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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Spread of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) in the Dutch homosexual community.

Sequential sera of 697 homosexual men, participating in a prospective study (1984-1986) of the risk to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS, were tested for antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-I) by particle agglutination and immunoblotting. No intravenous drug users were included in this trial. Three men (0.4%) were HTLV-I antibody positive at intake and an additional 2 at the end of the observation period, resulting in an attack rate of approximately 0.3%. One of the 3 men with HTLV-I antibodies at intake was a Brazilian. One man had an acute HTLV-I infection after sexual intercourse with a Brazilian during holiday in Brazil. No serological cross-reactivity with HIV was observed nor a relationship with other sexually transmissible viral or bacterial infections. In contrast to HIV no relationship with anogenital intercourse was noted; both primary HTLV-I infected men practiced only orogenital intercourse. This suggests that HTLV-I was imported in the Dutch homosexual community after HIV was introduced in the Netherlands. HTLV-I appears to spread slower within the homosexual community than HIV and possibly by other routes.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Active immunization of homosexual men using a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.

Twenty homosexual men [13 anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, seven anti-HIV negative] without HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc were vaccinated with three 20 micrograms doses of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. All anti-HIV-positive homosexuals were nonresponders independent of the initial number of CD4-positive cells. Among seven anti-HIV-negative individuals, five responded. After three doses of the vaccine, CD4-positive cells fell in anti-HIV positive individuals by 22.4%. A similar fall in CD4-positive cells of an average 24.9% was noted in 17 matching, but nonvaccinated, anti-HIV-positive homosexuals. The study indicates that the efficacy of vaccination in anti-HIV-positive individuals is questionable. There is, however, no evidence that vaccination against hepatitis B might be harmful to anti-HIV-positive subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Difference in clinical implications of CD4 counts among HIV-infected homosexual men and injection drug using men and women.

While the relationship between CD4 counts and clinical symptoms is well established among homosexual men, the same is not true for injection drug using men and women (IDUM and IDUW). In this paper we investigate whether CD4 counts have the same clinical implications for IDUM and IDUW as for homosexual men. We estimated the CD4 counts at which 50 per cent of the HIV-infected but AIDS-free population has AIDS related complex (ARC) based on three biannually measured CD4 counts. The analyses involve interval, right and left censored threshold data. We took the parametric approach, assuming that the threshold values for ARC arise from a family of distributions that includes symmetric, left or right skewed distributions, in which the logistic and extreme value distributions are embedded as special cases. The resulting estimates of median thresholds of CD4 counts for ARC were 249, 424 and 755 for homosexual men, IDUM, and IDUW, respectively. The results were robust with respect to the assumptions on the underlying distribution.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1995

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in anal scrapings from HIV-positive homosexual men.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect epithelial cells as well as B lymphocytes. Infection of the male and female genital tracts has recently been demonstrated, and it has been suggested that the virus may be sexually transmissible. In our study we investigated whether EBV can be found in the anal region of sexually active homosexual men. Anal scrapings from HIV-positive homosexual men and a heterosexual control population were investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen for EBV DNA. EBV DNA was detected in 8 of 27 anal samples (29.6%) from the homosexual men and 3 of 34 samples (8.8%) from the heterosexual men. Our study shows that, like the genital tract, the anal region can harbour EBV subclinically. This finding suggests that the anal region may be a reservoir for EBV and that sexual transmission of this virus may be possible.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1984

Modulation of T- and B-lymphocyte functions by isoprinosine in homosexual subjects with prodromata and in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Male prodromal homosexuals and patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) exhibited similar immunological abnormalities but by different degrees. A reduction in the number of circulating T lymphocytes bearing the T-4 surface marker led to an altered ratio of Th to Ts subpopulations in both groups of subjects. Total numbers of suppressor cells (Ts) remained virtually similar in both study groups to that of the control subjects. Proliferative responses to T-cell mitogen (PHA) and T cell-dependent B-cell mitogen (PWM) were severely impaired in prodromal subjects and more so in the AIDS group. The response to PWM was unrelated to the total number of suppressor T cells but was associated with a significant decrease in helper T-cell number. The impaired lymphocyte functions of immunosuppressed subjects were potentiated by coincubation with isoprinosine in a selective fashion. While the percentage of upward modulation among homosexuals with normal lymphocyte functions was comparable to that obtained in control subjects, a higher degree of augmentation was achieved in AIDS patients and in prodromal subjects with impaired blastogenic responses. In none of the AIDS patients with severe immunodeficiencies, however, was the lymphocyte functions restored to the normal range established in the heterosexual controls. These results suggest the feasibility of eventual prophylactic utilization of isoprinosine in male homosexuals at high risk of developing AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Indomethacin enhances the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes of homosexual males with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy.

The possibility that cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid might contribute to the defective T lymphocyte function of homosexual men with the reactive lymph node syndrome was examined in vitro. T lymphocyte proliferation, assessed by the uptake of [3H]thymidine after the addition of phytohemagglutin, was 72,870 +/- 66,816 counts per minute (mean +/- SD) for eight patients and 119,589 +/- 64,913 counts per minute for 30 controls (P less than 0.05, Student's t test). Treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin increased the phytohemagglutin-induced proliferation of the T lymphocytes from five of eight patients, but none of 12 healthy homosexual and heterosexual control subjects. The production of prostaglandin E2 by T lymphocytes from six patients was 16.1 +/- 10.5 pg/5 X 10(6) cells/hr, as contrasted with that of 4.9 +/- 1.3 and 4.3 +/- 2.1 pg/5 X 10(6) cells for four healthy homosexual and six healthy heterosexual control subjects, respectively (P less than 0.01, Student's t test). The production of prostaglandin E2 by the patients' monocytes was normal. Abnormalities of the cyclooxygenase pathway of T lymphocytes of patients with the reactive lymph node syndrome may reflect an immunoregulatory defect, which predisposes to infections and may evolve into the more severe abnormalities of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

Homosexual behavior in a laboratory group of stumptail monkeys (Macaca arctoides): forms, contexts, and possible social functions.

Observations of stumptail monkeys revealed frequent prolonged, intensive genital stimulation between individuals of the same sex, both males and females, adults and infants. These homosexual interactions occurred in positive emotional contexts, were accompanied by positive emotional facial expressions, and often were evidently elictied by the observation of heterosexual behavior. Infants' first copulations were performed with adults of the same or opposite sex who actively aided them. This suggests that homosexual and heterosexual encounters function as training for adult sexual roles, and that homosexual behavior is a basic primate pattern not exclusive to man.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Sex hormones and female homosexuality: a critical examination.

To ascertain the validity of hormonal theories of human homosexuality, which are based on animal research, this article reviews psychoendocrine data on lesbian and transsexual women. Sex hormone levels were found to be normal in the majority of homosexual women, but about a third of the subjects studied had elevated androgen levels. In women with prenatal androgen excess, heterosexuality appears to be more frequent than bisexuality, and exclusive homosexuality is rare. Two recent reports suggest abnormalities of the neuroendocrine regulation of LH secretion in female transsexuals. Clearly, prenatal or postpubertal hormone levels do not determine the development of sexual orientation, but a facilitating neuroendocrine predisposition cannot be ruled out at present.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1994

Personality and lipid level differences associated with homosexual and bisexual identity in men.

Self-identified homosexual (n = 30), bisexual (n = 29), and heterosexual (n = 31) men were compared on measures of gender-typical behavior, sex role, ego strength, and lipid levels. Homosexual men differed significantly from the heterosexual men on the gender-typical behavior and feminine sex-role measure (both in adulthood and in childhood), and several trends and significant differences were found on the biochemical measures of lipid levels (especially when 7 obese men were removed from the analyses). As a rule, the bisexual men were different from the heterosexual men on the above measures, but were indistinguishable from the homosexual men. Bisexuals differed from both of the other two groups, however, by scoring lower on the ego strength scale and by reporting themselves to be more often troubled, lonely, and depressed. We caution that the lipid analyses were made on single blood samples and require an extended replication; however, we report the data because of their possible theoretical interest and because they replicate work of 20 years ago.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Is homosexuality familial? A review, some data, and a suggestion.

This report summarizes evidence that sexual orientation is familial. Family studies report that homosexual subjects have more homosexual siblings than do heterosexual subjects and more than would be expected given population frequencies. Twin studies find in general a higher concordance in sexual orientation among monozygotic than among dizygotic twins. Evidence for associated psychopathology in homosexual subjects or their relatives is inconclusive. Possible sources of bias in these reports are discussed and a suggestion is offered that family studies should be undertaken in which the sexual orientation of relatives would be directly ascertained by interview.

Family↗
PubMed1981

Parental backgrounds of homosexual and heterosexual men: a cross national replication.

In the present study of British respondents, few differences were found in the parental backgrounds of homosexual vs. heterosexual males. These findings were similar to those reported for male homosexuals vs. male heterosexuals living in the United States. It is suggested that a multifactorial and developmental theory of sexual orientation, including a more precise definition of homosexuality-heterosexuality, is needed to replace the simplistic and thus far generally unsupported explanations involving limited types of parental behavior.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1975

The relationship between paranoid delusions and homosexuality.

Freud predicted that paranoid delusions are motivated by unconscious homosexual impulses. The research conductedto test this hypothesis has been reviewed and it is concluded that the results do not support Freud's position. The results indicate anassociation between homosexual concerns and paranoid delusions but not in the manner that FREUD PREDICTED. For example, clinical studies indicate greater overt and conscious homosexual preoccupation in paranoid psychotics compared to nonparanoid psychotics, a finding not predicted by Freud. While psychological studies have tended to find more support for the Freudian position, several studies have failed to find supporting evidence and others are inconsistent in their results.

Female↗
PubMed1985

The role of perceived relative parent personality in the development of heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transvestites.

This study examines the hypothesis that non-normative parent sex-role qualities contribute to homosexual and transvestite development. Using the Parent Characteristics Questionnaire (PCQ), this hypothesis was tested among samples of male and female heterosexuals, male and female homosexuals, and male transvestites. The PCQ assesses the relative distribution of five personality traits between mother and father: R-F (relative father) intellectuality, R-F dependence, R-F affiliation, R-F endurance, and R-F aggressive-dominance. No significant differences were noted for the male homosexuals, while the hypothesized effects were evident for lesbian women and male transvestites, even when statiscally controlling for age and education differences. Theoretical interpretations of the results are offered in the context of a nonpathological explanation of sexual orientation and preference.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality.

Both the neurohormonal theory of sexual orientation and previous research on humans and animals suggest that male homosexuality may arise from prenatal stress during the brain's sexual differentiation. Stress-proneness and retrospective reports of stress during pregnancy were obtained from mothers of male and female heterosexuals, bisexuals, and homosexuals. Each mother also rated pregnancy stress for a heterosexual sibling of the subject. For males, neither between-family nor within-family analyses revealed a maternal stress effect for either sexual orientation or childhood gender nonconformity. However, mothers of effeminate children reported more stress-proneness than other mothers. Male homosexuality nevertheless was strongly familial, suggesting a reconsideration of genetic and familial environmental mechanisms.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Heterosexual experience, marital status, and orientation of homosexual males.

The penile volume responses of homosexual males to pictures of nude women and men were measured and related to the subjects' marital status and experience of heterosexual intercourse. Single subjects with no experience of heterosexual intercourse and married subjects with a history of intercourse with only their wives showed significantly greater response to pictures of men compared to pictures of women than did single subjects with experience of heterosexual intercourse and married subjects with experience of intercourse with women additional to their wives. It was concluded that extensive experience of heterosexual intercourse with one partner did not reduce homosexual responsiveness as measured by subjects' penile response to pictures of nude men and women. It was further concluded that some homosexual males showed physiological evidence of a degree of bisexuality in addition to the behavioral evidence that they sought heterosexual physical relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Childhood cross-gender behavior of homosexual females in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States.

Heterosexual and homosexual females were interviewed with regard to childhood cross-gender behavior in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States. Nine items were used to examine childhood behavior differences between heterosexual and homosexual females. Six of these items (playing with boys' toys, playing with girls' toys, dressing up in men's clothes, dressing up in women's clothes, paying attention to women's fashions, and being considered a tomboy) revealed statistically significant differences between the heterosexual and homosexual females. These differences demonstrated significant cross-cultural consistency, despite cultural variations among the societies examined. Rejection of certain gender-typical activities and interests, as well as involvement in cross-gendered activities and interests, seem to be consistent precursors of adult sexual orientation regardless of the cultural context in which these behaviors emerge.

Brazil↗
PubMed1995

Cerebral laterality in homosexual males: preliminary communication using magnetoencephalography.

MEG-based auditory M100 source location in the left and right hemispheres of 8 strictly homosexual and 9 strictly heterosexual males were compared to determine if this measure of interhemispheric laterality varies as a function of sexual orientation. MEG fields evoked by auditory tone pips were recorded from left and right hemispheres in response to contralateral ear stimulation. The source of the 100-msec latency component, generated in the superior temporal gyrus, was estimated using a least squares inverse solution algorithm. Auditory sources in heterosexual men were significantly further anterior in the right hemisphere compared to the left hemisphere. Source locations in the homosexual men did not exhibit significant interhemispheric asymmetry, being similarly located in both hemispheres. Findings suggest an anatomic and/or functional difference in the superior temporal gyrus of at least some homosexual men.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Southwest Asian and north African terms for homosexual roles.

Contrary to recent ethnocentric and contemporocentric claims that social categories for homosexual roles did not exist until late 19th-century northern European and North American medical discourse invented some, terms from a range of Islamic societies across a millennium are reviewed. Both age-stratified and gender-stratified sets of terms for male homosexual roles are discussed along with the problem of interpreting absence of evidence of lexemes for egalitarian homosexuality prior to the recent borrowing of "gay."

Africa, Northern↗