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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Cervical cancer in Kenya: prospects for early detection at primary level.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of cytologic screening services for rural women and to establish the prevalence of abnormal cytology in Kenya. METHOD: Women at four maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) clinics were screened, and some screens were repeated. After Pap staining they were graded in classes I-IV, where abnormal smears referred to classes III and IV. RESULTS: The prevalence of abnormal cytology was 2.9% and 2.6% for the first and second screen, respectively. Enrolled community nurses took adequate smears and were able to diagnose overt lesions of the cervix. Training of technicians in cytologic techniques and setting up of a network of laboratories down to district level was considered feasible. CONCLUSIONS: Cytology services may be extended to rural populations through existing MCH/FP clinics. Enrolled nurses can take adequate cervical smears and diagnose overt cervical lesions, and could be used in a downstaging and screening program extending to rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Isolation of leishmanial parasites from a wild caught Anopheles gambiae mosquito in Kenya.

A total of 232 mosquitoes were collected and dissected for leishmanial parasites in the Baringo District, Kenya. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato comprised 90.9% of the sample. One female A. gambiae was found to be infected with leishmanial promastigotes. The parasites when injected into Balb C mice caused skin lesions characterized by heavy amastigote infections. The average size of the parasite was: body length, 11.7 +/- 0.19 microns; width, 1.3 +/- 0.04 microns; flagellum length, 15.5 +/- 0.28 microns.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Saurian malaria in Kenya: epidemiological features of malarial infections in lizard populations of the West Pokot District.

During investigations into the prevalence of malarial parasites among lizards in the West Pokot District in Kenya, 179 lizards comprising eight species were caught. Examination of the Giemsa-stained smears made from their blood showed that 34 lizards were infected with Plasmodium species. Fifteen lizards were infected with a single species of Plasmodium and 19 carried multiple infections, the maximum, in four lizards, was four species. There were 19 combinations of parasite infections. Seventeen Plasmodium species were identified, the commonest being P. icipeensis. Only two of the eight lizard species were infected: the skink Mabuya striata and the agamid Agama agama. Eight of the Plasmodium species infected both; another eight species infected M. striata only but three of these have been described from different lizard families elsewhere in Africa. P. robinsoni infected A. agama only, although it was first described from another lizard family in another part of Africa. The epidemiological significance of these results is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Antibody responses against natural Taenia hydatigena infection in dogs in Kenya.

Antibody responses (IgG) against Taenia hydatigena infection in dogs in Kenya were analysed in ELISA using excretory/secretory products of T. hydatigena scoleces derived from goat cysticercus cysts. Helminth infections of individual dogs were confirmed at autopsy. T. hydatigena worms were found in 89.5% of 143 dogs, and positive anti-T. hydatigena antibody levels were detected in 58.7% of infected dogs. Positive antiscolex antibody levels were detected in 40.0% of Turkana dogs uninfected with T. hydatigena, suggesting previous infection. Antibody was not detected in 34.4% of infected dogs. There was no relationship between individual T. hydatigena worm burdens and absorbance values for sera in ELISA. It was not possible to distinguish between sera from T. hydatigena-infected and uninfected dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cooperioides antidorca from intestinal nodules in Gazella thomsoni and G. granti in Kenya.

Examination of nodules from the intestine of Gazella thomsoni and G. granti in Kenya revealed the presence of the trichostrongylid nematode Cooperioides antidorca. Nodules from the two hosts were histologically similar and took the form of chronic inflammatory lesions extending through the wall of the gut from the submucosa into the muscular layers. There was some necrosis around the parasite located in the centre of the nodule, a varying population of inflammatory cells and a varying degree of fibrous tissue encapsulation. One nodule possessed an aperture into the lumen of the gut and there was also evidence of serosal proliferation, probably due to the parasitic lesion penetrating the deeper layers of the wall. The morphology of Cooperioides antidorca recovered from the nodules was examined by scanning electron microscopy and is briefly described.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Arbovirus isolations from, and serological studies on, wild and domestic vertebrates from Kano Plain, Kenya.

Arbovirus infection and presence of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in small mammals, birds and livestock were examined over a period of five years on the Kano Plain in western Kenya. Eleven isolations were made from mammals and birds. The viruses were identified as Arumowot and Germiston while three different agents could not be shown to be related to 188 African arboviruses. Prevalence of antibodies against arboviruses suspected of occurring in the area was generally low.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1977

Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes: Kano Plain, Kenya.

Arbovirus isolation attempts on 324,486 mosquitoes captured over a four-year period on the Kano Plain, Kenya, yielded 15 isolates including Pongola (six strains), Ilesha (three strains), Germiston (two strains), Sindbis (one strain), Barur (one strain) and two viruses which could not be characterized. Mansonia uniformis, Anopheles gambiae and Culex antennatus constituted 70% of the total collection and accounted for all of the isolates except one, which came from Anopheles funestus.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Anaemia and Schistosoma haematobium infection in the North-Eastern Province of Kenya.

The haemoglobin levels of 787 Somali people in north-eastern Kenya were measured. Severe anaemia was very common in both sexes of all ages. Possible causative factors are discussed. Adolescent boys had particularly low haemoglobin values (in one area 43% had levels below 8 g/dl) and this was related to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Such a clear relationshiop has not been shown before.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya.

A case of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a non-immune male is reported. Primary attack came 19 days after return to a non-malarious country from a visit to Kenya. Recrudescences occurred three times with intervals of 30 to 33 days after standard chloroquine treatment. The WHO extended field test for sensitivity of falciparum malaria to chloroquine was followed by recrudescence 31 days later. Treatment with Fansidar terminated the infection. If continuous treatment of the patient with lithium does not interfere with the schizontocidal action of chloroquine, this strain shows a resistance pattern of R I delayed recrudescence.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Arbovirus isolations from ixodid ticks infesting livestock, Kano Plain, Kenya.

In a study conducted on the Kano Plain, Kenya, virus isolation attempts were made on ixodid ticks collected, over a 14-month period, from livestock held in family enclosures (bomas) before releasing the animals for daily foraging. 8735 Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) were tested, 98.6% of which were taken from cattle, yielding 36 strains of Dugbe (DUG), four strains of Nairobi sheep disease (NSD), three strains of Bhanja (BHA), one strain of Thogoto (THO) and five strains of virus which could not be characterized. 6549 Rhipicephalus spp. ticks were collected (60.3% from cattle). NSD, DUG and BHA viruses were each isolated twice from ticks taken from cattle. One BHA virus strain was recovered from ticks from a sheep. One strain recovered from ticks on cattle could not be characterized.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Goitre in Kenya. Quantitative studies of iodine metabolism.

In 1970, before iodized salt was introduced as prophylaxis against goitre in Kenya, we performed quantitative studies of iodine metabolism in 81 African subjects living in the highland provinces. Iodine deficiency was detected in those with and without goitre, a result expected in view of the known prevalences of endemic goitre in these regions. Iodine deficiency was more severe and prevalent in those with goitre. Unexpectedly, we found those with goitre had a significant defect in the utilization of iodine by the thyroid gland. We argue that this defect is probably caused by an environmental factor. If adequate iodine prophylaxis is followed by a significant decline in the goitre rate, our finding is of theoretical interest only. It would assume practical importance if a significant goitre problem remained following improvement in iodine nutrition. We have decided to publish these findings now because of the disappointing results of iodine prophylaxis to date.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The existence of Dracunculus medinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Turkana, Kenya.

Dracontiasis has been previously reported in southern Sudan, northern Uganda and north-west Eritrea but this is the first report of autochthonous cases in Turkana, Kenya. Five Turkana tribesmen, three females from the same family, one young boy and an adult male were being treated for guinea-worm at the dispensary in Lokichogio, northern Turkana District. The three women had recently returned from southern Sudan, where the disease is endemic, but the two male tribesmen had only lived in and around the Lokichogio region. The methods used in obtaining water from water-holes dug in dry river beds provide an ideal situation for Dracunculus transmission amongst the tribesmen; this parasite may therefore become a problem in this remote impoverished area.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Recovery of o'nyong-nyong virus from Anopheles funestus in Western Kenya.

O'nyong-nyong (ONN) virus first appeared nearly 20 years ago and was responsible for one of the largest arbovirus outbreaks ever documented. Since the original outbreak ended, ONN activity, as determined serologically, gradually declined on the Kano Plain in western Kenya. In June, 1978, a virus similar or identical to ONN was isolated from a pool of Anopheles funestus Giles captured at Ahero on the Kano Plain. The possible implications of this isolation are discussed.

Alphavirus↗
PubMed1982

Intestinal parasitic infections of men in four regions of rural Kenya.

Faecal samples were obtained from 906 men living in four different regions of rural Kenya: the cool Highlands, the humid coastal lowlands, the equatorial Lake Victoria basin and the arid marginal highlands. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections is reported and compared, contrasted and discussed in terms of the typical environmental conditions in each region. Almost 70% of men appeared to be infected with intestinal helminths; hookworm was most common. The regional prevalence of hookworm infections appeared to be related to relative humidity.

Environment↗
PubMed1982

A comparative study of the nutritional status, parasitic infections and health of male roadworkers in four areas of Kenya.

The nutritional status, parasitic infections and general health of 801 male roadworkers living in four different areas of Kenya, namely, the highlands, coastal lowlands, Lake Victoria basin and the semiarid north-west, were investigated. Undernutrition was common in all areas but was most marked among men in the semi-arid area. Anaemia was most prevalent in the coastal lowlands where 41% of men had a haemoglobin level less than 13.0 g/dl. Hookworm eggs were seen in the faeces of 40% of all men and in 69% of samples collected in the coastal lowlands. The Lake Victoria basin was a significant focus of infection with Schistosoma mansoni, 51% of faecal samples containing its eggs; S. haematobium also occurred but was most common in the coastal lowlands. Stages of Plasmodium spp. were most commonly observed in blood smears collected from men near Lake Victoria and the coast, two significant foci of malaria. An analysis of variance was used to examine the relationship between variables and indicated that the most significant association was between hookworm infections and low haemoglobin levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Prevalence and disease spectrum in a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya.

A cross-sectional community study was conducted in the village of Kivaa in Machakos District, Kenya, to determine the prevalence and disease spectrum of visceral leishmaniasis. The disease was first diagnosed in 1978. Demographic data was collected from 50 households comprising 374 individuals. Clinical examination, laboratory investigations and leishmanin skin tests were performed. The results showed that in spite of the presence of a susceptible population, visceral leishmaniasis occurred with a low prevalence in Kivaa as evidenced by the small number of individuals with active disease (0.30%), a low leishmanin positivity rate (7.2%) and the presence of leishmanial antibodies in only 3.7% of the population. The infection affected individuals in homesteads with or without nearby termite hills. Leishmanial antibodies and leishmanin positivity were found among asymptomatic household contacts of patients as well as in isolated individuals in non-infected homesteads. These findings suggest the existence of a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic to self-healing to severe clinical illness. Furthermore, there was significant clustering of leishmanin reactors in the households of patients. The aetiology of this striking focality of visceral leishmaniasis remains obscure. Possible explanations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Parasitic infections, anaemia and nutritional status: a study of their interrelationships and the effect of prophylaxis and treatment on workers in Kwale District, Kenya.

A study was conducted between January and August 1979 on 150 male roadworkers in Kwale District in the coastal lowlands of Kenya. At the baseline examination 59% had hookworm (mean of 227 epg +/- 541), 38% had infections of Schistosoma haematobium (mean 52 +/- 82 ova per 10 ml urine), 23% had a blood film positive for malarial parasites, 47% had anaemia (Hb below 13g/dl), and 31% had a percentage weight for height below 80% of a reference value for healthy men. It was found that anaemia was significantly associated with hookworm infections and egg counts. Three interventions were evaluated. These consisted of providing pyrantel pamoate for hookworm to all men, treating the S. haematobium infections with metrifonate, and giving weekly chloroquine prophylaxis for suppression of malaria to one group of men. A final examination conducted 16 weeks later showed a significant improvement in haemoglobin levels in anaemic men treated for hookworm and in those receiving chloroquine compared with those receiving placebos. Multiple regression analyses revealed that both hookworm and S. haematobium egg counts were associated with anaemia at the baseline examinations, that factors related to the treatment of hookworm and prophylaxis for suppression of malaria were related to haemoglobin increases in anaemic men, and that successful treatment of urinary schistosomiasis was associated with weight gain. The feasibility of the interventions was good and the costs moderately low.

Adolescent↗