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PubMed2004

Effect of exercise timing on postprandial lipemia in hypertriglyceridemic men.

We investigated the effect of exercise timing on attenuation of postprandial hyper-triglyceridemia (PHTG) in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Subjects were 10 males (TG = 290.1 +/- 28.5 mg/dl). Each subject performed a control trial (Ctr), 12-hr premeal exercise trial (12-hr Pre), and 24-hr premeal exercise trial (24-hr Pre). In each trial, subjects had a fat-rich meal. In the exercise trials they jogged on a treadmill at 60% of their VO2max for 1 hr at a designated time. Blood samples were taken at 0 (immediately before the fat meal), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hrs after the meal. The results indicated that plasma TG concentrations in 12-hr Pre were lower than in Ctr and 24-hr Pre (p < 0.03). The area score under the TG concentration curve (TG AUC score) in 12-hr Pre was 37% and 33% lower than in 24-hr Pre and Ctr (p < 0.02), respectively. Insulin concentrations in 12-hr Pre were lower than Ctr and 24-hr Pre (p < 0.001). The plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was higher in 12-hr Pre than in both 24-hr Pre and Ctr (p < 0.003). There were no trial differences in both HDLtot-Ch and HDL2-Ch. These results suggest that exercising 12 hrs prior to a fat-meal intake significantly reduces PHTG response whereas exercising 24 hrs prior to the meal does not attenuate PHTG in hypertriglyceridemic men. The effect of an acute exercise bout on PHTG lowering may be short-lived and diminished by 24 hrs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Moderate physical activity can increase dietary protein needs.

Six healthy men completed three 1-hr bouts of treadmill walk-jogging at low (L; 42 +/- 3.9% VO2max), moderate (M; 55 +/- 5.6%), and high (H; 67 +/- 4.5%) exercise intensity in order to determine whether moderate physical activity affects dietary protein needs. Both sweat rate and sweat urea N loss were greater (p < .10) with increasing exercise intensity. Seventy-two hour postexercise urine urea N excretion was elevated (p < .05) over nonexercise control (26.6 +/- 2.96 g) with both M (31.0 +/- 3.65) and H (33.6 +/- 4.39), but not L (26.3 +/- 1.86), intensities. Total 72-hr postexercise urea N excretion (urine + sweat) for the M and H exercise was greater than control by 4.6 and 7.2 g, respectively. This suggests that 1 hr of moderate exercise increases protein oxidation by about 29-45 g, representing approximately 16-25% of the current North American recommendations for daily protein intake. These data indicate that the type of exercise typically recommended for health/wellness can increase daily protein needs relative either to sedentary individuals or to those who exercise at lower intensities.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Knees of trained long-distance runners: MR imaging before and after competition.

A previous report indicated that recreational runners had increased meniscal signal intensity and visible joint effusions on magnetic resonance (MR) images after jogging. Therefore, the knees of trained long-distance runners were evaluated by means of MR imaging before and after competition to determine the presence of any structural alterations, particularly changes in intrameniscal signal intensity and/or joint effusions. T1-weighted coronal, proton-density and T2-weighted sagittal, and short T1 inversion recovery sagittal images were obtained in five trained runners 24 hours before and within 24 hours after completion of a long-distance race (distance range, 17-50 miles). Pre- and postrace images were filmed and windowed with standardized techniques. All ligaments were normal before and after the race. No alteration in meniscal signal intensity was noted for any menisci, and there was no increase in joint fluid after running. These data indicate that the knees of trained long-distance runners do not demonstrate changes similar to those found in recreational runners, suggesting that these athletes may have adapted to the stresses of their activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changes in LPLa and reverse cholesterol transport variables during 24-h postexercise period.

We investigated the time course of exercise-induced lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLa) and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) during the 24-h postexercise period. Subjects were 10 sedentary normolipidemic males [NTG; fasting triglyceride (TG) = 89.1 +/- 8.6 mg/dl] and 6 hyperlipidemic males (HTG; fasting TG = 296.8 +/- 64.0 mg/dl). Each subject performed a control trial (no exercise) and 4 exercise trials. In the exercise trials, a subject jogged on a treadmill at 60% of his maximal O(2) consumption for 1 h. Pre- and postheparin blood samples were taken before exercise (baseline) and at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after exercise. There was no group difference in LPLa (P > 0.05) over the time points. When the LPLa data from the two groups were combined, LPLa at 24 h after exercise was higher than baseline or at 4, 8, 12 h after exercise (P < 0.05). Plasma TG and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (LCATa) were higher in HTG than in NTG, and the total high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL(tot)-Chol) was lower in HTG than in NTG (P < 0.05). HDL(2)-Chol, LCATa, and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity did not differ during the 24-h postexercise period (P > 0.05). These results suggest that LPLa is still increasing 24 h after an acute aerobic exercise and that the magnitude of the increase in exercise-induced LPLa in HTG was similar to that in NTG. Furthermore, in the sedentary population with or without HTG, the variables related to RCT do not change during the 24-h period after exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Longitudinal studies of aging in 37 men.

The physiological adjustments of the men to both aerobic (5.6 km/h, up 9% grade), and maximal treadmill work were first determined when they were healthy college students, ages 18-22 yr. They were restudied at ages 40-44, and again at ages 49-53 yr. In the aerobic walk VO2 increased in proportion to weight gain, but efficiency did not change with age. The men who had gained most weight showed the greatest elevations of heart rate, blood lactate and "ventilatory equivalent," and reductions of the "O2 pulse" in the walk. At age 50 mean "O2 pulse" in exhausting work had declined 13%, even though mean maximal heart rate had declined 15 beats/min from values observed in youth. At ages 40-44 yr mean VO2 max had declined 25% to values 12% lower than mean values reported in 1938 for men of this age. Eight of the men imporved an average of 11% in VO2 max between ages 40-44 and 49-53 yr; mean VO2 max of the others continued to decline with age. The five men who improved most had increased their participation in vigorous activities (tennis, squash, skiing, jogging, etc.) and had quit or reduced their smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Exercise training enhances leg vasodilatory capacity of 65-yr-old men and women.

To determine whether extremity vasodilatory capacity may be augmented in older persons by endurance exercise training, lower leg blood flow and conductance were characterized plethysmographically at rest and during maximal hyperemia in 9 men and 10 women aged 64 +/- 3 (SD) yr before and after 31 +/- 6 wk of walking and jogging at 70-90% of maximal oxygen uptake for 45 min 3-5 days/wk. Maximal oxygen uptake expressed as milliliters per kilogram per minute improved 25% in men and 21% in women (P less than 0.01). Maximal leg blood flow and conductance increased in all nine men by an average of 39 +/- 33 (P less than 0.001) and 42 +/- 44% (P less than 0.004), respectively. Results were more variable in women and achieved unequivocal statistical significance only for maximal blood flow (+33 +/- 54% for blood flow and +29 +/- 55% for conductance; P less than 0.02 and P = 0.05, respectively). Body weight and skinfold adiposity declined in both sexes (P less than 0.05). Enhancement of vasodilatory capacity was related to weight loss in men and adipose tissue loss in women (r = 0.61 and 0.51, respectively; P less than 0.05). There were no significant changes in exercise capacity, body weight, or maximal blood flow in four male and three female controls aged 66 +/- 4 yr. Thus adaptability of the lower limb circulation to endurance exercise training is retained to at least age 65 yr.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Increased thrombin-antithrombin III complexes after 1 h of physical exercise.

Concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes in plasma were previously reported to be increased after a 100-km run, while fibrinopeptide A (FPA) concentration remained unchanged. Thus, antithrombin III appears to neutralize thrombin generated during running and prevents fibrin formation. To determine the clinical relevance of these findings, we compared the effects of exhaustive running (1 h, n = 10) on the plasma concentrations of prothrombin fragments F1 and F2, TAT, FPA, and beta-thromboglobulin with the effects of recreational jogging (1 h, n = 10) and exhaustive bicycling on an ergometer (1 h, n = 8). Prothrombin fragments F1 and F2 and TAT concentrations increased significantly in each group. The most significant increase in TAT concentration was measured in the running group (from 1.72 +/- 0.49 to 3.61 +/- 1.03 ng/ml, P < 0.001). The best correlation was found between the postexercise TAT and lactate concentrations (r = 0.62, n = 28, P < 0.001). Mean FPA concentrations after exercise did not exceed normal values in any of the three groups analyzed. An increase in beta-thromboglobulin concentration was measured in the running and in the cycling group. Thus, thrombin is formed, in particular, when associated with anaerobic metabolism, and platelets are activated during high-intensity exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals.

Thirty physically active healthy men (20.1 +/- 1.6 yr) were randomly assigned to participate for 10 wk in one of the following training groups: endurance trained (ET; 3 days/wk jogging and/or running), resistance trained (RT; 3 days/wk resistance training), or combined endurance and resistance trained (CT). Before and after training, basal metabolic rate (BMR), percent body fat (BF), maximal aerobic power, and one-repetition maximum for bench press and parallel squat were determined for each subject. Urinary urea nitrogen was determined pre-, mid-, and posttraining. BMR increased significantly from pre- to posttraining for RT (7,613 +/- 968 to 8,090 +/- 951 kJ/day) and CT (7,455 +/- 964 to 7,802 +/- 981 kJ/day) but not for ET (7,231 +/- 554 to 7,029 +/- 666 kJ/day). BF for CT (12.2 +/- 3.5 to 8.7 +/- 1.7%) was significantly reduced compared with RT (15.4 +/- 2.7 to 14.0 +/- 2.7%) and ET (11.8 +/- 2.9 to 9.5 +/- 1.7%). Maximal aerobic power increased significantly for ET (13%) but not RT (-0.2%) or CT (7%), whereas the improvements in one-repetition maximum bench press and parallel squat were greater in RT (24 and 23%, respectively) compared with CT (19 and 12%, respectively). Urinary urea nitrogen loss was greater in ET (14.6 +/- 0.9 g/24 h) than in RT (11.7 +/- 1.0 g/24 h) and CT (11.5 +/- 1.0 g/24 h) at the end of 10 wk of training. These data indicate that, although RT alone will increase BMR and muscular strength, and ET alone will increase aerobic power and decrease BF, CT will provide all of these benefits but to a lesser magnitude than RT and ET after 10 wk of training.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Exercise training reduces coronary risk and effectively rehabilitates hemodialysis patients.

This study examines the effects of 12 months of endurance exercise training (cycling, walking and jogging) on lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, anemia and psychological function in 14 hemodialysis patients. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) increased 18% in the exercisers (p less than 0.01), but did not change in 11 controls. This was associated with a reduction in depression, a decrease in dosages of antihypertensive medications, a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels (red cell mass rose, plasma volume did not change), a decrease in plasma triglyceride by 23% (p less than 0.05) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by 21% (p less than 0.01) (both HDL-C and triglyceride levels worsened in the sedentary controls), and an 18% increase in glucose disappearance rates (p less than 0.05) in spite of a 52% decrease in fasting insulin levels (p less than 0.01), suggesting that insulin sensitivity improved. These results demonstrate that some of the complications present in hemodialysis patients may be caused by their sedentary life-style, rather than endstage renal disease itself. This suggests that rehabilitation through exercise is possible for these patients. By reducing coronary risk factors in hemodialysis patients, exercise training may also decrease their heightened morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic complications. These possibilities need to be examined in a longitudinal study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of exercise training on cardiovascular function and plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein concentrations in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

This study examined the effects of aerobic exercise on lipid levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Fifty healthy middle-aged women (mean age, 50 years) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of either aerobic exercise (walking and jogging) or nonaerobic strength exercise (circuit Nautilus training). Concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed, along with apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo A-II, apo B, and triglycerides. To document changes in aerobic capacity, maximum treadmill testing was performed with expired-gas analysis before and after the exercise program. Aerobic exercise was associated with an 18% improvement in peak VO2. Women in the aerobic group had an increased VO2, from 26.7 to 31.4 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.0001), while the VO2 of the women in the strength training group did not change (25.8 ml/kg/min before and after). There were no differential changes in lipid levels because all subjects experienced slight reductions in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol and increases in apo A-I and the apo A-I to apo B ratio. There was a tendency for the aerobic group to exhibit lower levels of apo A-II and a greater apo A-I to apo A-II ratio, however. We conclude that premenopausal and postmenopausal women experience similar changes in aerobic capacity and lipid levels with exercise and that the short-term effects of aerobic and nonaerobic exercise on lipid profiles are generally comparable.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of exercise and long-term survival in myocardial infarction patients: the National Exercise and Heart Disease Project (NEHDP).

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether a supervised exercise program improved 19-year survival in 30- to 64-year-old male myocardial infarction patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The men (n=651) were participants in the National Exercise and Heart Disease Project, a 3-year multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted in the United States (1976-1979). The treatment group (n=315) exercised for 8 weeks in a laboratory. Thereafter, they jogged, cycled, or swam in a gymnasium/pool setting guided by an individualized target heart rate. Participants in the control group (n=319) were to maintain normal routines but not participate in any regular exercise program. Participants were followed up until their death or December 31, 1995. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed the all-cause mortality risk estimates (95% CIs) in the exercise group compared with controls to be 0.69 (0.39 to 1.25) after an average follow-up of 3 years, 0.84 (0.55 to 1.28) after 5 years, 0.95 (0.71 to 1.29) after 10 years, 1.02 (0.79 to 1.32) after 15 years, and 1.09 (0.87 to 1. 36) after 19 years. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk estimates (95% CI) for the same follow-up periods were 0.73 (0.37 to 1.43), 0.98 (0.60 to 1.61), 1.21 (0.79 to 1.60), 1.14 (0.84 to 1.54), and 1.16 (0.88 to 1.52). However, each 1-MET increase in work capacity from baseline to the end of the original trial resulted in consistent reductions in all-cause and CVD mortality risk at each follow-up period, regardless of initial work-capacity level. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate exercise-program participation resulted in nonsignificantly reduced mortality risks early in the follow-up period. Benefits diminished as time since participation increased, which suggests that the protective mechanisms associated with the program may be short term. Contamination between groups over time could also explain the diminished effects, because increased work capacity provided survival benefits up to 19 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Alterations in ventricular mass and performance induced by exercise training in man evaluated by echocardiography.

Few data are available regarding the effects of exercise training upon cardiac structure and performance in man. We evaluated the echograms of 24 normals before (PRE) and after (POST) 11 weeks of endurance exercise training. Conditioning consisted of a walk-jog-run protocol at 70% maximal heart rate for one hour four days per week. Training reduced heart rate and increased maximal duration and estimated oxygen consumption of treadmill exercise. Compared to PRE, the echogram in the POST training period revealed an increased left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (EdD), a decreased end-systolic dimension (EsD) and thus an increased stroke volume (EdD3-EsD3) and shortening fraction (EdD-EsD)/EdD). Cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (BP/CO X 80) were identical PRE and POST conditioning. Importantly, an increase in mean fiber shortening velocity was observed POST training as were increases in LV wall thickness, ECG voltage of S in V1 + R in V5, and LV mass. Thus endurance training was accompanied by increases in both LV dimension and mass as well as LV shortening fraction and contraction velocity as observed by echocardiogram.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Noninvasive evaluation of exercise training in college-age men.

The purpose of this study was to assess noninvasively the effects of intense aerobic training on cardiac structure and function in a group of healthy, college-age men (25 experimental and 11 control, mean age 22 years). Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic (ECG), and fitness measurements were obtained before and after a 3-month endurance training program and compared with similar measurements obtained in nonexercising subjects. The supervised training program consisted of 50-minute jogging sessions 5 days a week at 85% of maximal heart rate. Compared with the control group, echocardiography after training showed an increase in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (p less than 0.05). LV posterobasal wall thickness, septal wall thickness and ejection fraction did not change significantly. ECG measurements revealed a decrease in resting heart rate (p less than 0.05) and an increase in R-wave voltage in leads V5 and V6 (p less than 0.01). The measured maximal oxygen consumption increased by 16% (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that intense aerobic training in college-age men results in a significant increase in resting LV end-diastolic dimension and volume. The increase in maximal stroke volume associated with exercise training may be partially explained by these changes in cardiac dimensions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Demonstration of training effect during chronic beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with coronary artery disease.

Attenuation of exercise-induced increases in heart rate and cardiac output by chronic beta-adrenergic blockade has been thought to compromise benefit of exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). To assess this important issue, 35 CAD patients were evaluated by a 3-month walk-jog-cycle training program: 14 patients received no beta blocker (group 1), 14 received propranolol, 30-80 mg/day (group 2), and seven patients received propranolol, 120-240 mg/day (group 3). The extent of CAD, resting heart rate before training blood pressure and VO2 max were similar (p = NS) in each group. The maximal exercise heart rate (mean +/- SD, 147 +/- 21 beats/min in group 1 vs 120 +/- 10 beats/min in group 2 and 115 +/- 12 beats/min in group 3 (both p less than 0.05 vs group 1). The VO2 max before training was 25 +/- 5.0 ml/kg/min in group 1 vs 23 +/- 3.2 ml/kg/min in group 2 and 26 +/- 2.8 ml/Kg/min in group 3 (all p = NS). Training consisted of three 1-hour periods per week at a heart rate of 70-85% of the maximal pretraining heart rate. In each group, VO2 increased (p less than 0.05) after training: group 1, 27%; group 2, 30%; group 3, 46%. The double product was unchanged after training (p = NS) in each group. These data indicate that substantial training effects may be achieved in CAD patients despite therapeutic doses of beta blockers and a reduced training HR. Thus, there appears to be no indication to reduce beta blockers in CAD patients engaged in cardiac rehabilitation.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1982

Effects of exercise training on ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction.

We evaluated the effects of 6 months of exercise training (bicycle ergometry, walking and jogging) on exercise performance and ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients were selected on the basis of myocardial infarction at least 6 weeks but not more than 6 months before the study and age younger than 65 years. The patients were evaluated by maximal treadmill exercise testing and radionuclide angiography at rest and exercise before and after training. Before exercise training, maximal treadmill exercise time ranged from 1.5 to 11 minutes, ejection fraction at rest from 18% and 67% and end-diastolic volume from 108 to 208 ml. The mean EF was 48 +/- 5% (+/- SD) at rest and did not change at maximal exercise (48.5 +/- 5%). All 11 patients who completed the exercise training program achieved a significant training effect, as defined by a reduction in heart rate at 50% maximal pretraining effort or an increase in maximal treadmill time. The mean ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume and wall motion abnormalities at rest and at comparable pretraining exercise work loads and heart rates were not significantly different after training. Despite a wide range of rest and exercise ventricular function, patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarcts significantly increased their exercise performance. Because rest and exercise ventricular function were comparable before and after training, improvement in exercise performance probably resulted from training effects on the peripheral vasculature.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of platelet aggregability by moderate-intensity physical exercise: a randomized clinical trial in overweight men.

It has been postulated that platelet function plays an important role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Currently there are no definitive data on the longer-term effects of regular physical exercise on platelet function in humans. We assessed the influence of regular moderate-intensity physical exercise (brisk walking to slow jogging) on platelet aggregation in a population-based sample of middle-aged, overweight, mildly hypertensive men in eastern Finland. In this controlled study, we evaluated the net effect of exercise on platelet aggregation by studying changes in optical density and ATP release in platelet-rich plasma. A significant inhibition of secondary platelet aggregation from 27% to 36% was observed in the men taking regular exercise. These findings give new insight into the possible protective effects of exercise against the risk of ischemic heart disease.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Physical exercise conditioning in the absence of weight loss reduces fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels.

The effect of physical exercise conditioning on fasting and postprandial lipoprotein levels was studied in six normolipidemic subjects. The study consisted of two phases: a baseline stabilization phase in which subjects maintained their regular physical activity and an exercise conditioning phase in which subjects had 29 exercise sessions during a 7-week period. Each of these sessions consisted of jogging on a treadmill for 30 minutes. The subjects averaged 15.2 miles/wk. To control for possible confounding factors, such as changes in diet composition and weight loss, we placed the subjects on a metabolic diet and increased their daily caloric intake during the exercise phase. At the end of each phase of the study, a vitamin A-fat loading test was done to specifically label and follow postprandial lipoprotein levels, and a maximum oxygen consumption test was done to evaluate the subjects' physical fitness. The exercise conditioning phase significantly increased the subjects' aerobic capacity and postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity, and the phase decreased fasting triglyceride levels. Physical exercise also significantly decreased chylomicron (Sf greater than 1,000) levels by 37%. In summary, this study suggests that physical exercise conditioning reduces fasting and postprandial lipoprotein levels by increasing the catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles. Because these particles may have a role in atherogenesis, this could be a major mechanism by which exercise prevents coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Controlled trial of aerobic exercise in hypertension.

To determine the antihypertensive efficacy of aerobic exercise training in mild essential hypertension, a prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing an aerobic exercise regimen to a placebo exercise regimen, with a crossover replication of the aerobic regimen in the placebo exercise group. The study took place in an outpatient research clinic in a university-affiliated Veterans Administration medical center. Twenty-seven men with untreated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90-104 mm Hg were randomized to the two exercise regimens. Ten patients completed the aerobic regimen. Nine patients completed the control regimen, seven of whom subsequently entered and completed the aerobic regimen. The aerobic regimen consisted of walking, jogging, stationary bicycling, or any combination of these activities for 30 minutes, four times a week, at 65-80% maximal heart rate. The control regimen consisted of slow calisthenics and stretching for the same duration and frequency but maintaining less than 60% maximal heart rate. DBP decreased 9.6 +/- 4.7 mm Hg in the aerobic exercise group but increased 0.8 +/- 6.2 mm Hg in the placebo control exercise group (p = 0.02). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased 6.4 +/- 9.1 mm Hg in the aerobic group and increased 0.9 +/- 9.7 mm Hg in the control group (p = 0.11). Subsequently, seven of the nine controls entered a treatment crossover and completed the aerobic regimen with significant reductions in both DBP (-6.1 +/- 3.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and SBP (-8.1 +/- 5.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). BP changes were not associated with any significant changes in weight, body fat, urinary electrolytes, or resting heart rate. This randomized controlled trial provides evidence for the independent BP lowering effect of aerobic exercise in unmedicated mildly hypertensive men.

Adult↗