars, for a total cost of 360 million dollars in 1998. The disease is largely one of older men; hospitalization costs account for three-fifths of total direct costs, and Medicare and private health insurance share almost equally in paying for hospital care. CONCLUSIONS: It is critical to identify cost-effective screening efforts that permit early detection of prostate cancer to reduce illness, premature deaths, and the high costs of prostate cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Racial disparities in colon cancer. Primary care endoscopy as a tool to increase screening rates among minority patients.

Colon cancer is a condition whose far-reaching effects have been well documented nationally and within the state of South Carolina. Fortunately, the disease is amenable to both primary and secondary prevention through screening colonoscopy. Despite the conceptual simplicity of recommending colonoscopy, barriers exist to universal (or even widespread) screening. Currently the infrastructure necessary to achieve screening goals set by the American Cancer Society (ACS), the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) has not been established. At current rates of training gastroenterologists, the medical community will not be able to come close to achieving widespread screening. Given the discrepancy between the public health benefit of achieving the goals and the deaths that have occurred because of the resource shortfall, we propose alternative measures to screen the at-risk population for consideration. This need is most acute in the black community, in which where screening rates tend to be lower and polyps have been found to progress more quickly than among white populations. In South Carolina, one model has used primary care physicians as the labor force to provide routine screening colonoscopy for their own patients. This model makes screening much more accessible to minority patients, as the wait is shorter and the cost typically lower. In combination with a faith-based partnership with minority religious organizations, this model has begun to make needed inroads toward addressing the disparities associated with colon cancer. Cancer 2007. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Employment activity of baccalaureate and diploma nurses.

In this study, the general hypothesis tested was that differences in rate of employment activity between baccalaureate and diploma nurses are due to effects of extraneous and intervening variables and not to intrinsic differences in the educational process. Mailed questionnaires from 1,475 nurses registered in the State of Indiana provided data on two measures of employment activity, as well as four control variables: marital status, spouse's income, presence of young children at home, and disillusionment with career. Among recent graduates, there was a negative association between possession of the baccalaureate degree and current employment status (gamma = -.359, p < .05). It was expected that holding constant the four control variables would reduce this association to or near zero. The opposite was generally the case, however; controlling for marriage, children, and disillusionment actually increased the association between type of education and employment status. Differences in employment activity between the two types of graduates therefore can not be accounted for by "traditional" variables used in the study of female labor-force participation.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1980

Women's roles and illness episodes: a prospective study.

As more women enter the labor force, their roles proliferate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether proliferation of roles would have a deleterious effect on the women's health. A group of 96 women completed a family health diary for 3 weeks which included an estimate of stress level typical of the family on each day, the measures taken by the family to maintain health, an estimate of how each family member felt, whether or not behavior restriction was necessary, and any symptoms or complaints. An illness episode was considered to be any continued sequence of days during which health complaints were recorded in the health diary. The mean number of illness episodes for the 3-week diary-keeping period was 3.23 (SD = 1.50). Role proliferation did not correlate with the number of illness episodes (Spearman's rho = -.115 p < .132). The variables that best explained the variance in the number of illness episodes were the number of children and role reinforcement, both of which had modest negative effects on number of illness episodes; together they explained 11.3% of the variance. It was concluded that the number of episodes of illness women experience is a function of the compatibility of a woman's other roles with being ill and with the support available to her performing her roles.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multivariate profile of smoking in Southeast Asian men: a biochemically verified analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking prevalence rates among Southeast Asian males are among the highest reported in comparison with other ethnic male groups in the United States. The objective of this study is to profile current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers among Southeast Asian males, based on subject characteristics. METHODS: Southeast Asian (Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese) males residing in the Greater Columbus, Ohio, area were surveyed, utilizing culturally sensitive instruments and interviewers, with respect to demographic and acculturation variables. All subjects were biochemically verified by collecting a saliva sample at the time of the interviews. RESULTS: Those Southeast Asian males who quit smoking tended to be older, employed, more assimilated into the U.S. culture, and of Cambodian ethnicity. The current smokers, relative to never smokers, tended to be older, not in the labor force, traditionally oriented to their native culture, less educated, and of Laotian or Vietnamese ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Specific strategies for smoking cessation programs would indicate more intense, and possibly different, efforts be directed at Southeast Asian males of Laotian and Vietnamese ethnicity who are younger, unemployed and less assimilated into the U.S. culture. On the other hand, smoking prevention programs would target those individuals who are at highest risk of smoking.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use among older adults.

BACKGROUND: The 1990 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention supplement to The National Health Interview Survey was used to develop point-prevalence data about drinking for four age groups, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, and over 84, and to assess the impact of sociodemographics, health status, and health belief variables on light, moderate, and heavy alcohol consumption. The number of observations in the unweighted sample was 12,819, and the weighted sample contained 51,046,521 observations. METHODS: The chi 2 and Cohran-Mantel-Haenszel tests were used to investigate prevalence patterns, and odds ratios were generated from logistic regressions. RESULTS: Eighty percent of the sample had had at least 12 drinks during their lifetime, and 46% reported drinking during the survey year. The modal category for the number of days a respondent drank during the survey was 1-4 days, and the modal amount consumed on days that a person drank was 1-3 drinks. Age, gender, race, education, city size, labor force participation, geographic region, health status, having diabetes, and health beliefs about the adverse effects of excessive drinking and being overweight were associated with alcohol consumption, although their effects were different by drinking level. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses of health behaviors among older adults must recognize the diversity within this age group. Studies of drinking should differentiate between the amount consumed. Health beliefs need to be included in subsequent studies of health behaviors among older adults.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1983

The role of alcohol availability in alcohol consumption and alcohol problems.

The major theoretical approaches that have provided competing explanations for the distribution and nature of alcohol problems are reviewed and assessed. The sociocultural model and studies are briefly discussed with major emphasis given to the particular studies that have focused on different conceptions and dimensions of availability. Attempts to integrate the sociocultural model and the distribution of consumption model are also reviewed. A recent integrated model finds specific relationships between physical availability or the different types of outlets, with social area characteristics of different populations, and some four different alcohol problems, including cirrhosis, public drunk arrests, and misdemeanor and felony drunk driving arrests. Specific social area characteristics representing social class, minority status, and other structural features such as unemployment and women's labor force participation become implicated in alcohol problems independently of the effects of differing levels of availability. Additional related research on licensing and enforcement practices, beliefs, and attitudes of ABC personnel are also reviewed in relation to the general issue of availability. Other recent research on social and psychological dimensions of availability are also reviewed. Cross-sectional time series modeling is suggested as a technique for determining causal processes.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1983

Intoxication by the chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus): nervous system and skeletal findings.

Two hundred patients with chronic neurolathyrism were examined 25-35 years after the appearance of signs and symptoms of intoxication of the chickling pea. Their daily food intake, in a German forced labor camp during World War II, consisted of 400 g Lathyrus sativus peas cooked in water plus 200 g bread baked of barley and straw. Apart from the classic signs of neurolathyrism, i.e., a spastic paraparesis, in five cases, the skeletal findings observed were similar to experimental osteolathyrism. There was an absence of ossification centers of the iliac creasts, ischial tuberosities and vertebrae; and bowing with thickening of the femoral shaft also occurred. These bony changes in human lathyrism have not been described before.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Demographic change and social security: some elements of a complex relationship.

"This paper gives an overview [of] some central aspects of the highly complex topic...[of] understanding effects of structural changes in demography and economy on social security." The impact of an aging population on health and pension schemes is discussed. Changes in retirement ages and labor force participation and the restructuring of public expenditures are explored as possible solutions to government financial problems. The geographical focus is on developed countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

International factor mobility and production technology.

This paper systematically investigates the pattern and effect of international factor mobility caused by international differences of production technology in an endogenous-population-growth and overlapping-generations model. It is shown here that if the autarkic steady state in each country is characterized by under-investment relative to the Golden Rule, international labor migration will take place to the country with a more capital-saving or neutrally superior technology, and then the capital-labor ratio and the demand for children per family in that country will be lower. On the other hand, international capital will move to the country with a more labor-saving or a neutrally superior technology and will decrease the per worker domestic capital stock in that country.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health care delivery system. Effects on surgical education: the Mexican panorama.

Health care delivery in Mexico is divided in three groups: a social sector that covers approximately 53% of the population and is financed by the labor force, the state and the employer; a public, or open, sector that covers 33% of the population and is financed by federal and state funds; and a private sector that covers about 5% of the population and has two categories, the not-for-profit hospitals and the profit-oriented institutions. Most medical practitioners can work in any of the three groups or in several. Nine percent of Mexico's population, because of extreme ignorance, poverty, or isolation, have no or limited access to medical care. Mexico has 58 medical schools, which graduate about 7800 new physicians annually, awarding them the title Medico Cirujano (Physician Surgeon). There are more than 160,000 physicians in Mexico, 20,000 of whom are unemployed. Each year, approximately 12,000 physicians compete for the 4306 places in the official residency training programs for all specialties. Of those taking the examination, 2000 try to get one of the 625 slots available for training in general surgery. Most of the surgical training programs in Mexico have a 3-year duration. The Mexican Academy of Surgery, the Mexican Society of General Surgery, and the Mexican Board of Surgery, as well as private individuals and organizations, are working to improve the quality of medical education and trying to establish a 5-year training program in surgery. The rapid movement toward modernization that is sweeping the country must include the improvement of surgical education as well.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1982

Mental health service priorities and the BSW.

New Priorities in mental health service delivery call for the exploration of previously overlooked sources of mental health personnel whose preparation for practice is adapted to historically underserved populations and service delivery approaches geared to their special needs. One such source are baccalaureate level social workers. This exploratory study of 29 purposively selected baccalaureate social work education programs observes and describes their extensive mental health field instruction, in which the predominant student assignments include case management and related functions stressed in current mental health policy. Implications are drawn regarding the allocation of federal training funds and labor force issues.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1997

Psychopathology and the development of disability.

The objective was to determine the effect of preexisting psychopathology on days missed from work or usual activities ("disability days") in a large community sample (N = 3481). Logistic regression analyses were performed with the presence or absence of disability days (wave 2) as the dependent variable. The effects of sociodemographic variables, six psychiatric disorders, a high distress score, and chronic physical conditions (wave 1) were studied. Separate analyses were conducted for the total sample and four subgroups (labor force participants, homemakers, men, and women). The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for subjects with onset of panic disorder were 7.3 (95% CI = 1.8, 28.7); for those with chronic major depressive disorder, 7.2 (95% CI = 0.3, 160.6); and for those with chronic high distress, 5.0 (95% CI = 2.6, 9.9). The relative odds for developing a disability were greater for those with either type of psychiatric disorder or high distress than for those with any prior physical illness or those with a prior disability day. Disability days experienced by persons with psychopathology result in diminished quality of life, economic losses, and increased need for health services. Improved health services and educational and work adjustments for emotionally disabled persons are recommended.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1986

Women's paid work and the timing of births: longitudinal evidence.

It has been suggested that work-motivated women may shorten their birth intervals to allow a faster return to the workforce. This paper: 1) considers the circumstances under which such contraction would be expected; 2) argues that British conditions in the 1940s to 1970s were favorable to the adoption of this strategy, among others; 3) discusses some methodological issues arising in the empirical treatment of the question; and 4) presents the results of analyses of work and maternity history information, which suggest that during the post-war period, labor force participation was associated with both a contraction and a lengthening of birth intervals.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1989

Migration behaviour among the unemployed and the role of unemployment benefits.

"In this paper the migration behaviour of young unemployed people in Sweden is analysed. The migration stream is divided into labour market migration and migration motivated by other reasons. The results show that a larger part of total migration is motivated by reasons other than pure labour market considerations. Explanatory factors have different effects on the two streams. Labour market motivated migration is sensitive to local labour market conditions while migration motivated by other reasons is not. Those who are receiving unemployment benefits are less willing to migrate than those who are not receiving such benefits."

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Did the decline continue? Comparing the labor-market quality of United States immigrants from the late 1970s and late 1980s.

"The issue addressed in this paper is whether or not the decline in immigrant labor-market quality in the U.S. observed in the late 1960s and 1970s continued in the 1980s." The data are from the Immigration and Naturalization Service and are provided for the years 1979-1980 and 1989-1990. "Given the rise in earnings inequality that has occurred in the United States over the 1980s, the returns to immigration for the more highly skilled will have increased relative to the low skilled, ceteris paribus. For this reason, it is possible that the skill decline of immigrants may have halted in the 1980s as immigrants of differing skill levels respond to the altered circumstances they would face in the United States. The empirical results show that the skill decline did indeed halt...."

Americas↗
PubMed2002

[Economic significance of work disability caused by musculoskeletal disorders].

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most expensive form of work disability for companies. In Germany, they are responsible for almost 27% of all production downtimes caused by sick leave from work. The direct and indirect annual expenses of these disorders amount to approximately 24.5 billion Euro for the labor force and approximately 38 billion Euro for the total population. For analytical and practical reasons, measures for prevention of this socioeconomic damage should be implemented in companies.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗