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PubMed1989

Two transcripts from the rotund region of Drosophila show similar positional specificities in imaginal disc tissues.

The rotund (rn) mutation in Drosophila is unique in that its phenotype is limited to the deletion of specific distal parts, though not the extremities, of all adult appendages. We have cloned the rn gene, located at cytogenetic position 84D3,4, by chromosomal walking. The functional rn unit, defined genetically by the localization of 13 noncomplementing rn alleles, covers approximately 50 kb of DNA. Despite different developmental profiles, two transcript size classes (1.7 and 5.3 kb) from this region show an indistinguishable pattern of spatial expression in the imaginal discs at the white pupa stage. There is a high correlation between the specificity of the mutant phenotype and the accumulation of transcripts in the presumptive distal regions of the cuticle-forming epithelial cells of the affected discs; it is, in fact, the first gene reported whose expression is localized with respect to the proximo distal-forming axis. For both transcripts, we have also found, uniquely in the wing disc, expression limited to the anterior region of the mesodermally derived epithelial cells, which contribute to the muscles of the thorax.

Alleles↗

PubMed1991

Proneural clusters of achaete-scute expression and the generation of sensory organs in the Drosophila imaginal wing disc.

The proneural genes achaete (ac) and scute (sc) confer to Drosophila epidermal cells the ability to become sensory mother cells (SMCs). In imaginal discs, ac-sc are expressed in groups of cells, the proneural clusters, which are thought to delimit the areas where SMCs arise. We have visualized with the resolution of single cells the initial stages of sensory organ development by following the evolving pattern of proneural clusters and the emergence of SMCs. At reproducible positions within clusters, a small number of cells accumulate increased amounts of ac-sc protein. Subsequently, one of these cells, the SMC, accumulates the highest amount. Later, at least some SMCs become surrounded by cells with reduced ac-sc expression, a phenomenon probably related to lateral inhibition. Genetic mosaic analyses of cells with different doses of ac-sc genes, the sc expression in sc mutants, and the above findings show that the levels of ac-sc products are most important for SMC singling-out and SMC state maintenance. These products do not intervene in the differentiation of SMC descendants. The extramacrochaetae gene, an antagonist of proneural genes, negatively regulates sc expression, probably by interfering with activators of this gene.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Mutation of twins encoding a regulator of protein phosphatase 2A leads to pattern duplication in Drosophila imaginal discs.

The Drosophila gene twins was identified through a P-element-induced mutation that caused overgrowth in posterior regions of the wing imaginal disc. Analyses using position-specific markers showed that the inactivation of this locus induced the formation of extra wing blade anlagen in the posterior compartment of the disc. The duplication was mirror symmetrical, and the line of the symmetry did not correspond to any of the known compartment borders. We isolated the twins gene and found that it encoded one of the regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). These results suggest a novel aspect of physiological roles of protein dephosphorylation; that is, the control of PP2A activity is crucial for specification of tissue patterns.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Cis-regulation of achaete and scute: shared enhancer-like elements drive their coexpression in proneural clusters of the imaginal discs.

The pattern of bristles and other sensory organs on the adult cuticle of Drosophila is prefigured in the imaginal discs by the pattern of expression of the proneural achaete (ac) and scute (sc) genes, two members of the ac-sc complex (AS-C). These genes are simultaneously expressed by groups of cells (the proneural clusters) located at constant positions in discs. Their products (transcription factors of the basic-helix-loop-helix family) allow cells to become sensory organ mother cells (SMCs), a fate normally realized by only one or a few cells per cluster. Here we show that the highly complex pattern of proneural clusters is constructed piecemeal, by the action on ac and sc of site-specific, enhancer-like elements distributed along most of the AS-C (approximately 90 kb). Fragments of AS-C DNA containing these enhancers drive reporter lacZ genes in only one or a few proneural clusters. This expression is independent of the ac and sc endogenous genes, indicating that the enhancers respond to local combinations of factors (prepattern). We show further that the cross-activation between ac and sc, discovered by means of transgenes containing either ac or sc promoter fragments linked to lacZ and thought to explain the almost identical patterns of ac and sc expression, does not occur detectably between the endogenous ac and sc genes in most proneural clusters. Our data indicate that coexpression is accomplished by activation of both ac and sc by the same set of position-specific enhancers.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The lunula: a magnetic resonance imagining approach to the subnail matrix area.

High-resolution sagittal magnetic resonance images depict an oval area in the dermis beneath the nail matrix that gives a particular signal. This study defines the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of this area and examines its correlation with the lunula. A high-resolution surface gradient coil specially designed for skin imagining was used on a 1.5 T magnetic resonance unit. The subnail matrix (SNM) areas of 12 subjects had a significantly longer T2 relaxation time and a higher enhancement ratio after injection of gadolinium than did the nail bed dermis. The length of the SNM area distal to the free edge of the proximal nail fold was highly correlated with the length of the lunula (R = 0.98) in 30 fingers and 10 toes. The total length of the SNM area was somewhat correlated with the nail thickness (R = 0.86) in 30 fingers. The histology and microvascularization of the subungual tissue in 21 fingers showed that this SNM area had specific features: The area was composed of loose connective tissue without bundles, and the reticular and subdermal vascular networks had large regular meshes in this oval area. The lunula is shown to be linked to a well-defined area in the underlying dermis with a specific histology and microvascularization.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cell cycle profiles of EcR, USP, HR3 and B cyclin mRNAs associated to 20E-induced G2 arrest of Plodia interpunctella imaginal wing cells.

Using the IAL-PID2 cell line established from pupally committed imaginal wing discs of Plodia interpunctella, we have investigated the dynamics of cellular and molecular events involved in the G2/M arrest. We have first cloned a cDNA sequence named PIUSP-2 that likely encodes a homologue of the Ultraspiracle-2 isoform of Manduca sexta. When the IAL-PID2 cells were exposed to a 8 h 20E treatment applied at different times of the cell cycle, an optimal period of sensitivity of cells to 20E, in inducing G2 arrest, was determined at the S/G2 transition. Using cDNA probes specifically designed from Plodia B cyclin (PcycB), ecdysone receptor B1-isoform (PIEcR-B1) and HR3 transcription factor (PHR3), we provide evidence that the 20E-induced G2 arrest was correlated to a high induction of PHR3, PIEcR-B1, PIUSP-2 mRNAs at the S/G2 transition and a decrease in PcycB mRNA level at the end of G2 phase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

A skin for the imaginal.

This paper focuses on the development of internal space, the evolution of psychological boundaries and the capacity for symbolization as they first arise during infancy. The concept of the psychic skin as an early form of psychological boundary is presented. The development of the psychic skin, or psychological container, is necessary for imaginal processes to function for the purpose of psychological growth and development. Infant observation material utilizing the Tavistock model and analytical material from an adolescent analysis is presented to help elucidate the theoretical concepts.

Child↗

PubMed1996

Ventilatory responses to imagined exercise.

We studied whether the ventilatory responses to imagined exercise are influenced by automatic processes. Twentynine athletes produced mental images of a sport event with successive focus on the environment, the preparation, and the exercise. Mean breathing frequency increased from 15 to 22 breaths/min. Five participants reported having voluntarily controlled breathing, two of them during preparation. Twenty participants reported that their breathing pattern changed during the experiment: 11 participants were unable to correctly report on the direction of changes in frequency, and 13 incorrectly reported changes in amplitude. This finding suggests that these changes were not voluntary in most participants and may therefore reveal automatic forebrain influences on exercise hyperpnea. However, these changes may also reflect nonspecific processes (e.g., arousal) different from those occurring during actual exercise.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Disclosing the details of child sexual abuse: can imaginative literature help ease the suffering?

PROBLEM: Research indicates that full disclosure of the events surrounding child sexual abuse, while therapeutic, is often difficult to achieve. METHODS: A nonconventional research approach was employed in order to examine more closely the lived experience of these children. Two novels were analyzed using close reading. FINDINGS: Details of the events and resultant dehumanization of the children were uncovered, as well as the rescuing role of the ancestor. Writing emerged also as a therapeutic tool that facilitated disclosure and helped to promote healing. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of imaginative literature enables the reader to examine sensitive topics like sexual abuse and contributes to its treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1977

In vitro growth of imaginal disks from Drosophila melanogaster.

Imaginal disks were cultured in a new medium in vitrol Optimal growth occurred when the medium was supplemented with insulin and a juvenile hormone analog and conditioned by larval fat body. The disks grow in vitro by normal cell division and maintain their capacity to differentiate into normal patterns of adult cuticular structures.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

Regulative interactions between cells from different imaginal disks of Drosophila melanogaster.

The regulative behavior of cells from the imaginal wing disk of Drosophila melanogaster can be modified by interaction with cells from different disk types. Both thoracic and nonthoracic disks are able to interact, but there are major differences in the effectiveness of interaction. The finding lends experimental support to the idea that cells in different fields within the same organism use the same mechanism for specifying positional information. A similar conclusion has been reached by Wilcox and Smith based on studies of the mutation wingless.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

De novo synthesis of sphingolipids is required for cell survival by down-regulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase in Drosophila imaginal discs.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a conserved eukaryotic signaling factor that mediates various signals, cumulating in the activation of transcription factors. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a MAPK, is activated through phosphorylation by the kinase MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK). To elucidate the extent of the involvement of ERK in various aspects of animal development, we searched for a Drosophila mutant which responds to elevated MEK activity and herein identified a lace mutant. Mutants with mild lace alleles grow to become adults with multiple aberrant morphologies in the appendages, compound eye, and bristles. These aberrations were suppressed by elevated MEK activity. Structural and transgenic analyses of the lace cDNA have revealed that the lace gene product is a membrane protein similar to the yeast protein LCB2, a subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which catalyzes the first step of sphingolipid biosynthesis. In fact, SPT activity in the fly expressing epitope-tagged Lace was absorbed by epitope-specific antibody. The number of dead cells in various imaginal discs of a lace hypomorph was considerably increased, thereby ectopically activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), another MAPK. These results account for the adult phenotypes of the lace mutant and suppression of the phenotypes by elevated MEK activity: we hypothesize that mutation of lace causes decreased de novo synthesis of sphingolipid metabolites, some of which are signaling molecules, and one or more of these changes activates JNK to elicit apoptosis. The ERK pathway may be antagonistic to the JNK pathway in the control of cell survival.

Acyltransferases↗

PubMed2006

Regulation of imaginal disc growth by tumor-suppressor genes in Drosophila.

Inactivating mutations in the Drosophila tumor-suppressor genes result in tissue overgrowth. This can occur because the mutant tissue either grows faster than wild-type tissue and/or continues to grow beyond a time when wild-type tissue stops growing. There are three general classes of tumor-suppressor genes that regulate the growth of imaginal disc epithelia. Mutations in the hyperplastic tumor-suppressor genes result in increased cell proliferation but do not disrupt normal tissue architecture. These genes include pten, Tsc1, Tsc2, and components of the hippo/salvador/warts pathway. Mutations in a second class of genes, the neoplastic tumor-suppressor genes, disrupt proteins that function either as scaffolds at cell-cell junctions (scribble, discs large, lgl) or as components of the endocytic pathway (avalanche, rab5, ESCRT components). For the third group, the nonautonomous tumor-suppressor genes, mutant cells stimulate the proliferation of adjacent wild-type cells. Understanding the interactions between these three classes of genes will improve our understanding of how cell and tissue growth are coordinated during organismal development and perturbed in disease states such as cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Qualitative research and the epidemiological imagination: a vital relationship.

This paper takes as its starting point the assumption that the 'Epidemiological Imagination' has a central role to play in the future development of policies and practice to improve population health and reduce health inequalities within and between states but suggests that by neglecting the contribution that qualitative research can make epidemiology is failing to deliver this potential. The paper briefly considers what qualitative research is, touching on epistemological questions--what type of "knowledge" is generated--and questions of methods--what approaches to data collection, analysis and interpretation are involved). Following this the paper presents two different models of the relationship between qualitative and quantitative research. The enhancement model (which assumes that qualitative research findings add something extra to the findings of quantitative research) suggests three related "roles" for qualitative research: generating hypothesis to be tested by quantitative research, helping to construct more sophisticated measures of social phenomena and explaining unexpected research from quantitative research. In contrast, the Epistemological Model suggests that qualitative research is equal but different from quantitative research making a unique contribution through: researching parts other research approaches can't reach, increasing understanding by adding conceptual and theoretical depth to knowledge, shifting the balance of power between researchers and researched and challenging traditional epidemiological ways of "knowing" the social world. The paper illustrates these different types of contributions with examples of qualitative research and finally discusses ways in which the "trustworthiness" of qualitative research can be assessed.

Epidemiology↗

PubMed1991

Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness.

OBJECTIVE: Body dysmorphic disorder, a preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance, has a rich tradition in European psychiatry but has been largely neglected in the United States. Because this little-known disorder is probably more common than is generally realized and can have profound consequences, the author reviews its history, clinical features, and possible relationship to other psychiatric disorders. DATA COLLECTION: Data sources consisted of the MEDLINE database and relevant references in articles obtained from this search. Of 145 articles and books obtained, 100 were selected for inclusion in this review on the basis of how closely they conformed to the concept of body dysmorphic disorder as defined in DSM-III-R and how substantially they contributed to an understanding of the disorder's history, clinical features, or nosologic status. FINDINGS: Body dysmorphic disorder has been colorfully described in the European literature for more than a century. Although its concerns might sound trivial, this disorder can lead to social isolation (including being housebound), occupational dysfunction, unnecessary cosmetic surgery, and suicide. The most commonly associated psychiatric disorder appears to be depression. Although a definitive treatment does not exist, preliminary evidence suggests that serotonergic antidepressant medications may be useful. Whether body dysmorphic disorder is related to other psychiatric disorders, such as psychosis, mood disorder, social phobia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is unclear at this time. CONCLUSIONS: More research on the nosology, clinical features, and treatment response of body dysmorphic disorder is important, given the distress and impairment this often secret disorder can cause.

Antidepressive Agents↗

PubMed1993

Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness.

OBJECTIVE: Body dysmorphic disorder, preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance, is included in DSM-III-R but has received little empirical study. The authors investigated the demographics, phenomenology, course, associated psychopathology, family history, and response to treatment in a series of 30 patients with the disorder. METHOD: The patients (including 12 whose preoccupation was of probable delusional intensity) were assessed with a semistructured interview and the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, and their family histories were obtained. RESULTS: The 17 men and 13 women reported a lifetime average of four bodily preoccupations, most commonly "defects" of the hair, nose, and skin. The average age at onset of body dysmorphic disorder was 15 years, and the average duration was 18 years. Seventy-three percent of the patients reported associated ideas or delusions of reference; 73%, excessive mirror checking; and 63%, attempts to camouflage their "deformities." As a result of their symptoms, 97% avoided usual social and occupational activities, 30% had been housebound, and 17% had made suicide attempts. Ninety-three percent of the patients had an associated lifetime diagnosis of a major mood disorder; 33%, a psychotic disorder; and 73%, an anxiety disorder. The patients generally responded poorly to surgical, dermatologic, and dental treatments and to adequate trials of most psychotropic medications, with the exception of fluoxetine and clomipramine (to which more than half had a complete or partial response). CONCLUSIONS: This often secret, chronic disorder can cause considerable distress and impairment, may be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder or mood disorder, and may respond to serotonin reuptake-blocking antidepressants.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Dialogical relationship and cultural imagination: a hermeneutic approach to intercultural psychotherapy.

Effective intercultural psychotherapy generally has been conceptualized in terms of a specific knowledge and skills base, combined with relevant attention to the practitioner's cultural attitudes and beliefs. Although such an approach continues to be the gold standard in the field, it has yet to be demonstrated that these components are either necessary or sufficient for effective treatment. This paper presents an approach to intercultural therapy based on Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics. Humans are always in the process of making sense of the world around them, a process which is predicated on culturally given preunderstandings. Cultural difference means that the preunderstandings are rarely mutual, and therefore, communication and psychotherapy are often problematic. These preunderstandings often show up in the form of racial and ethnic prejudice and the therapist is rarely aware of this. Therapist preunderstanding influences all aspects of the psychotherapy process, such as treatment planning, interventions chosen, and the therapeutic relationship. Recommendations are given for improving the intercultural therapy process, and draw strongly on the twin notions of the dialogical relationship and cultural imagination.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1999

Imagine this! Infinite uses of guided imagery in women's health.

Guided imagery, the use of focused concentration of formed mental images, provides the mechanism of an independent nursing intervention to facilitate mind and body healing. Nurse healers can channel clients to personal restorative potentials and independent health through this powerful and inexpensive tool. In a variety of outpatient, inpatient, chronic care, and home care settings, nurses can introduce this treatment modality early on and for lifelong use for any number of nursing diagnoses. Specific conceptualizations for women's health are presented here. By unleashing your own and your client's imagination, the endless possibilities of guided imagery applications and resulting self-empowerment become apparent.

Female↗