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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Genetics of Standardbred stallion reproductive performance.

Reproductive performance of 10 Standardbred stallions was related to the probability that the embryo resulting from a given mating would be heterozygous for transferrin or plasma esterase. Fertility, measured by foaling rate per insemination or by foaling rate per year, showed a highly significant regression on the probability of offspring heterozygosity for transferrin and, to lesser extent, for esterase. Substantial differences between stallions in the slope of the regression line and no deficiency of foals homozygous for either protein suggests that the relationship to fertility is indirect, probably a reflection of the amount of outcrossing between lines within the breed. An example of the potential impact of maximizing the probability of foal transferrin heterozygosity on the productivity of an actual farm is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genetic merit for milk production and reproductive success in dairy cows.

The effect of genetic merit for milk production traits - fat, protein and milk yield - in dairy cows on milk production, body condition, blood metabolites, reproductive hormones, feed intake and reproductive performance was studied over a period of 2 years. Cows were grouped into two categories, based on calculated pedigree indices using multiple-trait across country evaluation (MACE). Cows of high genetic merit (HGM, n = 48 in year 1 and n = 46 in year 2) had a mean predicted difference +/- standard deviation for milk production of 475 +/- 76kg. The cows of medium genetic merit (MGM, n = 48 in both years) had a mean predicted difference for milk production of 140 +/- 68kg. The cows calved between January and April, and were offered grass silage ad libitum plus 9kg concentrates per cow per day, irrespective genetic merit, from calving to turnout in March, when they were subjected to one of three grazing systems. Cows were available for rebreeding from late April until late July of each year.High genetic merit cows had higher milk production, incurred greater body condition loss between calving and first service and had lower plasma glucose and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations than medium genetic merit cows. Furthermore, HGM cows had lower first and second service and overall conception rates, and required more services per conception than the MGM cows. Cows that did not conceive to first service were retrospectively compared to those that conceived to first service within each genetic merit group. There were no significant differences between the HGM cows that did not conceive to first service and those that conceived to this service in terms of milk production, body condition score change between calving and first service, feed intake at first service, or in plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) or IGF-1. Medium genetic merit cows that did not conceive to first service lost more body condition between calving and first service than did those that conceived to this service. In the present study, HGM cows had higher milk production and reduced reproductive performance in comparison with MGM cows. However, reproductive performance was not associated with milk production, feed intake or plasma concentrations of glucose, NEFA or IGF-1 between calving and first service, since there were no significant differences in these variates between high or medium genetic merit cows that did not conceive to first service and those that conceived to this service. Therefore, these variates are unlikely to be useful predictors of reproductive performance, under the conditions of the present study.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genetic technologies and the regulation of reproductive decision-making in Australia.

This article provides a critical analysis of the current Australian regulatory landscape at the interface between genetics and reproductive decision-making. The authors argue that a comparative analysis with other countries and international law and a contextual examination of the way law regulates concepts such as disease and health, abnormality and normality is necessary before we can develop appropriate policy and legislative responses in this area. Specific genetic testing technologies are considered including prenatal genetic testing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and inheritable genetic modification. An increasing number of members of the Australian community are using genetic testing technologies when they decide to have a baby. The authors argue that as concepts of disease and health vary among members of the community and the potential to test for traits other than illness increases, a new tension arises between an ethic of individual choice and a role for government in regulating reproductive decision-making.

Abortion, Eugenic↗
PubMed1994

Assisted reproduction in contemporary Jewish law and ethics.

This article recapitulates and extends a discussion of the position of halakhic Judaism (traditional Jewish law and ethics) on various issues that relate to assisted reproduction, including genetic and legal relationships, disposal of untransplanted embryos, embryo tissue research, multifetal pregnancy reduction, preimplantation genetic screening and sex selection and donor gametes.

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed2003

Genetic and behavioural estimates of reproductive skew in male fallow deer.

Populations of fallow deer, in general, have low genetic diversity. Nevertheless, we screened 39 microsatellite loci and identified 20 that were polymorphic and suitable to determine paternity of fallow deer. To date, paternity has been studied for 87, 110 and 152 fallow deer fawns born between 2000 and 2002. Our results confirm the existence of a strong polygynous mating system in our population and confirm that the number of copulations performed by males is globally a good estimator of their reproductive success: males which performed the largest proportion of matings fathered the largest proportion of fawns. Nevertheless, we report some differences between the two measurements of the males' reproductive success: measures of copulatory success underestimated the variance of the males' reproductive success. On average, males whose copulatory score exceeded their paternity had mated with a higher proportion of younger females. Young females may be more likely to lose the conceptus, or their offspring may suffer high postnatal mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Genetic problems associated with artificial reproduction using donor gametes: solutions adopted by CECOS (Centres d'Etude et de Conservations du Sperme].

Artificial reproductions using donor sperms or oocytes are increasing. In this way they offer the doctor the chance of preventing genetic handicaps that cannot be obtained by natural reproduction, and that therefore should be used. To deny this medical power is dangerously nihilistic. The use of this power for eugenic or commercial ends can lead to abuses. Therefore a strict medical protocol is proposed: 1) The use should be exclusively therapeutic and should include the genetic reasons for using a donor gamete in reproduction. 2) The objectives should be defined and the methods that can be employed in the prevention of abnormal genetic inheritance. 3) Research should be carried out into the possible iatrogenic effects of these methods of artificial reproduction.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

Reduced male reproductive capacity in mice with high genetic potential for post-weaning growth.

Male reproductive capacity was examined in 5 lines of mice which differed markedly in mature body weight (30-73 g) due to selection for growth and/or substitution of the high growth gene (hg). Testes weight ranged from 0.75-0.77% of body weight in control lines to 0.33% in the largest mice which had the hg gene in a growth selected background. Both selection for growth and the hg gene in a control background reduced absolute testes size (0.200 and 0.207 g vs 0.236 and 0.228 g in control lines) as well as relative testes size although body weight was increased by at least 50%. Although the combination of growth background and hg gene reduced sperm production per g testis compared to the outbred control, the primary cause of reduced sperm production per mouse in lines containing either the growth background or the hg gene alone was reduced absolute testes size. At 24, but not at 11, weeks of age, the hg gene reduced sperm motility. In these lines, high genetic potential for post-weaning growth was associated with decreased male reproductive capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Genetic aspects of artificial fertilization.

Artificial fertilization protocols were developed to circumvent natural reproduction barriers. Genetically determined barriers were commonly estimated at approximately 30%. This review presents an overview of possible genetic barriers and divides them into four different groups for discussion of their specific aspects. Obviously, genetically determined sterility factors are mostly associated with the phenotype of severe idiopathic male sterility. Before the development of ICSI, the treatment of this patient group showed only a low rate of success. Now many scientists are afraid that ICSI will not only increase this rate of success significantly, but will also increase the rate of genetically determined diseases, including sterility, to ICSI offspring.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1999

Optimizing delivery of genetic merit in subtropical climates through advanced reproductive technologies.

The poultry industry in subtropical climates faces the challenges of climate and variable feed quality, in addition to those challenges encountered in temperate zones. These challenges aggravate the problem associated with the progressive decline in reproductive performance due to genetic selection for growth and yield traits. Heat stress is the major cause of lower fertility in both males and females, regardless of age. Under such situations, nongenetic factors play critical roles in maintaining or increasing reproductive efficiency in broiler breeders. The relatively low cost of skilled labor in subtropical countries enables consideration of artificial insemination for hens in cages or on the floor as an alternative to conventional floor mating, and also identification and culling of males producing few sperm or sperm of inferior quality. Artificial insemination allows extended use of superior males and setting up rooster stud farms. Such operations, plus selection for economic growth and carcass traits in pedigree lines known to tolerate the climate, will be important for continued growth of market share.

Animal Husbandry↗