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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Tanzania's policy on biodiversity prospecting and drug discovery programs.

Tanzania is endowed with a rich natural resource. The biodiversity comprises over 10,000 plant species, a rich fauna and marine resources. The collection of biological resources is guided by a set of formalities, namely: (i) entry visas, (ii) research permits, (iii) designation of a relevant collaborating host institution or organization, and (iv) eventual joint field work with the collaborating host institution. A facility exists whereby an institution within the country can collaborate with a technologically developed institution or country through mutual research agreement in short and long-term programs. In such a case, Tanzanian scientists collect and export biological materials for drug testing by the collaborating partner. The research agreement is based on the understanding that benefits of the discovery are shared among all parties, namely, the host country's collaborating institution(s), government and indigenous cultures. Rules and regulations governing biodiversity prospecting fall under the categories of (a) floristic resources, (b) fauna or animal substances and (c) marine biological resources. The collection and export of CITES-listed organisms is governed by a separate policy package. Various national institutions are directly involved in overseeing the implementation of these policies. In this paper, these are reviewed to accommodate new conventions concerning research management policies on biological diversity and the sustainable utilization and conservation of these resources.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Environmental biotechnology in the postgenomics era.

The sequencing of the human genome and many microbial genomes has provided new opportunities to study the environmental impact on life processes, leading to development of new technologies that can be protected by patenting. Development of such new technologies has, however, led in some cases to judicial intervention because of their controversial nature. This article illustrates some of the trends in postgenomics biotechnology development and the attendant legal and ethical considerations.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2005

Genomics: success or failure to deliver drug targets?

For decades, the entire pharmaceutical industry has focused on a limited number of drug targets. Owing to advances in molecular biology and genome technology at the beginning of the 1990s, discovery and isolation of a large number of genes from the human genome became feasible. This triggered a multi billion US dollars investment by both biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to gain access to and patent as many potential drug targets as possible. Although the combined effort of publicly funded projects and private investments resulted in rapid identification of essentially all genes of the human genome, harnessing this information to enable drug discovery has turned out to be more challenging and time consuming than initially anticipated.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Clearing a path through the patent thicket.

Patents do not always promote innovation, particularly when they restrict access to fundamental scientific discoveries and the tools of basic research. However, there are legal and policy approaches that may help to ameliorate problems associated with patenting these sorts of inventions.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed2004

Enabling the sharing of neuroimaging data through well-defined intermediate levels of visibility.

The sharing of neuroimagery data offers great benefits to science, however, data owners sharing their data face substantial custodial responsibilities, such as ensuring data sets are correctly interpreted in their new shared context, protecting the identity and privacy of human research participants, and safeguarding the understood order of use. Given choices of sharing widely or not at all, the result will often be no sharing, due to the inability of data owners to control their exposure to the risks associated with data sharing. In this context, data sharing is enabled by providing data owners with well-defined intermediate levels of data visibility, progressing incrementally toward public visibility. In this paper, we define a novel and general data sharing model, Structured Sharing Communities (SSC), meeting this requirement. Arbitrary visibility levels representing collaborative agreements, consortium memberships, research organizations, and other affiliations are structured into a policy space through explicit paths of permissible information flow. Operations enable users and applications to manage the visibility of data and enforce access permissions and restrictions. We show how a policy space can be implemented in realistic neuroinformatic architectures with acceptable assurance of correctness, and briefly describe an open source implementation effort.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2006

Governing stem cell research in California and the USA: towards a social infrastructure.

Owing to the restrictive human embryonic stem cell (hESC) policies of the US government, the question of whether to pursue human embryonic stem cell experiments has dominated the ethical and political discourse concerning such research. Explicit attention must now turn to problems of implementing the research on a large scale: in the 2004 US elections, California voters approved a state initiative for stem cell research, earmarking $3 billion in direct spending over 10 years. This article explores three ethical and political problem areas emerging out of the California program, the resolution of which will help set the trajectory of hESC research in the US and abroad, and then proposes an institutional approach to help address them: a network of public stem cell banks in the US that feature transparent and shared governance.

California↗
PubMed1999

Entrepreneurship--transforming a perioperative problem into a product solution.

No one is more capable of identifying problems related to health care than health care practitioners. Identifying a problem is the first step to every new product or invention. This article provides step-by-step information to help health care practitioners identify problems and possible solutions, look for a creative company to bring the solution to the marketplace, and present the product idea to potential industry partners. The author also discusses the legal aspects of product development and the advantages and disadvantages of licensing a new product or starting a business to develop a product.

Entrepreneurship↗
PubMed2000

Biodiversity and drug discovery--a symbiotic relationship.

The profound developments in natural products drug discovery in the past few years are discussed, and the importance of a global approach to biodiversity and drug discovery involving natural products for the early part of the 21st century is presented.

Biological Factors↗