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PubMed1992

Adolescent pregnancy options.

The range of pregnancy options available to adolescents each have significant ramifications for future educational and economic achievement. The changing societal context of adolescent pregnancy decision-making are described, and the characteristics of adolescents who choose to terminate their pregnancy, parent their child, or place for adoption are examined. The role of significant others in decision-making and the implications of mandatory parental involvement in pregnancy decision-making is discussed, as well as the roles of schools in promoting the well-being and potential of adolescents considering pregnancy decisions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Gender and ethnic differences in adolescents' attitudes toward condom use.

This secondary analysis from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (NASHS) examined relationships between adolescents' personal and perceived peer attitudes toward condom use with gender and self-reported ethnic background. Descriptive results revealed general personal support and perceived peer support for condom use. Results from multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVAs) demonstrated significant interaction effects for the eighth grade sample [F = (4, 2383228) = 3530.01 p = .000], and the 10th grade sample [F = (4, 2636878) = 2594.41073, p = .000]. Contrasts revealed significant differences among all ethnic groups for both belief variables for the entire sample, eighth grade students, and 10th grade students. Though general support exists for condom use among U.S. eighth and 10th grade students, conviction varies among groups perhaps indicating a need for tailored messages about condom use, especially for Hispanic students. Implications for health education include the need for cultural-sensitive and gender-sensitive STD education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Fissure sealant knowledge and characteristics of parents as a function of their child's sealant status.

A survey was conducted to identify and compare sealant knowledge and sources of sealant information of parents whose children had and had not received fissure sealants. The socioeconomic characteristics of these individuals were also compared. The sealant group was composed of the parents of children found to have a sealant on at least one permanent tooth during dental examinations of 2,036 elementary schoolchildren in southwestern Michigan. Another group of children was selected from the same population and matched to the children with sealants by child's age, sex, school location, and community. Surveys were returned by 210 of 260 sets of parents (81% response rate). Significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to parents' ages and levels of income. Parents of children with sealants had more correct information about the procedure and 74 percent of these individuals reported that the dental office was their primary source of information. For the group without sealants, 48 percent of respondents reported no source of sealant information. Findings suggest that dental personnel may strongly influence dissemination of information about sealants and utilization of this preventive procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Venereal disease education and a selected group of American college students.

Education is considered to be an important factor in the control and possible eradication of venereal diseases. A study was undertaken to discover what effect education had had on a selected group of university students so as to determine suitable avenues for future educational programmes. Many of the schools attended by the students had issued information on venereal diseases; most students considered that this information was useful. The study did not generally show a significant relationship between previous health education, current attitude and behaviour, and the contraction of venereal disease. However, the data did appear to reveal a correlation between the lack of education at junior high school and the acquisition of venereal disease. The university student health service, together with books and pamphlets made available outside the school of classroom, were regarded as being important in venereal disease education. These findings can help those planning venereal disease education for young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sexual behaviour among youth clinic visitors in Sweden: knowledge and experiences in an HIV perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To study the knowledge and experience of sexuality, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases among sexually active adolescents in Sweden. SUBJECTS: Youth clinic visitors. SETTING: Seventy-four youth clinics from all over the country of Sweden. METHODS: A questionnaire with 17 multiple choice and nine open questions was distributed to all visitors at participating youth clinics during a 2-month period. RESULTS: A total of 9277 young persons answered the questionnaire. Their mean age was 17.5 years. Ninety-three percent were females. Knowledge on STD and STD protection was wide-spread and good. Chlamydia and HIV was recognised as STDs by 90% and 87% respectively. More than 99% knew of the condom method as a means for STD protection. Knowledge on contraceptive methods for pregnancy protection was also good. Ninety-three percent of the investigated adolescents had had coitus. Nine percent had experienced pregnancies and 17% STDs. The mean number of life-time sexual partners was 3.2. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of good knowledge on preventive measures among Swedish youth clinic visitors their sexual behaviour carriers risks for future health. Further interventions are needed to minimise these risks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Small animal husbandry: what should be taught?

As far as the small animals are concerned, animal husbandry refers to animal welfare and management. There are five main areas of undergraduate instruction in this subject--normal animal behaviour, nutritional requirements, restraint, housing and management in disease. University education, vacational studies and personal experience all provide important sources of knowledge. Most university instruction in small animal welfare and management is provided in the clinical courses where extensive care material can be utilised in practical teaching. Integration of the animal husbandry and clinical courses is to be encouraged.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1981

A comparative study of the word sugar and of its equivalents in Hindustani as traceable to Chinese.

Etymology enables words to deliver past facts and can become an independent source of knowledge. Here the word sugar is traced to the Chinese term Sha-Che, literally "Sand-Sugar plant," signifying a sand-like product from the sugar plant, which is sugar. Sha-Che underwent the following phonetic changes: Sha-Che = Sha-Ke = Shar-Ker = Sharkera, which became the Sanskrit word for sugar, with the variant Sha-Kera. Its popular vernacular form became Shak-Ker. This entered Arabic as Al-Shakker, changing into Al-Sukker, pronounced as "Assuker." Muslims in Spain gave the Spanish their word when Assuker = Azucar (Spanish). Sukker, the real Arabic word, entered Old French as Suker-e, Italian as Zuker-o or Zucckero, and German as Zucker. When "k" is emphasized it can become aspirated as "kh" or doubled as "kk," or mutate into "g." Sukker then changed into Sugar with the "s" further mutating into "sh," giving the final form Shugar, written as Sugar. The Greeks directly borrowed the popular vernacular word Shakker. It was Hellenized as Sakkharon, mentioned by Discoredes in 56 A.D. From the Greek it passed into Latin as Saccharum. In India the large crystalline form of sugar is called Misri. Its Chinese original is Mi-Sha-Li, "sweet-pebble-glassy," a sweet crystalline (glassy) substance the size of pebbles. Another form of sugar is in small crystals, which in a heap appear opaque-white or porcelain-white rather than transparent salt-white. Porcelain-white sugar was called Cheeni, where Cheeni = Porcelain. Thus, Cheeni does not mean Chinese sugar, nor Misri Egyptian sugar. Both these forms of sugar were sweetening agents not intended to be directly consumed. But a sweet, composed of sugar and an article of food, was known in Chinese as Kan-Di, "Sweet-Drop." This became Candy in English, Qand in Arabic, Khanda in Sanskrit and Khand in vernaculars.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1989

Control of diarrheal diseases.

The tremendous advances made in the control of diarrheal diseases in the past few years indicate what more can be achieved. Even though the lives of an estimated three quarters of a million children are being saved each year, over three million children are still dying from readily preventable diarrheal disease. The challenge is to build on the successes thus far, to learn from experience, to promote changes in health habits that will prevent diarrhea, and to make all of these activities sustainable. From this analysis, we have three specific recommendations for CDD programs in the next decade. 1. ORT programs should move strongly toward promoting home treatment, building on local traditions of giving food-based preparations, with ORS available from health workers and health facilities for those who need it. Local assessment of people's beliefs and practices in caring for diarrhea should lead to simple methods of adapting ORT preparations that are culturally acceptable. Most of these traditional preparations have adequate amounts of the proteins and starches that are now being shown to produce better clinical results than the glucose in the standard ORS formula. Usually, the main change needed is more precision in the quantity of sodium added. Education of parents can then focus simply on how to make these adapted preparations, on starting rehydration early, and on replacing fluid volume as it is lost. The use of ORS packets in health facilities should continue, but the main indicator of progress in CDD should be ORT use including home solutions. Every packet of ORS should have printed on it the locally recommended formula for home ORT. 2. Nutritional support is just as important as rehydration. Diarrhea precipitates and accelerates the progression of malnutrition, which lowers resistance and increases the duration of diarrhea. Nutritional support through continued breast feeding and improved weaning practices using high density, easily digestible, local foods is especially important during and after episodes of diarrhea. 3. For long-term prevention, breaking the transmission cycles of the many common pathogens that cause diarrhea will be necessary. The most immediate preventive impact can be achieved by promoting hand washing with soap. Priority should also continue to be given to improving water supply, sanitation, and excreta control, especially of childrens' stools. Even with the great progress of recent years, the Child Survival and Development Revolution has just begun.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of the resource-based relative value scale for Medicare reimbursements to academic and community hospital radiology departments.

The authors examined a homogeneous sample of 40 radiologists from four academic centers (ACs) and four community hospitals (CHs) to assess the prevalence, accuracy, and sources of knowledge regarding the resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) reform of Medicare. The radiologists were also asked to estimate the relative intraservice work values of 12 of the radiologic services in the original RBRVS study, using the same definitions and the same standard service. The radiologists were found to be relatively well informed and accurate regarding the RBRVS-based Medicare reform. However, the standard errors of estimated work in the sample were much greater (from 56% to over 800%) than those reported for the nationally based RBRVS. The AC and CH radiologists also appeared to differ qualitatively in their perceptions of intraservice work. These findings suggest that the RBRVS may not represent accurately the spread of perceived relative work values among radiologists, including differences between AC and CH components in terms of site-specific radiologic work.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed2005

[Alcohol consumption in Toledo schoolchildren: reasons and alternatives].

OBJECTIVE: To know the consumption of alcohol in Toledo schoolchildren, to find out the reasons which cause them to drink and the alternatives proposed. DESIGN: Descriptive, transverse study. LOCATION: 2 zones in the Toledo health area. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 625 adolescents between 13 and 18 years, in the third and fourth years of Obligatory Secondary Education and first year in High School (Bachillerato) of 2 secondary education institutions in Torrijos and 1 in Toledo capital. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Using an ad hoc designed anonymous questionnaire, with 32 items, the following data was collected: age, sex, alcohol consumption (personal, family, and friends), how much (standard drink units), knowledge and sources of information on alcohol, taking of other drugs, reasons for consuming, and the alternatives. RESULTS: 47.27% of those questioned were male. The mean age was 15.4 +/- (-)1.3 years. 93.4% had tried alcohol (95% CI, 91.1-95.2). 52.0% had been drunk at some time, which was more frequent in rural areas than in the city. 58.1% considered alcohol as a drug. Among the reasons mentioned for drinking, the main ones were "enjoyment" (46.3%), "to forget problems" (30.7%), and "curiosity" (24.6%). The alternatives to drinking which were proposed were related to computers and sport. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of alcohol is a common habit among adolescents and its pattern differs between urban and rural areas, where it is much earlier and more intense in the latter. It forms part of their lifestyle, they use it as a means of enjoyment and a large percentage consider that alcohol is a drug. Against "street binge drinking," their proposals are computer activities and sport.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Using bioinformatics and genome analysis for new therapeutic interventions.

The genome era provides two sources of knowledge to investigators whose goal is to discover new cancer therapies: first, information on the 20,000 to 40,000 genes that comprise the human genome, the proteins they encode, and the variation in these genes and proteins in human populations that place individuals at risk or that occur in disease; second, genome-wide analysis of cancer cells and tissues leads to the identification of new drug targets and the design of new therapeutic interventions. Using genome resources requires the storage and analysis of large amounts of diverse information on genetic variation, gene and protein functions, and interactions in regulatory processes and biochemical pathways. Cancer bioinformatics deals with organizing and analyzing the data so that important trends and patterns can be identified. Specific gene and protein targets on which cancer cells depend can be identified. Therapeutic agents directed against these targets can then be developed and evaluated. Finally, molecular and genetic variation within a population may become the basis of individualized treatment.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2006

Mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering.

The repair of diseased or damaged cartilage remains one of the most challenging problems of musculoskeletal medicine. Tissue engineering advances in cartilage repair have utilized autologous and allogenic chondrocyte and cartilage grafts, biomaterial scaffolds, growth factors, stem cells, and genetic engineering. The mesenchymal stem cell has specifically attracted much attention because of its accessibility, potential for differentiation, and manipulability to modern molecular, tissue and genetic engineering techniques. Mesenchymal stem cells provide invaluable tools for the study of tissue repair when combined with a carrier vehicle/matrix scaffold, and/or bioactive growth factors. However, an underappreciated source of knowledge lies in the relationship between fetal development and adult tissue repair. The multitude of events that take place during fetal development which lead from stem cell to functional tissue are poorly understood. A more thorough understanding of the events of development as they pertain to cartilage organogenesis may help elucidate some of the unknowns of adult tissue repair.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Patent foramen ovale and brain infarct. Echocardiographic predictors, recurrence, and prevention.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale is a recognized cause of stroke, but clinical predictors, recurrence rate, and prevention of brain infarcts in patients with patent foramen ovale have not been determined. We reviewed transesophageal echocardiographic records to ascertain echocardiographic predictors and optimal prophylaxis for patent foramen ovale-related infarcts. METHODS: A patent foramen ovale was identified in 74 patients during 615 transesophageal echocardiograms by color Doppler or saline contrast during a 60-month period. On the basis of final clinical situation, the patients were divided into the following groups: group 1, infarct with patent foramen ovale a likely cause (n = 16); group 2, infarct with patent foramen ovale an unlikely cause (n = 23); and group 3, no infarct (n = 35). Transesophageal echocardiograms were reviewed to assess patent foramen ovale characteristics and associated cardio-embolic sources without knowledge of clinical details or group assignment. Follow-up after a patent foramen ovale-related infarct was obtained by telephone or written correspondence in 15 of 16 group 1 patients. RESULTS: Atrial septal aneurysms were more common in group 1 (38%) compared with group 2 (10%) and group 3 (8%) (P = .02). Contrast right-to-left shunting occurred in 88% of group 1 (P = .06) and 86% of group 2 (P = .07) compared with 60% of group 3. Prevention of recurrence in subjects with presumed patent foramen ovale-related brain infarcts varied. Aspirin was usually chosen after initial brain ischemia. Warfarin and patent foramen ovale closure were usually reserved for subjects with symptoms of brain ischemia while taking aspirin or those who required warfarin or cardiac surgery for other indications. No recurrent infarcts occurred in 15 patients during a mean follow-up period of 28 months. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial septal aneurysm and right-to-left shunt may be predictive of a patent foramen ovale that predisposes a patient to stroke. Aspirin may provide sufficient infarct prophylaxis after initial ischemia. Warfarin and surgical correction should likely be reserved for those in whom aspirin is not effective or those who require warfarin or cardiac surgery for other reasons until prospective studies are available.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Gossip and psychotherapy.

Gossip, a phenomenon as old as history itself, is reflected upon in terms of its need-fulfilling functions for persons and social groups. It is seen as one of the sources of knowledge about life that has potentials for wisdom, and its interpersonal and intrapsychic functions are shown to have similarities to many salient functions of psychotherapy.

Biographies as Topic↗