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PubMed2006

Concurrent validity of the general ability measure for adults (gama) with sudden-onset neurological impairment.

The General Ability Measure for Adults (GAMA; Naglieri & Bardos, 1997) is a nonverbal brief measure of cognitive ability. Brief measures of cognitive ability are important in the assessment of individuals with impaired or limited test-taking skills. A sample of 50 adults with sudden-onset neurological impairment was compared to a demographically matched control group. The neurologically impaired adults scored significantly lower (t (98) = 6.2, p < .001) on the GAMA than did the control group. The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1990) was also administered to the neurologically impaired group. The K-BIT scores correlated significantly with the GAMA Total IQ score (K-BIT IQ, r = .59, p < .001; Matrices, r = .64, p < .001; Vocabulary, r = .30, p < .05). The study's findings suggested that the GAMA can be used successfully as a screening measure of cognitive ability with individuals with neurological impairment using a nonverbal means that is not dependent on prior academic knowledge or linguistic ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Does the NART hold after head injury? A case report.

The NART is frequently used to estimate the premorbid intellectual ability of subjects undergoing neuropsychological assessment for a variety of reasons. Although the NART has been shown to hold in dementia, depression and head injury, reports to date have inferred premorbid IQs with no actual data on premorbid functioning. This is a case report of a man who sustained a severe head injury on whom an intelligence test had been administered in childhood. The NART produced a very accurate estimate of his pre-injury IQ.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

School marks and IQ-test scores for low birth weight children at the age of 13.

The present study was based on data from a longitudinal research program. The cohort consisted of 12,079 children, born in the Stockholm area in 1953. There were 494 children born with low birth weight (LBW; 2500 g or less). The results of the present study showed, that the LBW children had significantly lower school marks and intelligence-test scores (numerical, verbal and logical abilities) at the age of 13 than the normal birth weight children (NBW). For girls reared in non-manual socio-economic status (SES), decreased school marks and IQ-test scores were related to birth weight, and this was especially pronounced for LBW girls born after pregnancy week 37. For boys, however, no decreased school marks and IQ-test scores were related to birth weight and gestational age, with the exception of verbal ability for LBW boys born after pregnancy week 37 reared in non-manual SES.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Multiorgan abnormalities in myotonic dystrophy--correlation among endocrine disorders, central nervous system involvements and gene analysis].

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a disease involving multiple organs. To elucidate the extent of severity of the affected organs in a given individual, we performed an investigation of the Ellsworth-Howard test (EH test), intelligence quotient (IQ), apnea index (AI), and expanded DNA fragment (EF) size in 10 patients with DM. The EF size analyzed by standard Southern blot procedures using EcoRI digested genomic DNA extracted from the peripheral white blood cells and probed with cDNA25. In the EH test, these patients were divided into two groups according to the results of their phosphaturic responses (delta P). Of these, 5 patients (Group I) showed a positive delta P, while remaining 5 patients (Group II) showed a negative one. In both Groups I and II, their urinary cyclic AMP responses were positive. Group II showed a significantly low value in IQ (p < 0.02) and a significantly high value in AI (p < 0.02) as compared with Group I. EF size in Group II was found significantly larger than in Group I (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between delta P and IQ (p < 0.1), a significant negative one between delta P and AI (p < 0.01), and a negative correlation between EF size and delta P (p < 0.2) were observed. IQ was negatively (p < 0.05), and AI was positively (p < 0.05) correlated with EF size, which were statistically significant. Our results suggest that the extent of disease severity of the central nervous system is almost the same as that of endocrine organs, and that EF size is correlated with disease severities in both affected organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Degree of myopia in relation to intelligence and educational level.

Intelligence test scores and educational levels were compared for 5943 myopic and 9891 non-myopic 18-year-old men being drafted for military service in Denmark. The former were grouped by degree of myopia, in the range -0.25 diopters (D) to -7.75 D, according to the power of correcting lenses required. Myopes of all degrees had significantly higher test scores and educational levels than non-myopes. However, the relation of these two variables to degree of myopia was not linear; for both variables there were no significant differences among myopia groups in the range -2.0 to -7.75 D. Whereas factors associated with intelligence and education seem to be important in triggering the onset of myopia, they seem to be much less important in determining the degree to which myopia progresses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley's hypothesis.

Cleckley (1941) hypothesized that true or "primary" psychopathic individuals have "good" intelligence. This study examined the relation between psychopathy and intelligence in 122 detained children and adolescents. We used the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL-YV; Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003) to assess psychopathy and administered novel intelligence measures to tap diverse interpretations of the intelligence construct (e.g., traditional and triarchic intelligence). Structural equation modeling indicated that dimensions of psychopathy and intelligence were related in unique and important ways. In particular, psychopathy traits reflecting a superficial and deceitful interpersonal style were positively related to intellectual skills in the verbal realm (Kaufman's Brief Intelligence Test [K-BIT]; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1990) and a nontraditional intellectual measure reflecting creativity, practicality, and analytic thinking as measured by Sternberg's Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT; Sternberg, 1993). Finally, the results also suggested that psychopathy traits reflecting disturbances in affective processing were inversely associated with verbal intellectual abilities. Thus, Cleckley's hypothesis was partially supported by the data, when taking into account the facets of psychopathy and when examining intelligence from the perspective of traditional and more novel and contemporary intellectual models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The fluid and crystallized abilities of white, black, and Hispanic adolescents and adults, both with and without an education covariate.

Data from the standardization sample of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) were used to examine race/ethnic differences on the Horn-Cattell fluid and crystallized constructs. Samples included 768 individuals aged 11 to 24 years (575 White, 117 Black, 76 Hispanic) and 1,160 individuals aged 25 to 94 years (972 White, 124 Black, 64 Hispanic). Multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted, with and without an educational attainment covariate. Race/ethnic group was related significantly to performance on fluid and crystallized variables. Whites generally outscored Blacks and Hispanic on the diverse measures, namely, on tasks dependent on school learning (crystallized), and on those that reflect novel problem solving (fluid). These results maintained even with educational attainment covaried. Hispanics tended to perform better on fluid than on crystallized tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Negative impact of growth-hormone deficiency on psychological functioning in dwarfed children and adolescents.

This study compares the psychological findings in three groups of dwarfed children and adolescents, namely those suffering from isolated growth-hormone deficiency, from multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, and without endocrine disease. The study is based on psychometric data from one multifactorial intelligence test and several personality questionnaires. It was found that growth hormone deficiency had no impact on the psychological variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Back pain in middle age; occupational workload and psychologic factors: an epidemiologic survey.

The prevalence of back pain in a sample of 575 fifty-five-year-old residents of Malmö, Sweden, was studied and predisposing factors were analyzed. The point prevalence of back pain was 29%. Individuals with back pain had been less successful in a childhood intelligence test, had a shorter education and worked at physically more strenuous jobs. They were also less satisfied with their working conditions.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

Predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children.

The predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children was investigated through the administration of a mental measure on two occasions to 28 children, divided into two age groups. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .69 (p less than .001) was obtained for the younger group and .83 (p less than .001) for the older group. When subjects were divided according to IQ level, a nonsignificant correlation coefficient was obtained for the high-IQ group and a significant correlation (r=.81, p less than .001) for the low-IQ group. These results indicated that infant intelligence tests are highly reliable predictors of later intellectual development when given to a population of multiply handicapped children.

Child↗
PubMed1975

Effects of diphenylhydantoin on mental abilities in the elderly.

An assessment was made of the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the mental functions of clinically normal elderly persons. Their basic intelligence levels ranged between normal and bright-normal and they represented middle and lower-upper socio-economic group. The 10 subjects, 4 male and 6 female volunteers (average age, 69.3 years), were given pretrial intelligence tests, repeated twice during a double-blind, cross-over study of drug and placebo effects. Each cross-over period lasted three weeks. The dosage of DPH (Dilantin) was 100 mg twice daily, and placebo capsuales of identical appearance were given on the same schedule. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale series in three alternate forms was used to measure specific mental functions. The weighted scores of the altervate forms were directly compared to measure the difference between drug and placebo conditions. Significant increases in favor of DPH were observed in the Information, Comprehension, and Digit Symbol subtests, and in the Verbal Scale and Full Scale Intelligence Quotients. The first two measures indicated significant improvement in long-term memory and social comprehension. The third reflected an increase in the ability to learn new material and increased speed in visual-motor coordination. The fourth and fifth showed the effectiveness of DPH in improving general mental functioning. Apparently the underlying factor synthesizing these general DPH-associated improvements is mental concentration.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of an adaptive behaviour classification for mentally retarded adults.

Adaptive behaviour was assessed in a total of 119 mentally retarded adults by means of the Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS). According to a newly developed classification scheme, the level of handicap was graded on a four-step scale according to the subject's score in adaptive behaviour on the DAS; this was highly correlated both to the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM)-IQ (r = 0.75) and the Columbia Mental Maturity (CMM) Scale (r = 0.77). The DAS classification was associated with relevant neuropsychiatric variables. The findings indicate that the DAS classification represents a practicable way for assessing the degree of handicap in mentally retarded adults and could be especially valuable in cases where intelligence testing proves impossible, as was the case for 45% (CPM) and 39% (CMM) of the present sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Allergy and learning disabilities in children.

Allergic children suffering from learning disabilities, hyperactivity, fatigue, incoordination and irritability who were treated by conventional allergic methods showed a marked improvement in ability to learn, reduction of hyperactivity and incoordination, and ability to perform intelligence tests. The objective neurological studies showed no consistent changes as a result of one year of allergy therapy.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Associations between childhood intelligence and hospital admissions for unintentional injuries in adulthood: the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between childhood intelligence and hospital admissions for injuries in adulthood. METHODS: Data were derived from a cohort study (=11103) involving individuals born in Aberdeen, Scotland, between 1950 and 1956. RESULTS: Overall, 1043 cohort members had at least 1 hospital admission resulting from an unintentional injury over 231152 person-years of risk. There were inverse linear associations between childhood intelligence assessed at the ages of 7, 9, and 11 years and having had a hospital admission stemming from an unintentional injury (gender-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for a 1-standard-deviation increase in intelligence test score at age 7 years = 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.70, 0.80). These associations were not markedly affected by adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status, maternal age or height, birthweight, or childhood growth. However, they were attenuated after adjustment for educational attainment (HR=0.85; 95% CI=0.78, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood intelligence is related to hospital admissions for injuries in adulthood, and this relationship is partly explained by educational attainment. The association between childhood intelligence and injury may contribute to the association between childhood intelligence and premature mortality demonstrated in several studies.

Accidents↗
PubMed1980

Frequency judgments and correlated cognitive abilities in young and elderly adults.

The present study replicated and extended the results obtained earlier by Attig and Hasher (1980) in finding null effects for adult age variation and instructional variation on a relative frequency judgment task. In addition, nonsignificant covariation was found for both young and elderly adults bet ween frequency judgment proficiency and paired-associate learning proficiency, in agreement with the hypothesis that frequency judgment is mediated fully by automatic memory processes over the entire adult lifespan. Fluid intelligence test scores were also found to correlate positively with frequency judgment proficiency for young adults but not for elderly adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Discriminating neuropsychological sequelae of head injury from alcohol-abuse-induced deficits: a review and analysis.

Alcohol abuse is linked strongly with neuropsychological deficits that may resemble deficits seen in head-injured individuals. Heavy daily drinking appears more damaging than episodic abusive consumption. Cognitive deficits associated with alcohol include abstraction, perceptuospatial, and problem-solving skills. Verbal abilities are spared. For alcoholics younger than 40, abstinence is associated with improved functioning. For those over 40, deficits may be permanent. Intelligence tests are unlikely to pick up alcohol-induced deficits. Points for neuropsychologists to consider in differentiating between head injury and alcohol-induced deficits include abstinence from drinking prior to testing, intactness of remote memory and verbal functions, and changes in tolerance for alcohol.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Two new empirically derived reasons to use the assessment of basic learning abilities.

The Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities (ABLA) comprises six levels of hierarchically ordered visual and auditory-visual discriminations. Scores on the ABLA, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale-Revised were obtained for 30 participants selected using a stratified random sample (i.e., by level of mental retardation) from 499 people served by a state center. Two noteworthy findings were (a) that correlations between the Vineland domains and the ABLA were all significant and ranged between .65 and .73, and (b) no participant performing below ABLA Level 6 was testable on the WAIS-R. Thus, Level 6 can be used as an efficient screen to determine the testability of this population on standardized intelligence tests. Implications for practitioners are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗