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PubMed2001

Male catheterization.

The insertion of catheters into male emergency patients is fairly common practice and is associated with a worryingly high rate of infection. Everyday pressures within the department, along with the added stress of resuscitation can result in inappropriately trained or skilled staff undertaking this procedure. The issue of gender and whether female nurses should catheterize male patients may also affect this vulnerable group of patients. Acquiring the psychomotor skills of inserting a urethral catheter is only one part of preparation for practice. Emergency nurses must know when and when not to resort to catheterization. Choosing the type and size of catheter requires careful judgment. What will you do if insertion proves difficult? Prevention of infection is of paramount importance and there are an increasing number of evidence-based sources of information, which are crucial to formulating procedures and informing every day practice. In the pressured surroundings of A&E departments, it is easy to ignore the vulnerability of men requiring catheterization, both from a physical and psychological point of view. Making the effort to explain the procedure, listen to questions and concerns and record relevant details in the notes, will take only a few extra moments. There is no doubt that urinary catheterization is not without complications. It is associated with significant morbidity and occasionally, mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

What women from an Islamic background in Australia say about care in pregnancy and prenatal testing.

OBJECTIVE: to examine satisfaction with care and services in relation to antenatal care and prenatal testing and to present what women say about what can be done better to improve antenatal care for women from an Islamic background. DESIGN: in-depth interviews of women's perceptions and experiences of care received relating to prenatal testing and antenatal care. SETTING: Melbourne Metropolitan Area, Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 15 women of Islamic background who are now living in Melbourne. FINDINGS: in general, women had positive experiences with care relating to antenatal care and prenatal testing in Australia. This is particularly so when they compared care in Australia with that of their own country. However, women indicated several issues of concern where they were dissatisfied and they believed need to be improved for pregnant women from an Islamic background. Firstly, there was a lack of sufficient communication between health care providers and the women. This was not only due to a language problem, but also a lack of cultural appreciation among health care providers. Secondly, women identified the issue of gender of health care providers as important; women stated clearly their need to have female doctors for their care. CONCLUSIONS: the findings of this study have implications for antenatal care and prenatal testing services in Australia and elsewhere. Women provided several suggestions for the improvement of care including the need for sufficient information of prenatal testing and antenatal care and the need for culturally sensitive services. In providing services for women of an Islamic background, it is imperative that health care providers take into account individual women's preferences and personal circumstances and go beyond an assumption based on women's religion and ethnicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Gender, age, and ethnicity in immigration for an Australian nation.

An analysis of Australian immigration policy since the Second World War is presented. The emphasis is on the gender and age of preferred immigrants, rather than on their race or place of birth. "The author proposes that selection of immigrant settlers in Australia since World War 2 has been gendered as well as racialised, often combining particular sexisms with particular racisms and specifying the ways that ethnicity and gender should coexist in immigrants of different age groups. She notes implications for immigrants once in Australia (especially women) of the category under which they have entered the country. And she suggests that a new phase relating immigration to redefinition of the Australian nation, in which the temporary migration of skilled workers is preferred to their permanent migration, may be beginning; a phase whose modes of regulation and outcomes are as distinctively gendered as were those of their predecessors."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Factors associated with oral health-related quality of life in institutionalized elderly.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of institutionalized elderly in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One-hundred-and-fifty-eight subjects from old people's homes were selected (mean 82.8 years). OHRQoL was measured using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP). Denture characteristics (kind and age of denture, retention of removable denture, number of teeth in static occlusion) and general issues (age, gender, education level, and general pain status) were assessed. All factors were subjected to bivariate testing for their effects on the OHIP summary score (OHIP-SC) and to multivariate testing in subjects with removable dentures (n = 128); a linear regression model with backward elimination was used, with OHIP-SC as the dependent variable. RESULTS: In the context of other studies, a median OHIP-SC of 29 indicated highly impaired OHRQoL. According to the bivariate analysis, retention, age of denture, number of teeth in static occlusion, general pain status, and education all exhibited significant influence on OHIP-SC. In the final linear regression model, general pain status, education level, and retention of denture remained at a statistically significant level. The model explained 34% (R2 = 0.34) of the variance of the OHIP-SC. The kind of denture had no significant impact on OHIP-SC. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to other groups, the kind of denture exhibited little impact on OHIP-SC for this highly specific collective. However, there were functional aspects of dentures which seemed to be important. Non-dental factors had a striking effect on OHRQoL.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Risk behaviors, self-efficacy, and AIDS prevention among adolescents.

This study was conducted to investigate risk behaviors and AIDS-preventive variables in high school adolescents. One hundred fifty-two students in Grades 10 through 12 were administered an AIDS-related behavior questionnaire and the Attitudes Toward AIDS Scale-High School Version (ATAS-HS; Goh, 1992). The results indicated that use of alcohol was far more common than other risk behaviors among the respondents. Rates of sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use were significantly lower than those reported in other research. Self-efficacy was significantly related to AIDS-preventive behavioral intentions, perceived knowledge, and measured knowledge about AIDS. Because the AIDS-preventive variables functioned differently in their relationships to sexual practices, the correlations suggest a pattern of co-occurrence between specific behavior intentions and actual AIDS-preventive behaviors (i.e., sexual experience, use of condoms). In addition, significant gender and grade differences were found on selected risk behaviors and AIDS-preventive variables.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

GPs and lesbian women in the consultation: issues of awareness and knowledge.

OBJECTIVE: To study awareness of having lesbian women in the consultation among general practitioners (GPs) and their knowledge of lesbian health-related issues. DESIGN: A mailed questionnaire study using closed and open-ended questions, with an analysis using both quantitative and qualitative methods. SETTING: The city of Göteborg, Sweden. SUBJECTS: GPs working in the city of Göteborg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequencies are presented for closed questions. Open-ended questions are categorised and illustrated by citations. RESULTS: The response rate was 52%, but only 37% were aware of having had any lesbian patients despite many years in practice. Five per cent had ever asked their patients about sexual identity, and most questions concerning social network were put in terms of the heterosexual, nuclear family. Eleven per cent knew of any health issues relevant to lesbian women, but half of all informants declared an interest in learning more. CONCLUSION: Unreflected assumptions of heterosexuality and use of heterosexist concepts may work together in keeping the lesbian patient invisible to health care. Medical education needs to include issues of gender and sexual identity/orientation in the curriculum, and to address the health effects of marginalisation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Why did I get chronic fatigue syndrome? A qualitative interview study of causal attributions in women patients.

OBJECTIVES: To explore causal attributions among women with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). DESIGN: Qualitative study where data from individual semi-structured interviews were analysed according to Malterud's systematic text condensation. SETTING: Bergen, Norway. SUBJECTS: A purposeful sample of eight women aged 25-55, recruited among members of a self-help organization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Accounts of causal attribution for CFS among the informants, focusing on gender. RESULTS: The participants agreed that their way of living could have increased the vulnerability of their resistance resources. Pressure they put upon themselves, workload burdens without subsequent relaxation, emotional conflicts, or preparing for assumed problem-solving were mentioned as gendered dimensions. They presented different explanations regarding potential triggers encountering their fragile immune systems, most often a virus infection. The participants thought women might have a weaker immune system than men, or that CFS was caused by a virus that women are more likely to catch. In their experience, their symptoms were activated when people put pressure on them, such that they might be nervous as to whether they could live up to the demands of their surroundings, and in the case of emotional strain related to family and work. CONCLUSION: More studies are needed exploring hypotheses concerning the complex interplay between molecular predispositions and more or less gendered lifestyle issues in CFS. Doctors need to challenge their strong beliefs regarding medically unexplained conditions, where facts still remain unresolved. Recognizing this, the doctor may provide realistic support and advice, and contribute to the establishment of common ground for understanding and managing the condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

HIV/AIDS in eastern and southern Africa.

"This article reviews some recent key books on HIV/AIDS in Africa. It does so by examining the debates relating to the extent and possible future development of HIV/AIDS referring to the discussions about demographic, economic and social impacts in especially eastern and southern Africa. It explores the so-called doomsday scenarios and addresses themes linked to the important and increasing attention being paid to the gendered aspects of HIV/AIDS."

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Vulnerable adolescent mothers' perceptions of maternal role and HIV risk.

Pregnant adolescents and young mothers living in Los Angeles County are vulnerable to acquiring HIV/AIDS through sexual transmission because they lack the resources, social status, and power to protect themselves. In this article we describe adolescent mothers' (n = 76) responses to an HIV prevention program. The design of the study was based in ethnography, the anthropological tradition of qualitative research. Many of the pregnant teens and young mothers described how the experience of becoming a mother helped empower them to improve their lives. Yet efforts to decrease risky sexual behavior were overshadowed by more immediate concerns and by relationship issues of gender and power and of trust.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Gendered power dynamics and HIV risk in drug-using sexual relationships.

This study illustrates how a sample (n = 63) of Scottish drug-using women's patterns of injecting and needle sharing were strongly influenced by the nature and type of their sexual relationships. Our data shows that 12 out of the 13 drug-using couples were sharing needles and 33 out of 41 drug-using women who had ever been in a sexual relationship with a male injector had been predominately injected by their partner whilst in that relationship. For the most part, these women placed significant importance on and investment in their heterosexual relationships. These dynamics clearly impacted on the women's HIV risk taking and risk management and the implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Destinations unknown: the gender construction and changing nature of the sexual expressions of Thai youth.

This paper discusses qualitative findings from a study of the sexual awareness, lifestyles and related health service needs of young, single factory workers in Thailand. The context of this study is Thailand's growing industrialization, the deepening intensity of the threats to sexual health (especially regarding HIV/AIDS transmission) and the vulnerability of young migrant women. Findings from 18 focus group discussions held with groups of young (15-24) male and female factory workers are outlined with principal reference to the gender construction of sexuality. Key themes explored include attitudes towards courtship, marriage, sexual feelings and arousal, expressions of involvement in pre-marital sexual activities and the consequences of such activity. In conclusion there is some discussion of the implication for young women's sexual health, of the interplay of a measure of pre-marital intercourse and the continuing emotional barriers to effective use of contraception.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

The socio-cultural contexts of sexually transmitted diseases in South Africa: implications for health education programmes.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are widespread in South Africa and contribute to the growing HIV epidemic. As an important step in curtailing the spread of STDs, this study explores STD patients' illness representations within its socio-cultural context, particularly gender relationships. In-depth interviews were conducted with Xhosa- and Zulu-speaking patients in clinics in Cape Town, Western Cape (N = 67) and in rural areas of Kabokweni, Mpumalanga (N = 21) The findings suggest that STD patients' illness representations are reflections of their socio-cultural understanding of disease and of culturally defined gender relations. This, in turn, impacts on their general perceptions of the cause of STDs, their perceptions of the risk of contracting STDs, them entering and using formal and traditional medical treatment and on their ideas of prevention. Thus, healthy behaviours need to be facilitated through multiple educational strategies focusing on an improved understanding of the cause of the STD in its context of gender relations, the development of interpersonal and technical skills, as well as focusing on cues for action.

Attitude to Health↗