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In the paper lying before the authors estimate changes of pH-values of the Calcium hydroxide (Calxyd) after contact with a zinc oxide phosphate cement (Adhesor), a polyacrylate cement (Adhesor-Carboxy) and a zinc oxide eugenol cement (Caryosan). The last shoved to be best qualified for over capping of pasty preparation with calcium hydroxide.
The changes of cells cultured in vitro after Calxyd effect which basical component is calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) are described. The ingredient evoked cytoplasmic membrane changes, forming of pathological pseudopodies, the changes of nuclei and nucleoli. Fast start and development of pathological cell changes leading to their death in a short time and forming of sharply separated line between the damaged intact cells are characteristics for the effect of calcium hydroxide.
Calcium hydroxide preparations Ca(OH)2 are used as water solutions, putly, liner, cement or artificial material. The therapeutic effect of each medicaments depends on physical and chemical characteristic of additional components. The aim of the paper is to research the sensitivity of Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans to different water solution concentrations of calcium hydroxide. As solid plates, Bacto-Mitis-Salivarius agar was used for S. mutans, Torlak blood agar for S. faecalis and Sabourand agar "Torlak" for C. albicans. The holes were drilled in solid plates and were filled by 0.2 ml of water solutions of Ca(OH)2. Preparations, created as described were incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C in the period of 48 hrs. Results were read after 24 as well as after 48 hrs. The examined solutions of Ca(OH)2, revealed the highest antimicrobic effect after 24 hrs. The result remained unchanged even after 48 hrs. The inhibition of S. mutans growth on the solid plate occurred with the concentration of Ca(OH)2 solution from 271.18 x 10(-2) mol/dm3 and pH 12.76. The growth of S. faecalis at the solid plate was inhibited with the concentration of 3335.21 x 10(-3) mol/dm3 and pH 12.82. The inhibition of C. albicans growth on solid plate occurred with the concentration of Ca(OH)2 solution from 1023.20 x 10(-3) mol/dm3 and pH 12.84. The difference in the sensitivity of the examined microorganisms at the same concentrations of Ca(OH)2 solution was observed.
A retrospective study was done in 86 patients on dialysis in order to evaluate the doses of aluminum hydroxide (OH3 Al) received to achieve a better serum phosphate control. Thirty-seven patients were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) divided in 22 diabetics and 15 non-diabetics. Forty-nine patients were treated with hemodialysis (HD), 12 diabetics and 37 non-diabetics. The doses of 1-25 Dihidroxycholecalciferol (1-25 DOH-D3) were similar in all patients. The serum phosphate levels were similar in CAPD and HD patients with smaller doses of OH3 AL in CAPD patients (p less than 0.001). Diabetics on either technique need less OH3 AL in CAPD (CAPD p less than 0.01; HD p less than 0.05) to achieve the same or better control of serum phosphorus than non-diabetics. The overload of glucose on CAPD and the maintained hyperglycemia on diabetes mellitus would shift phosphorus into the cell and could explain these results. Finally, the less needs of aluminum hydroxide on diabetic patients could contribute to their protection against aluminum deposition and its effects.
A new microcrystalline compound of aluminum oxide hydroxide (tentatively named PT-A) was synthesized in the hope of providing a better phosphate adsorbent for future clinical use than the currently marketed aluminum hydroxide gels (ALG). An X-ray diffraction study demonstrated a boehmite structure in PT-A but an amorphous structure in ALG. PT-A was more stable in pH change than ALG; in elution tests in artificial gastric and intestinal solutions, aluminum ion eluted from PT-A was maximally 10% of the amount from ALG at pH 1.2; and was undetectable at pH 6.8, at which point ALG still showed some aluminum elution. Phosphate-adsorbing efficacy of PT-A and ALG in vitro was about the same at pH 1.2; however, it was four times greater in PT-A than in ALG at pH 6.8, indicating that PT-A will be effective in the intestine. PT-A also adsorbed pepsin but the amount was at most the same or much less than that adsorbed by ALG, which depended on pH in solution.
The protein-polysaccharide complex, isolated from group B N. meningitidis, is a variant of vaccine for the prophylaxis of group B N. meningitidis infection. In this investigation the influence of the complex of the physical properties of aluminium hydroxide gels, the amount of gel, pH and the duration of sorption on the process of sorption has been studied. Aluminium hydroxide has been shown to produce a stimulating effect on the response of mice to the polysaccharide and protein contained in the complex after immunization made in two injections. Gels with a smaller particle size have been found to possess greater adjuvant activity, as well as greater absorbing activity. The immunological activity of the complex, adsorbed ex tempore, has proved to be no different from that of the complex adsorbed in an hour.
In this review article the antibacterial action of calcium hydroxide, as a root canal medicament is discussed. Initially its physicochemical principles as hydroscopic action, pH, gas absorption, ionism energy, etc., are described. Finally the antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide is correlated to the above properties.
To investigate the healing process and continuous root development following pulpotomy with improved calcium hydroxide-iodoform paste, the authors performed an experimental study of pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth. Thirty five incompletely formed root canals in dogs were used, and radiographical and histopathological observations were made. The results lead to the conclusion that pulpotomy with improved calcium hydroxide-iodoform paste is a very effective treatment for immature permanent teeth.
The authors show how the proper use of the root canal medication based on calcium oxide is determinant for causing a perfect asepsis of the root canal in the 58 teeth, taken in consideration, the calcium oxide is more efficacious than the calcium hydroxide not only because it produces a remarkable decrease of the bacterial quantity, but also because the recovery time of the lesion before the filling up of the root canal, is less than half time in comparison with that one got by means of the calcium hydroxide.
Eugenol has such effective anti-corrosion and pain-killing properties that it is widely used for dentistry clinically. We focused our attention on eugenol and made agents for pulpotomy which were mixtures of calcium hydroxide, eugenol and polyethylene glycol 4000 for a base. We attempted to use them for the pulpotomy of primary teeth of young dogs and observed the healing progress of the treated teeth during the early stages. The experiment utilized four young dogs whose primary teeth were pulpotomized by the usual method. Agents of the pulpotomy were mixed calcium hydroxide (1.0 g), eugenol (0.8 ml) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (1.2 ml). After 3 days and 7 days, these teeth were taken out to be made into histopathological specimens. We inspected them microscopically. The results obtained were as follows. 1) After 3 days, the amputated pulp which was in contact with the agents turned into necrotic layers. Degenerative, necrotic, and non-structural states were widely observed. Under the necrotic layers, there were hematoxyline dark stained layers. Also the hematoxyline dark stained layers separated from the proper pulp. In the proper pulp, there were no abnormalities. 2) After 7 days, the necrotic layers were atrophied. In the dark stained layers, the stained areas were darker than that of after 3 days and increased in degeneration. In the proper pulp, round cells appeared and with a chronic inflammatory appearance along with vacuole, atrophy and degeneration. It seemed to be affected by eugenol. Dentin bridges still has not yet formed.
Sixteen patients treated exclusively by haemodialysis using reverse osmosis water treatment for up to 7 years (mean 49.3 +/- 17 months) were assessed for evidence of bone aluminium accumulation and toxicity. All patients were treated with aluminium hydroxide phosphate binders for the duration of dialysis but the dosage was restricted to a maximum of 2.85 g daily (mean daily dose 2.6 +/- 0.8 g). The mean plasma phosphate over the 12 months prior to the study was 1.68 +/- 0.42 mmol/l and in only three patients was adequate control of the plasma phosphate not achieved. No patient had evidence of fracturing bone disease. Bone aluminium staining was present in only two patients but was seen at the calcification front in only one of these. Three patients had histological evidence of osteomalacia, but in none was aluminium staining present. Mean bone aluminium was moderately high at 36.67 +/- 31 micrograms/g and in only three patients exceeded 40 micrograms/g. This study indicates that adequate control of the plasma phosphate can be achieved with low dosage of aluminium hydroxide, and in the medium term is not associated with evidence of bone aluminium toxicity.
A transient intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase has been generated by exposing the enzyme to a laser beam in the presence of oxygen. This intermediate develops when the enzyme is simultaneously reduced photoreductively and oxidized chemically, thereby forcing it to turn over. Under these conditions a form of the enzyme is generated with a line at 477 cm-1 in the resonance Raman spectrum, which we attribute to an Fe-OH stretching mode based on oxygen and hydrogen isotopic substitution. This hydroxide intermediate relaxes back to the resting state of the enzyme upon removal from the laser beam. Hydroxide intermediates have been postulated many times in the past in proposed catalytic mechanisms. The data reported here supply the first evidence for the existence of such an intermediate and a method for stabilizing it.
Calcium hydroxide is used in the treatment of different traumatized teeth. New concepts about the effects of calcium hydroxide on vital pulps and immature non vital teeth are developed. Some clinical techniques and their results are described.
The present paper reports results of a study to evaluate clinico-pathologically the effects of calcium hydroxide eugenol preparations on exposed pulp tissues in permanent human teeth. The experiments were performed on 80 vital human teeth from patients ranging in age from 12 to 54 years. The experimental teeth were arbitrarily divided into the following 4 groups. Group CRCS: 20 cases treated with CRCS (Hygienic, Akron, Ohio, USA). Group KEZ: 20 cases treated with Dentalis KEZ (Neo Dental Chemical Products, Tokyo, Japan). Group CE: 20 cases treated with calcium hydroxide eugenol (positive control) Group E: 20 cases treated with pure eugenol (negative control). After local anesthesia, the experimental teeth were isolated with rubber dums or cotton rolls. Following preparation of Black's simple class 1 cavities with a diamond instrument mounted high-speed air turbine, the pulp was intentionally exposed by means of a steel bur mounted electric engine. The cavity and exposed pulp surface were cleaned with saline and dried on absorbent material. Then the experimental materials (agents) were applied to exposed pulp surface. The cavity was lined with gutta-percha temporally stopping, and the remainder was filled with silver amalgam. The teeth were clinically observed at various intervals from immediately to 530 days after treatment and then extracted under local anesthesia and prepared for histopathological study. Decalcified sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 1) CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: During the observation period, symptoms occurred in the following: Group CRCS: 4 (20%) out of 20 cases. Group KEZ: 4 (20%) out of 20 cases. Group CE: 6 (30%) out of 20 cases. Group E: None of 20 cases No spontaneous pain was observed in these groups. 2) Clinical evaluations Group: CRCS: 16 cases (80%) were good, 3 cases (15%) were satisfactory, and 1 cases (5%) were failure. Group KEZ: 16 cases (80%) were good, 1 cases (5%) were satisfactory, and 3 cases (15%) were failure. Group CE: 14 cases (70%) were good, 4 cases (20%) were satisfactory, and 2 cases (10%) were failure. Group E: 20 cases (100%) were good. 3) Histopathological observations. Various kinds and degree of pulp changes were occurred in each group. Hyperemia and round-cell infiltration resulting from damage caused by treatment and medicaments were frequent in each group. No suppurative inflammation occurred in group CE. Pulp cicatrization and apposition of dentin on pulp chamber walls were observed frequently in each groups. Hard tissue formation was observed in numerous cases of group CE and in some cases in group CRCS and KEZ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of dual topical therapy with zinc chloride spray and magnesium hydroxide ointment in healing incisional wounds. The participants were 100 obstetric and gynecologic patients with abdominal and perineal incisional wounds; 85 completed the treatment regimen, 15 were lost to follow-up. Spray and ointment were applied twice daily and dressings were changed at each application for seven consecutive days. The condition of the wound (the length of the incision, the presence and extent of dehiscence, and signs of infection, such as inflammatory changes and purulent discharge) as well as the degree of pain experienced by the patient were evaluated and recorded on the first, fourth, and seventh days. A more marked decrease in the size of the wound, a shorter healing time, a better control of infection, less dehiscence, and more effective pain control were observed in patients in the treatment group as compared with those in the placebo group. No side effects were noted in patients in either group. The dual topical therapy with zinc chloride spray and magnesium hydroxide ointment proved to be safe and effective in accelerating wound healing in obstetric and gynecologic patients.
The effect of an antacid containing aluminium-hydroxide, magnesium-hydroxide and calcium carbonate (Trigastril) on the bioavailability of orally administered pirenzepine (Gastricur) was evaluated in 10 subjects in a double-blind single dose cross-over study. Pirenzepine was assayed in plasma by a highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method. A 2-compartment model was taken as a basis for the calculation of the plasma concentration curves and the pharmacokinetic parameters. The oral bioavailability of a 50 mg pirenzepine tablet concomitantly administered with 10 ml of the antacid gel preparation was slightly but not significantly greater than that of pirenzepine in the presence of a placebo gel. This was reflected by a mean increase of 18-28% in area under the curve (AUC 0-32, AUC 0-infinity, resp.) and of 26% in Cmax-values. There was no significant difference in the biological half-life of pirenzepine between the two treatments (10.1-9.4 h).
Specific-pathogen-free chickens were given infectious coryza vaccines containing inactivated cells of Haemophilus paragallinarum adsorbed onto an aluminum-hydroxide gel. The vaccines were protective when given subcutaneously or intramuscularly but not when given intranasally. Vaccines prepared with two different commercial brands of aluminum-hydroxide gel gave similar protection. Vaccines in which the inactivating agent was thimerosal were more protective than similar vaccines in which the inactivating agent was formalin. Monovalent vaccines protected against challenge only from organisms of the same agglutination serovar, whereas bivalent vaccines protected against challenge from organisms of either serovar. A single dose of the vaccine, given at 16 weeks of age, was not as effective as two doses given at 12 and 16 weeks of age in protecting against challenge 12, 25, or 56 weeks after vaccination.
Intra- and extracellular levels of magnesium and potassium were determined in 16 subjects with insulin-dependent type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 30 healthy controls. Subjects with IDDM had lower levels of magnesium in muscle biopsies (p less than 0.001), plasma (p less than 0.001), and mononuclear cells (p less than 0.05), and higher urinary excretions of magnesium (p less than 0.01), and lower levels of potassium in muscle biopsies (p less than 0.001), and erythrocytes (p less than 0.05), as compared with those in controls. Magnesium hydroxide (500 mg/day) was administered orally to the diabetics. The levels of magnesium and potassium in muscle biopsies increased (p less than 0.001; p less than 0.001), while the plasma levels of magnesium and the urinary excretions of magnesium increased only temporarily, during 21 weeks of treatment. The requirements of insulin were reduced (p less than 0.001) during the course of the study, whereas the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose were not changed. The findings indicate that administration of magnesium hydroxide is useful to treat muscular magnesium and potassium deficiency in diabetics.