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PubMed2005

Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and associated factors of the smoking habit among older adults. METHODS: A population-based study was carried out comprising 1,606 (92.2%) older adults (> or =60 years old) living in the Bambuí town, Southeastern Brazil in 1997. Data was obtained by means of interview and socio-demographic factors, health status, physical functioning, use of healthcare services and medication were considered. The multiple multinomial logistic regression was used to assess independent associations between smoking habits (current and former smokers) and the exploratory variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of current and past smoking was 31.4% and 40.2% among men, and 10.3% and 11.2% among women, respectively (p<0.001). Among current smokers, men consumed a larger number of cigarettes per day and started the habit earlier than women. Among men, current smoking presented independent and negative association with age (> or =80 years) and schooling (> or =8 years) and positive association with poor health perception and not being married. Among women, independent and negative associations with current smoking were observed for age (75-79 and > or =80 years) and schooling (4-7 and > or =8 years). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was a public health concern among older adults in the studied community, particularly for men. Yet, in a low schooling population, a slightly higher level was a protective factor against smoking for both men and women. Programs for reducing smoking in the elderly population should take these findings into consideration.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Eating habits among employees of a state-owned bank: food consumption profile].

In order to investigate the health conditions of current employees in a government-owned bank in the State of Rio de Janeiro, we performed a cross-sectional study in two departments where systematic sampling was applied. Among the health conditions, we focused on the employees' eating habit profile using a questionnaire on frequency of food group consumption analyzed through a summary measure (eating score). Although the majority of the study population display good eating habits, the results confirmed a major difference between genders. Some 60% of men had scores higher than the population mean (51.2), as compared to only 45% of women. In addition, we observed that men, and particularly younger men, consumed more foodstuffs that were rich in saturated fat, salt, and sugar as compared to women. The findings indicate that quality of one's diet along with changes in other habits and behaviors (like smoking and sedentary life style) should be part of programs to promote health in the workplace, with a view towards controlling cardiovascular and other diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Sleeping habits related to sudden infant death syndrome: a population-based study].

This cross-sectional study on sleeping habits with potential risk for sudden infant death syndrome included all live births in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2003 with data collection from Certificates of Live Birth and interviews, analyzed with descriptive statistics and the chi-squared test. From the 2,634 live births, 2,285 children were selected (86.75%), with 8.4% exclusion and 5.2% losses. Protective habits included 77% of infants with appropriate clothing, 90% loosely wrapped, 69% with thin blankets, 98% sleeping in the parents' bedroom, and 56% in the crib. Potentially risky habits included lateral decubitus (92%), use of a pillow (88%), and feet far from the lower edge of the crib (96%). Among low-income families, bed-sharing with other children was significant (p = 0.00). Thus, in a county with a low prevalence of sudden infant death syndrome, infants are exposed to both protective and risk factors, suggesting that in underprivileged populations in developing countries, other risk factors for this syndrome should be considered.

Beds↗
PubMed2006

[Relationship between determining factors for depressive symptoms and for dietary habits in older adults in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that are commonly associated with both the dietary habits of older adults living in the community and depressive symptoms in this group. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data on Mexico City obtained by means of the multicenter study on Health, Well-being, and Aging (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento, SABE) that was carried out in 1999 and 2000. The following variables were examined: presence or absence of depressive symptoms, according to Yesavage's Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS); mental status, as reflected by the score obtained on a modified, shortened version of Folstein's Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE); and functional capacity, as measured by Katz' Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. Those whose score on the shortened MMSE was 12 points or less were asked to respond to the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire, which was used to assess their ability to perform the basic activities of daily living. Information was obtained through self-report on the material, physical, psychological, and social aspects of purchasing, preparing, and consuming food products and of oral health status during the most recent 12-month period. Variables that were significantly associated with the results obtained on the GDS were included in a multivariate regression analysis; several statistical models were created, and variables that were shown to be statistically significant in the stepwise multivariate linear regression were used to determine the best-fitting explanatory model for the results obtained on the GDS. RESULTS: The average age of study participants was 64.4 +/- 8.6 years, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 66%. The score obtained on the GDS showed a significant association with the presence of arterial hypertension (P < 0.01), but not with the self-reported presence of diabetes, neoplasia, stroke, lung disease or heart disease. However, the use of dental prostheses (P < 0.01), urinary incontinence (P < 0.01), and falls (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with the results on the GDS. The intake of milk products, meat, fish, fowl, fruit, and vegetables was significantly lower in the group that had depressive symptoms. An inverse correlation was detected between the score obtained on the GDS on the one hand, and the number of complete meals consumed during the day (P < 0.01) and total fluid intake (P < 0.01) on the other. The determining factors that were most closely associated with these results were, in addition to the presence of arterial hypertension, the presence of cognitive impairment (P < 0.01), difficulty performing the basic activities of daily living (P = 0.03) and the instrumental activities of daily living (P < 0.01), poor mobility (P < 0.01), difficulty using the telephone (P < 0.01), and the self-perception of having poor memory (P < 0.01), of having insufficient resources with which to live (P < 0.01), and of having poor oral health (P < 0.01). These variables explained 31% of the variance seen in the R2 values linked to the SDG variables that were incorporated into the final explanatory model. CONCLUSION: A number of determining factors for depressive symptoms and the results obtained on the GDS resemble the factors that determine poor dietary habits among older adults. The potential existence of common causative mechanisms calls attention to the need for designing interventions aimed at preventing both types of problems and their negative consequences. These results confirm the need to take dietary habits and other parameters into account when studying depression in older adults.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

An assessment of a new reminder therapy technique for ceasing digit sucking habits in children.

Twenty-one digit-sucker children aged 4-12 old years participated in the assessment of a new reminder therapy technique called "long sleeve sleeping gown ". The result of this study indicated that fifteen children (71.4%) out of 21 were able to stop digit-sucking habits after the application of long sleeve's gown during child's bedtime for 6 weeks. The children who failed to cease this digit-sucking habit (28.6%) were found to not accept to complete the trial period or their mothers thought that they were too young to stop the habit. Among the success group no child was reported to return to digit-sucking 3 months after implementation of long sleeves gown.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Health status, life habits, and social background among the JPHC study participants at baseline survey. Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases.

A self-reported questionnaire on the health status, life habits, and social background was conducted at baseline in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (JPHC study). This report presents the outcome of the study regarding past or family history of various diseases, medical treatment, life habits such as physical labor or sports, and social background among study participants. In both cohorts I and II, prevalent past and family history included hypertension, stroke, and cancer, whereas the prevalence of coronary heart diseases was historically low. The prevalence of a past history of hypertension and stroke was higher in the northern part of Japan, Ninohe, and Yokote, and lower in Okinawa, compared to the other districts. The prevalence of participants with a history of stomach cancer and liver cancer was higher in Arikawa than in other districts. The frequency of participants who took medication from doctors ranged from 20% to 30%, higher in the Tohoku areas, and lower in Okinawa compared to the other districts. All districts showed a high rate of over 70% for the participation rate for basic health examination conducted by the local government, The rate was particularly high in the Tohoku area where a high prevalence of a history of hypertension was found. The frequency of persons who had a chance to participate in sports or physical exercise was high in Okinawa and Suita subcohort 2, although the mean total physical activity (both at work and for leisure time) was lowest in the latter subcohort. No substantial differences were found in compositions of personality among districts. The frequency of more active and positive persons, however, was relatively higher in urban areas and lower in Okinawa compared to the other districts. The association between the differences of health status, life habits, and social background and the occurrence of various lifestyle-related diseases will be clarified in a follow-up study within the JPHC study.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The relationship between smoking habits and serum levels of 8-OHdG, oxidized LDL antibodies, Mn-SOD and carotenoids in rural Japanese residents.

This study investigated the relationship between smoking habits and serum levels of 8-OHdG, oxidized LDL antibodies (oLAB), Mn-SOD, and carotenoids. Subjects were 79 males (mean age +/- standard deviation; 62.1 +/- 10.0 years) and 79 females (60.3 +/- 10.3 y) who attended a health examination screening in the town of Hokkaido, Japan. Serum 8-OHdG, Mn-SOD, and oLAB levels were measured by ELISA and serum carotenoids levels were measured by HPLC. Smoking habits were assessed by public health nurses using a questionnaire. Serum 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher in males than in females. On the other hand, serum levels of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin and lutein were significantly lower in males than in females. Serum beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin and lutein were significantly lower in males who were current smokers, compared to non-smokers. Serum 8-OHdG levels were also significantly higher in current smokers. Furthermore, in males, serum oLAB and beta-carotene levels were significantly and negatively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Serum Mn-SOD levels were unrelated to smoking habits in males. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggests that cigarette smoking increases serum 8-OHdG levels and reduces serum levels of oLAB and carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin and lutein in healthy male subjects. Serum levels of 8-OHdG, oLAB, and carotenoids may be useful biomarkers of oxidative conditions affected by smoking.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed2005

Dietary habits and risk of urothelial cancer incidence in the JACC Study.

BACKGROUND: The relationships between dietary habits and urothelial cancer have been discussed in many epidemiologic studies, however, they have not been sufficiently elucidated. In the present study, the associations of dietary habits with the risk of urothelial cancer incidence were evaluated taking into consideration sex, age, and smoking habits. METHODS: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC Study) was planned in the late 1980s as a large-scale cohort study surveying people comprehensively and detailing their lifestyles, and the study subjects were followed up until the end of 1997. Among the total of 110,792 participants, 26,464 men and 38,720 women were in areas where incident cases with cancer were identified. During the observation period, 95 men and 28 women suffered from urothelial cancer. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Increasing age, male gender, and smoking history were all significantly associated with the risk of urothelial cancer. High consumption of pork was significantly associated with the risk. In contrast, high intakes of milk and fresh fish were significantly inversely associated with the risk. High intakes of Chinese cabbage and fruits were also significantly inversely associated with the risk of urothelial cancer. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that high intakes of milk, fresh fish, Chinese cabbage, and fruits have preventive effects against urothelial cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Association of serum carotenoid concentration and dietary habits among the JACC Study subjects.

BACKGROUND: We wished to determine the validity of the association between serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary habits obtained from a food frequency questionnaire in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC Study) for Evaluation of Cancer Risk sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (Monbusho). METHODS: The subjects were 866 male and 569 female controls in nested case-control studies for evaluating the risk of lung, colorectal, and urothelial cancers as parts of the JACC Study. Dietary habits were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and serum samples were obtained at baseline. Serum carotenoid concentrations of frozen-stored sera were measured and compared with the results of the survey. RESULTS: In males, consumption of dairy products, some oily foods, vegetables, fruits, and boiled beans correlated positively with serum carotenoid concentrations, whereas ingestion of boiled rice and sansai (edible wild plants) was negatively correlated with serum carotenoids. In females, only fruit consumption was positively correlated with serum carotenoid concentration, whereas ingestion of butter, sansai, and potatoes were negatively correlated. Some specific associations, between serum lycopene and tomato consumption and between serum beta-cryptoxanthin and ingestion of oranges, were observed in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: In males, serum carotenoid concentrations were slightly associated with intake of foods rich in carotenoids. The lack of associations in females suggests that the food frequency questionnaire did not validly evaluate females' dietary habits concerning carotenoids in the JACC Study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Individual outpatient care versus group education programs. Which leads to greater change in dietary and physical activity habits for obese children?].

OBJECTIVE: To compare two strategies for childhood obesity management: ambulatory assistance (individual) and educational program (in group). METHOD: Children and adolescents from 7 to 13 years of age were selected at random. They were divided into two groups: individually assisted or assisted in groups. An educational program about childhood obesity was created, with monthly meetings that consisted of lectures with parents' participation and group work. Simultaneously, children and teenagers of the other group received individual ambulatory assistance. The program took place for six months. Body composition, eating habits and physical activities were assessed before and after interventions. RESULTS: The sample comprised 38 children and adolescents whose mean age was 9.9 years. The program was more effective in increasing physical activity (p = 0.003), specially walking (p = 0.003), as well as in reducing total cholesterol (p = 0.038). Reduction of body mass index, obesity index and caloric intake was similar in both groups. As for food habits, ambulatory assistance increased the intake of fruits (p = 0.033) and vegetables (p = 0.002) and reduced the amount of French fries and crisps (p = 0.041), while children participating in the program reduced the intake of soft drinks (p = 0.022), sandwiches, pizza and fast food (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Both strategies for handling childhood obesity were favorable to changes in food and physical activity habits. Group assistance was as effective as individual assistance, consolidating it as an alternative for obesity treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The relationship of disordered eating habits and attitudes to clinical outcomes in young adult females with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical outcomes of adolescent and young adult female subjects with type 1 diabetes in relation to the disturbance of eating habits and attitudes over 8-12 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients were recruited from the registers of pediatric and young adult diabetes clinics (including nonattenders) and interviewed in the community. A total of 87 patients were assessed at baseline (aged 11-25 years), and 63 (72%) were reinterviewed after 8-12 years (aged 20-38 years). Eating habits and attitudes were assessed by a semistructured research diagnostic interview (Eating Disorder Examination). RESULTS: Clinical eating disorders ascertained from the interview and/or case note review at baseline or follow-up were found in 13 subjects (14.9% [95% CI 8.2-24.2]), and an additional 7 subjects had evidence of binging or purging, bringing the total affected to 26%. Insulin misuse for weight control was reported by 31 (35.6% [25.7-46.6]) subjects. Overall outcome was poor; serious microvascular complications were common and mortality was high. There were significant relationships between disordered eating habits, insulin misuse, and microvascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Although the cross-sectional prevalence of clinical eating disorders in young women with diabetes is modest, the cumulative incidence of eating problems continues to increase after young adulthood, and this is strongly associated with poor physical health outcomes. The combination of an eating disorder and diabetes puts patients at high risk of mortality and morbidity. Better methods of detection and management are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Dietary habits related to caries development and immigrant status in infants and toddlers living in Sweden.

The purpose of this study was to describe the dietary habits of infants and toddlers living in Sweden with special reference to caries prevalence at 2 and 3 years of age and to immigrant status. The study was designed as a prospective, longitudinal study starting with 671 children aged 1 year. At 3 years, all children were invited to a further examination. A total of 298 individuals, randomly selected from the original group, were also examined at 2 years. The accompanying parent was interviewed about the child's dietary habits. Children with caries at 2 and 3 years of age and immigrant children had, when they were 1 year old, consumed caries-risk products and been given nocturnal meals and sweetened liquid in a feeding bottle more often than caries-free 2- and 3-year-olds and non-immigrant children. Although a great variation in dietary habits was found in infants and toddlers, the use of sugar-containing products is widespread in Sweden even in early childhood.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1999

The development of advanced drinking habits in adolescence--a longitudinal study.

This paper aims at exploring the relations between early risk factors and the development of advanced drinking habits in adolescence. Data were derived from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adjustment. Results confirm earlier findings from longitudinal studies in this field. Three important factors have been identified: significant others, general sociability, and personality/conduct. More important, though, is that results indicate that knowledge about one or two background characteristics is not enough to make predictions of adolescent drinking habits. Rather, it is the ensemble of circumstances that together lead to an increased risk for advanced drinking habits in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving firearm storage habits: impact of brief office counseling by family physicians.

BACKGROUND: Firearm injury is the leading cause of injury-related death among youth and second leading cause of injury-related death overall in the United States. Our objective is to determine the impact of brief office counseling by family physicians on patients' firearm storage habits. METHODS: Of the 1,233 patients who completed the enrollment questionnaire, 156 (13%) reported they had guns in their household and agreed to participate in the study. Postintervention survey instruments were completed by 127 (81%) of participants. Participants received either no counseling, verbal counseling alone, or counseling and a gun safety brochure from their physician. Firearm storage habits were measured at baseline and 60 to 90 days after intervention. RESULTS: At the postintervention interview, 64% of the group receiving verbal counseling and 58% of the group receiving verbal counseling plus written information made a safe change in gun storage compared with 33% of participants in the no-intervention group (P =. 02). A logistic regression model controlling for demographics and gun ownership showed that compared with the no-intervention group, intervention participants were three times more likely to make safe changes. CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians' brief counseling efforts made a significant positive impact in the firearm storage habits of their patients. With a verbal or written recommendation, a significant improvement was observed in firearm storage.

Counseling↗
PubMed2004

Irritable bowel syndrome consulters in Zhejiang province: the symptoms pattern, predominant bowel habit subgroups and quality of life.

AIM: To investigate the pattern of symptoms, predominant bowel habits and quality of life (QOL) by the Chinese version of the SF-36 in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) consulters in Zhejiang province. METHODS: From January 2001 to January 2002, 662 Roma II criteria-positive IBS patients were enrolled by gastroenterologists in 10 hospitals from Digestive Disease Center of Zhejiang (DDCZ). Patients were classified into constipation predominant IBS (IBS-C), diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D) and alternating constipation and diarrhea IBS (IBS-A) according to the predominant bowel habits. All patients were evaluated for the demographic checklists, IBS bowel symptoms, extra-colonic symptoms, and QOL by Chinese version of the SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: (1) Besides abdominal pain, the predominant colonic symptoms were in order of altered stool form, abnormalities of stool passage, abdominal distension and passage of mucus in IBS patients. Also, IBS subjects reported generalized body discomfort and psychosocial problems including dyspeptic symptoms, poor appetite, heartburn, headache, back pain, difficulty with urination, fatigue, anxiety and depression. (2) IBS-C and IBS-A are more common among female patients, whereas male patients experienced more cases of IBS-D. In regards to the IBS symptoms, there were significant differences among IBS subgroups. Abdominal pain (frequency > or =2 days per week and duration > or =1 hour per day) was frequent in IBS-A patients (P=0.010 and 0.027, respectively), IBS-D patients more frequently experienced the passage of mucus, dyspeptic symptoms and anxiety (P=0.000, 0.014 and 0.015, respectively). (3) IBS patients experienced significant impairment in QOL, decrements in QOL were most pronounced in vitality, general health, mental health, and bodily pain. Compared with the general population (adjusted for gender and age), IBS patients scored significantly lower on all SF-scales (P<0.001), except for physical function scale (P=0.149). (4) QOL was impaired in all subgroups, particularly in scales of vitality, general health and mental health. Compared with IBS-D, QOL in IBS-C scored significantly lower on physical function, role physical, general health, role emotional, and mental health scales (P=0.037, 0.040, 0.039, 0.005 and 0.026, respectively). CONCLUSION: Besides colonic symptoms, IBS could cause generalized body discomfort and psychosocial problems. The IBS subgroups based on predominant bowel habits are helpful to identify clinical distinction of the IBS. QOL is significantly impaired in IBS patients. The Chinese version of the SF-36 health survey scales may be a useful measurement of IBS patients.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2000

Health habits of nursing versus non-nursing students: a longitudinal study.

As our culture shifts from a sickness repair system to a health promotion and disease prevention system, nurses need to take more responsibility for practicing positive health behaviors. The problem addressed in this study was "Does exposure to nursing theory content and client interactions make any difference in the regular practice of positive health behaviors in nursing students when compared to non-nursing students?" The purpose of this study was to determine if nursing students practice healthy life styles that would help prepare them to be effective advocates for health promotion and disease prevention. The Health Habits Inventory (HHI) was used in this two-year longitudinal study to compare health habits between 71 nursing and 83 non-nursing students. There was a statistically significant difference between nursing and non-nursing students in time 1 (t = 4.91, p < .001) and time 2 (t = 3.59, p < .001) with nursing students scoring higher in health habits. Nursing students improved significantly from time 1 to time 2 (t = 2.05, p = .021) whereas nonnursing students did not improve (t = .94, p = .175). In specific behaviors, nursing students improved in eating breakfast regularly, performing monthly self breast and testicular exams, reading food labels, wearing seatbelts, and exercising at least three times a week. Implications include the importance of emphasizing self health care in nursing curricula to promote healthy life styles of nursing students who can subsequently become role models in their professional practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Smoking habits among the hospital staff of a General Hospital in northern Greece: a long way for smoke-free hospitals.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the smoking habits of all staff working in a General Hospital, and to examine whether these habits comply with the introduction of a tobacco law in July 2002, where smoking in enclosed public areas, including hospital buildings, has been forbidden in Greece. METHODS: All hospital staff in Serres General Hospital was asked to complete and return a questionnaire about their smoking habits. The questionnaire was voluntary and anonymous. The survey was conducted from October 2003 to January 2004. RESULTS: Six hundred and twenty three (74%) of the 847 members of staff responded; 310 (50%) were current smokers and 313 (50%) were non-smokers of whom 101 (32%) were ex-smokers. The prevalence of current smokers was the highest among nurses (57%) and the lowest among doctors (31%). Male smokers (42%) were outnumbered by female smokers (54%) in all age groups up to the age of 60 years (p<0,01), although the reverse is the trend in Greek population (47% and 29%, respectively). The highest rate of smokers was found at the age group of 31-40 years (60%), while these above sixty years had the smallest (29%). Seventy percent of current smokers had at least one family member who was current smoker vs 49% of non-smokers (p<0,001). The vast majority of smokers (94%) continued to smoke in hospital, of whom 62% smoke more than 5 cigarettes while at work. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of smokers among the health professionals compared to those in the general population would probably have a negative influence on the development, implementation and inspection of workplace smoking bans in Greece. Increased efforts to promote tobacco education and intervention among doctors and nurses and to establish specialist smoking cessation services throughout the National Health Service should be the standard component of antismoking policy for the law to be effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Food habits of women: frequency of food consumption and evaluation of changes in dietary behavior].

OBJECTIVE: To describe present day dietary habits, and how and why they may have changed over the lifetimes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS: 1037 lower middle-class women, resident in Alcobendas (Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain), and born between 1933 and 1953. All the women participating in a Women Health Program organized by the Alcobendas Municipality. RESULTS: 21.9% of the women followed some special type of diet, of whom 53.74% did so because of illness and 28.63% did so in order to slim. The type of diet adopted differed significantly according to age (chi 2 = 11.52, d.f. = 3, p = 0.009). Women under 55 years of age chose their diets fundamentally in order to slim, while the over-55s followed special diets (e.g., low cholesterol, salt-free, and diabetic) for reasons of health. 48.78% of the women in the sample had changed their dietary habits for distinct reasons: migration, marriage, illness, menopause, weight gain, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The change in dietary habits has followed the pattern observed in other industrialized countries, including Spain. Within this general pattern there has also be a trend towards a decrease in the consumption of proteins and simple carbohydrates associated with age and nutrition-related diseases.

Age Factors↗