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PubMed1996

Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioural changes following ventral frontal lobe damage.

Impairments in the identification of facial and vocal emotional expression were demonstrated in a group of patients with ventral frontal lobe damage who had socially inappropriate behaviour. The expression identification impairments could occur independently of perceptual impairments in facial recognition, voice discrimination, or environmental sound recognition. The face and voice expression problems did not necessarily occur together in the same patients, providing an indication of separate processing. Poor performance on both expression tests was correlated with the degree of alteration of emotional experience reported by the patients. There was also a strong positive correlation between the degree of altered emotional experience and the severity of the behavioural problems (e.g. disinhibition) found in these patients. A comparison group of patients with brain damage outside the ventral frontal lobe region, without these behavioural problems, was unimpaired on the face expression identification test, was significantly less impaired at vocal expression identification and reported little subjective emotional change. The expression identification deficits in ventral frontal patients may contribute to the abnormal behaviour seen after frontal lesions, and have implications for rehabilitation.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed1985

Utrocular discrimination is not sufficient for utrocular identification.

The distinction between reliability and validity is critical in examining utrocular identification. Four experiments demonstrated that two cues that lead to reliable discrimination do not lead to valid identification. Experiment 1 showed that, in the condition in which a stimulation of the right eye produced a visual direction toward the right and a stimulation of the left eye toward the left, there was a preponderance of correct responses. In the condition in which a stimulation of the right eye produced a visual direction toward the left and the left eye toward the right, there was a preponderance of incorrect responses. Experiment 2 showed that covariation of responses with visual direction decreased when feedback was provided because subjects sought other cues. Experiment 3, which included binocularly deficient subjects, showed that a feeling-in-the-eye is associated with the eye stimulated by a greater change in luminance rather than the eye stimulated by the target stimulus. When the luminance change was greater in the target eye, the feeling led to reliably correct responses, but when the luminance change was greater in the nontarget eye, it led to reliably incorrect responses. Experiment 4 indicated that the proportion of correct responses covaries with the degree of change in the luminance of the nontarget eye. The responses varied from reliably incorrect identifications, through unreliable identifications, to reliably correct identifications. These findings are consistent with the idea that stimulation of either eye is "projected" to the cyclopean eye.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Laterality differences in speaker and consonant identification in dichotic listening.

Two dichotic listening experiments assess the lateralization of speaker identification in right-handed native English speakers. Stimuli were tokens of /ba/, /da/, /pa/, and /ta/ pronounced by two male and two female speakers. In Experiment 1, subjects identified either the two consonants in dichotic stimuli spoken by the same person, or identified two speakers in dichotic tokens of the same syllable. In Experiment 2 new subjects identified the two consonants or the two speakers in pairs in which both consonant and speaker distinguished the pair members. Both experiments yielded significant right-ear advantages for consonant identification and nonsignificant ear differences for speaker identification. Fewer errors were made for speaker judgments than for consonant judgments, and for speaker judgments for pairs in which the speakers were of the same sex than for pairs in which speaker sex differed. It is concluded that, as in vowel identification, neither hemisphere clearly dominates in dichotic speaker identification, perhaps because of minor information loss in the ipsilateral pathways.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

The identification and reporting of physical abuse by physicians: a review and implications for research.

Identification and reporting of possible cases of child physical abuse are critical precursors to intervention with maltreating families. Professionals from a variety of disciplines are mandated to report suspected cases of child maltreatment. Unfortunately, not all physically abused children are identified or reported. This paper reviews the literature that has examined factors that may influence the identification and reporting of physical abuse by physicians. The literature review is preceded by an overview of the multistep, multibehavior process of identification and reporting. The factors that may influence identification and reporting are discussed according to their association with the case, physician, or setting. Future directions for research in the area of identification and reporting are suggested throughout the paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The influence of case and professional variables on identification and reporting of physical abuse: a study with medical students.

Identification and reporting of suspected cases of maltreatment are important precursors to intervention, as maltreating parents typically do not self-refer for treatment. Professionals from various disciplines are legally mandated to report suspected cases of child maltreatment, yet incidences of abuse can remain unidentified or unreported. Identification of physical abuse often depends on careful consideration of the characteristics of the injuries and the plausibility of the explanations provided for the injuries. Many variables impact identification, as well as the subsequent decision of whether or not to report the case if abuse is suspected. The study examined the influence of three case variables (injury severity, plausibility of explanation, and time to seek medical attention) and two professional variables (gender of subject and amount of clinical experience) on how medical students respond to hypothetical cases of abuse. As part of the study, the responses of medical students were compared to those of practicing physicians. Subjects evaluated 16 different vignettes, each describing an injured child, rated whether injuries may have resulted from physical abuse, and indicated what further action should be taken with the case, including whether it should be reported. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction between injury severity, injury explanation, and delay. Subject gender and amount of clinical experience did not influence identification. Significant positive correlations between identification and reporting were found. Correspondence between the responses of medical students and physicians was quite strong. Implications for clinical training of mandated reporters and directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

DNA based typing, identification and detection systems for food spoilage microorganisms: development and implementation.

The rapid identification of spoilage microorganisms is of eminent importance to the food industry. It provides the food industry with the opportunity to reduce economical losses by designing adequate intervention measures. The use of identification systems based on biochemical and physiological characteristics resulted often in disappointing identification results and misidentifications. This will inevitably lead to inappropriate strategies to prevent spoilage. This review discusses the potential of the DNA based identification technology including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification and specific detection of microorganisms. Fingerprinting methods based on the DNA-probe technology enable a clear insight in the identity of microorganisms on different levels, varying from genus to strain level depending on the systems used. Discrimination between subspecies and strain level is shown to be helpful for investigating routes and sources of contamination. Differentiation at the species level is demonstrated to be essential in order to design a highly specific detection system enabling to signalize a microorganism that belongs to a particular species. Also indicated in this review is the necessity and the technical approach to detect microorganisms that display a particular undesirable trait.

DNA↗
PubMed1992

Pyrroloquinoline quinone, a method for its isolation and identification by mass spectrometry.

Procedures for the unambiguous detection and for the isolation and mass spectrometric identification of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) are presented. The procedure involved acid hydrolysis of protein in the presence of phenylhydrazine and successive isolation and identification of the formed adduct using mass spectrometry. In HPLC the phenylhydrazone of PQQ gave many methylated products, of which the predominant compound was the pentamethylated derivative. After reaction of the phenylhydrazone derivative of PQQ (PHPQQ) with ammonia, a product was obtained which did not contain phenylhydrazine and which formed a pentamethylated derivative as the main methylation product. The HPLC profiles of the methylated products of PHPQQ and of its ammonia derivative were very characteristic and could be used for identification in addition to mass spectrometry. However, prolonged treatment of proteins with phenylhydrazine during hydrolysis can result in the formation of a material that resembles PQQ in some aspects of its behaviour. Thus, analysis by MS is essential for unambiguous identification. This analytical procedure was applied to pig plasma benzylamine oxidase, pig aorta lysyl oxidase, pig kidney diamine oxidase and bovine serum albumin with negative results. However, samples of pronase contained variable quantities of non-covalently bound PQQ: this can lead to erroneous identification of PQQ in enzyme after pronase digestion.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Assessing olfaction in the neuropsychological exam: the relationship between odor identification and cognition in older adults.

The relationship between odor identification and cognition has not been previously well characterized. The neuroanatomy of the olfactory system and the frequent finding of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases suggest a likely relationship between odor identification and memory, language, and executive functioning, though previous studies have often failed to demonstrate the expected relationship. The current study examined this relationship in across a continuum of ability levels (N=100). Strongest correlations were found between odor identification and language, most aspects of memory, and a measure of general cognitive functioning. Significant but more modest correlations were seen between odor identification and attention, motor, visuospatial, and executive functions. A regression analysis revealed language as the only significant predictor of olfactory performance. These findings suggest that odor identification is most closely associated with other measures of temporo-limbic functioning. The implications of these findings, particularly in consideration of the assessment of older adults, are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Apolipoprotein epsilon4 is associated with more rapid decline in odor identification than in odor threshold or Dementia Rating Scale scores.

Individuals with the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) show deficits in olfactory function. The purpose of the present study was to examine longitudinally odor identification (odor ID), odor threshold, picture identification, and global cognitive status in allele positive (epsilon4+) and negative (epsilon4-) persons. Participants were initially given the San Diego Odor Identification test, an odor threshold test, and the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). Participants were re-tested approximately four years later. The results indicate: (1) odor ID declined more rapidly in epsilon4+ than in epsilon4- normal elderly adults; (2) neither group exhibited a significant decline in odor threshold, picture identification or DRS scores. These results suggest that declines in odor identification occur before declines in other measures of dementia in persons at risk for AD because of their APOE allele genetic status.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Integral-based identification of patient specific parameters for a minimal cardiac model.

A minimal cardiac model has been developed which accurately captures the essential dynamics of the cardiovascular system (CVS). However, identifying patient specific parameters with the limited measurements often available, hinders the clinical application of the model for diagnosis and therapy selection. This paper presents an integral-based parameter identification method for fast, accurate identification of patient specific parameters using limited measured data. The integral method turns a previously non-linear and non-convex optimization problem into a linear and convex identification problem. The model includes ventricular interaction and physiological valve dynamics. A healthy human state and four disease states, valvular stenosis, pulmonary embolism, cardiogenic shock and septic shock are used to test the method. Parameters for the healthy and disease states are accurately identified using only discretized flows into and out of the two cardiac chambers, the minimum and maximum volumes of the left and right ventricles, and the pressure waveforms through the aorta and pulmonary artery. These input values can be readily obtained non-invasively using echo-cardiography and ultra-sound, or invasively via catheters that are often used in Intensive Care. The method enables rapid identification of model parameters to match a particular patient condition in clinical real time (3-5 min) to within a mean value of 4-10% in the presence of 5-15% uniformly distributed measurement noise. The specific changes made to simulate each disease state are correctly identified in each case to within 10% without false identification of any other patient specific parameters. Clinically, the resulting patient specific model can then be used to assist medical staff in understanding, diagnosis and treatment selection.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Identification of yeasts associated with milk products using traditional and molecular techniques.

An integrated approach including phenotypic (morphological, biochemical and physiological characterization) and genotypic (RAPD-PCR, sequencing of D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA encoding gene) methods was used for the identification of yeasts isolated from different milk products. There were 513 isolates in all, 460 ascomycetous and 53 basidiomycetous yeasts. The yeast isolates were characterized on the basis of their biochemical and physiological properties, and the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA was sequenced in selected strains. Relying on the obtained results from both the data-sets, corresponding type strains were selected and compared with the respective yeast isolates from milk products by RAPD fingerprinting. The strains showing a degree of similarity >80% were considered conspecific. By means of the applied techniques it was possible to identify 92% yeast isolates at species level. Debaryomyces hansenii, Geotrichum candidum, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida zeylanoides are the most frequently isolated species. The majority of the yeasts were isolated from fresh and sour curd cheese. A comparison of the results obtained by phenotypic and genotypic investigation revealed that the identification based on classical methods was supported by genotypic characterization in only 54% of examined isolates. The results described in this work show that the applied molecular identification is a reliable approach to the identification of yeasts associated with milk products in contrast to the conventional biochemical and physiological tests. The identification of new yeast species requires additional genetic markers such as sequencing of different genes or DNA:DNA hybridization.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2005

Transforming science: cancer gene identification.

Methods for cancer gene discovery include identification of viral oncogenes, identification of genes associated with recurrent chromosomal aberrations, and screens for genes capable of the transformation of cells in culture. In recent years, the completed genome sequence of human and model organisms has markedly enhanced cancer gene identification. Whole genome, high-throughput screens have been facilitated by the advent of new technologies such as murine leukemia virus-based mutagenesis, Sleeping Beauty-based mutagenesis, RNA interference, exon re-sequencing, and high-resolution methods for detecting chromosomal amplifications and deletions; these, in turn, have led to the identification of novel tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The identification of genes that are altered by mutation or expression and which are directly involved in tumor initiation and maintenance will be instrumental for understanding cancer phenotypic variation and for identifying crucial therapeutic targets.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Substance identification: the weak link in analytical toxicology.

Although substance identification is a key factor in analytical toxicology, it is amazing that the subject is receiving very limited and often inappropriate attention. With regard to the latter, a "confirmation" approach is usually chosen, which does not yield unambiguous identification. Moreover, the criteria for establishing a "positive match" leave much to be desired. These observations are corroborated when comparing some recent guidelines for qualitative analysis (issued for various forensic areas by SOFT/AAFS, NCCLS, NLCP, WADA and EU). Apart from showing substantial differences between them on pivotal issues, the guidelines contain various elements that appear scientifically incorrect and/or legally untenable. Also, the guidelines focus primarily on mass spectrometry (MS) and pay little or no attention to other identification possibilities (such as chromatographic techniques, either in combination with MS or as stand-alone techniques. Moreover, they do not offer alternatives in situations where access to MS is not available. One must conclude, therefore, that substance identification is a neglected and misunderstood domain in analytical toxicology. Rapid and concerted actions are needed to: (1) improve the general knowledge; (2) to define uniform strategies in the analytical approach and in the interpretation of the results; and (3) to set up and maintain suitable banks of reference substances and computerized data bases to allow unambiguous identification.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed2006

Qualitative identification of tea categories by near infrared spectroscopy and support vector machine.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successfully utilized for the rapid identification of green, black and Oolong tea. The spectral features of each tea category are reasonably differentiated in the NIR region, and the spectral differences provided enough qualitative spectral information for the identification of tea. Support vector machine (SVM) as the pattern recognition was applied to identify three tea categories in this study. The top five principal components (PCs) were extracted as the input of SVM classifiers by principal component analysis (PCA). The RBF SVM classifiers and the polynomial SVM classifiers were studied comparatively in this experiment. The best experimental results were obtained using the radial basis function (RBF) SVM classifier with sigma=0.5. The accuracies of identification were all more than 90% for three tea categories. Finally, compared with the back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) approach, SVM algorithm showed its excellent generalization for identification results. The overall results show that NIR spectroscopy combined with SVM can be efficiently utilized for rapid and simple identification of the tea categories.

Pattern Recognition, Automated↗
PubMed2006

Direct and simultaneous identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by rapid multiplex nested PCR-ICT assay.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) shows different virulence and host infection range from other members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Differential identification of MTB from MTBC is thus important in certain occasions. The currently commercially available molecular assays which use either IS6110 or 16S rDNA fragment as identification targets are mainly designed for identifying MTBC but not for MTB. Comparative genomic DNA analysis has provided valuable information on regions of difference (RD) present in MTB but not in other members of the MTBC. RD9 region is further suggested to be a potential target for differential identification of MTB from MTBC. In this study, using IS6110 and Rv3618 (belong to RD9) as the specific identification targets for MTBC and MTB, respectively, we developed and tested a multiplex nested PCR-ICT (immuno-chromatography test) assay for simultaneously and directly detecting not only MTBC but also MTB from 1500 clinical sputum specimens. The results were compared with traditional culture and biochemical identification results together with patients' clinical assessments. This assay showed a 95.5% sensitivity, 97.9% specificity, 2.1% false positive rate and 4.5% false negative rate towards detection of MTBC, and a 93.0% sensitivity, 99.8% specificity, 0.2% false positive rate and 7.0% false negative rate for detection of MTB. This detection system shows great potential in clinical application.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2006

Detection of methicillin- and aminoglycoside-resistant genes and simultaneous identification of S. aureus using triplex real-time PCR Taqman assay.

In this study we describe a triplex real-time PCR assay that enables the identification of S. aureus and detection of two important antibiotic resistant genes simultaneously using real-time PCR technology in a single assay. In this triplex real-time PCR assay, the mecA (methicillin resistant), femA (species specific S. aureus) and aacA-aphD (aminoglycoside resistant) genes were detected in a single test using dual-labeled Taqman probes. The assay gives simultaneous information for the identification of S. aureus and detection of methicillin and aminoglycoside resistance in staphylococcal isolates. 152 clinical isolates were subjected to this triplex real-time PCR assay. The results of the triplex real-time PCR assay correlated with the results of the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing. The results obtained from triplex real-time PCR assay shows that the primer and probe sets were specific for the identification of S. aureus and were able to detect methicillin- and aminoglycoside-resistant genes. The entire assay can be performed within 3 h which is a very rapid method that can give simultaneous information for the identification of S. aureus and antibiotic resistance pattern of a staphylococcal isolate. The application of this rapid method in microbiology laboratories would be a valuable tool for the rapid identification of the S. aureus isolates and determination of their antibiotic resistance pattern with regards to methicillin and aminoglycosides.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2006

Utility of gas chromatography for rapid identification of mycobacterial species frequently encountered in clinical laboratory.

Over the last years, the clinical importance of mycobacteria has been raised. In this regard, it is important their identification in order to establish either the clinical significance or the appropriate therapy of the disease. Biochemical tests are usually time consuming until the report of results, that is why more rapid techniques are needed. As an alternative identification method, we have used a commercially available system for microbial identification based on whole cellular fatty acids analysis using gas-chromatography (GC). Sixty-eight strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare were clearly identified by their unique fatty acid profile using the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIS). The results were in agreement with those obtained with traditional methods. This method is highly automated, rapid, easy to perform with a sample preparation for lipid analysis which is neither time consuming nor requiring a particular expertise. On this basis the MIS-GC method for the identification of some clinically important mycobacteria appears to be suitable for routine clinical use.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Rapid identification, virulence analysis and resistance profiling of Staphylococcus aureus by gene segment-based DNA microarrays: application to blood culture post-processing.

Up to now, blood culturing systems are the method of choice to diagnose bacteremia. However, definitive pathogen identification from positive blood cultures is a time-consuming procedure, requiring subculture and biochemical analysis. We developed a microarray for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus comprising PCR generated gene-segments, which can reduce the blood culture post-processing time to a single day. Moreover, it allows concomitant identification of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants directly from positive blood cultures without previous amplification by PCR. The assay unambiguously identifies most of the important virulence genes such as tsst-1, sea, seb, eta and antibiotic resistance genes such as mecA, aacA-aphD, blaZ and ermA. To obtain positive signals, 20 ng of purified genomic S. aureus DNA or 2 microg of total DNA extracted from blood culture was required. The microarray specifically distinguished S. aureus from gram-negative bacteria as well as from closely related coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS). The microarray-based identification of S. aureus can be accomplished on the same day blood cultures become positive in the Bactec. The results of our study demonstrate the feasibility of microarray-based systems for the direct identification and characterization of bacteria from cultured clinical specimens.

Bacterial Proteins↗