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PubMed1999

Nutrient and food intakes in selected subgroups of Belgian adults.

In March 1997, official dietary guidelines were for the first time published in Belgium by the National Council on Nutrition. These guidelines are entirely focussed on nutrient intake and do not translate this information into specific 'food-based' recommendations. In this paper, actual intake data for the adult Belgian population are compared to these guidelines. It is concluded that the overall macronutrient intake pattern in Belgium corresponds to the typical Western so-called affluent diet. As a next step, an attempt is made to outline a conceptual framework for developing food-based dietary guidelines on the basis of existing food consumption databases. For that purpose, nutrient and food intake profiles--percentage of consumers and mean intakes for the total population and for consumers only--are studied for subgroups of the population that do or do not comply to predefined dietary goals for total fat intake, fibre intake, and fruit and vegetable intake. Finally, it is shown with an example that these data can be used as a basis for formulating healthy food recommendations towards the general population in terms of specific foods or food groups to be avoided or to be chosen preferably. The food and nutrient intake data used in this paper are from the BIRNH study (Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health, 1980-1984), the only nationwide food consumption survey on an individual level ever carried out in Belgium.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of flavour of liquid Ensure diet supplement on energy intake in male SD rats.

Outbred male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided with one of the four flavours of the liquid diet, Ensure, in addition to chow pellets, to examine whether differences in flavour lead to differences in energy intake i.e. degree of over-consumption. For half the rats, the Ensure supplement was provided for 14 days and then withdrawn for the final 8 days of the study, whereas the remaining animals were allowed to consume Ensure for 22 days. All four flavours of Ensure, chocolate, vanilla, coffee and asparagus, induced a sustained increase in daily energy intake of approximately 15%. There was an effect of flavour on initial consumption of the Ensure diet, with coffee and asparagus flavours being consumed less avidly than vanilla or chocolate. However, this effect was short-lived. Overall, there was no effect of flavour on body weight gain, energy intake from Ensure, total energy intake, body composition, or measured blood hormones and metabolites. Withdrawal of Ensure resulted in reductions in body weight gain, total energy intake, fat but not lean tissue mass, and concentrations of blood leptin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides, but there was no effect of the flavour of Ensure previously supplied on any of these parameters. The ability of the liquid diet, Ensure, to stimulate long-term caloric over-consumption is not due to its flavouring. Rather, other attributes of Ensure must be more important, such as its intrinsic flavour, liquid formulation, macronutrient composition, and ease of ingestion, digestion and absorption.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition by wheat bran cereals of the development of aberrant crypt foci and colon tumours.

As variation in both type of fibre and its physical properties can influence physiological effects, the effects of different dietary levels (1, 4, 8%, w/w) of unprocessed wheat bran (WB) were compared with those of two of its processed commercial formulations used in breakfast cereals, on the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon tumours in Fischer 344 rats following azoxymethane (AOM) administration. All diets were high in fat (20 g/100 g) and low in calcium (0.2%, w/w). The rats were fed the experimental diets for 2 wk before receiving two sc injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight/wk). 8 wk following the first injection of AOM, five rats per group were killed and the formation of ACF was measured. 23 wk following the first injection of AOM, 12 rats per group were killed and the colon tumour incidence in different dietary groups was measured. The results showed that increasing the dietary concentration of fibre from 1 to 8% (w/w), using all the wheat bran formulations, significantly reduced the number of ACF per rat. None of the diets showed any significant effect on the normal growth of rats. No statistically significant differences were observed between the protective properties of WB and the two commercial formulations under investigation in terms of the reduction of the number of ACF, or in terms of the reduction of the colon adenocarcinoma incidence. The results suggest that wheat bran and its two commercial formulations can offer protection against colon cancer even when they are consumed with a high-fat/low-calcium diet. The addition of any of these formulations of wheat bran fibre is likely to be equally effective in the prevention of colon cancer in human populations that habitually consume high-fat/low-fibre Western-style diets.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of formula composition on hepatic and intestinal drug metabolism during enteral nutrition.

Significant compositional differences in protein and lipid content are present in currently available enteral nutrition preparations. Since variations in dietary protein and/or lipid have previously been shown to produce alterations in liver and gut drug metabolism, effects of five commonly used enteral nutrition regimens on several drug metabolic parameters were assessed in rats. Study formulations included: 1) Vivonex: low protein -no lipid; 2) High Protein Vivonex: normal protein -no lipid; 3) Vital: normal protein -normal lipid; 4) Sustacal: high protein -high lipid; 5) Isocal: normal protein -high lipid. Hepatic and intestinal microsomes were prepared after a continuous 7-day intragastric infusion of one of the formulations, and measurements of cytochrome P-450 content and assays of drug metabolizing activity were performed. No differences in intestinal microsomal cytochrome P-450 content or meperidine demethylase activity were seen among the various alimentation groups. However, significantly decreased amounts of cytochrome P-450 and reduced meperidine demethylase and pentobarbital hydroxylase activity were present in hepatic microsomes of animals receiving the lipid-poor Vivonex and High Nitrogen Vivonex preparations compared to the other alimentation groups. These data suggest that the composition of enteral nutrition formulations may significantly impact on hepatic function and specifically that the presence of lipid in such preparations may be important for maintaining normal levels of hepatic drug metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional support for rabbits using the percutaneously placed gastrostomy tube: a preliminary study.

A feeding-tube gastrostomy technique used in dogs and cats has been adapted to the rabbit. A detailed description of the percutaneous, incisionless placement of a gastrostomy tube using a gastroscope is presented. Management of the feeding tube and the formulation of a liquid diet for rabbits also are described. The percutaneous endoscopical gastrostomy (PEG) tube was used successfully to administer enteral nutritional support to the rabbit.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities, platelet aggregation and serum prostaglandins in rats fed spray-dried milk containing n-3 fatty acid.

Spray-dried milk enriched with n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil or fish oil were fed to rats to study its influence on liver lipid peroxides, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, serum prostaglandins and platelet aggregation. Significant level of alpha linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were accumulated at the expense of arachidonic acid in the liver of rats fed n-3 fatty acid enriched formulation. The linseed oil and fish oil enriched formulation fed group had 44 and 112% higher level of lipid peroxides in liver homogenate compared to control rats fed groundnut oil enriched formulation. Catalase activity in liver homogenate was increased by 37 and 183% respectively in linseed oil and fish oil formulation fed rats. The glutathione peroxidase activity decreased to an extent of 25-36% and glutathione transferase activity increased to an extent of 34-39% in rats fed n-3 fatty acids enriched formulation. Feeding n-3 fatty acid enriched formulation significantly elevated the n-3 fatty acids in platelets and increased the lipid peroxide level to an extent of 4.2-4.5 fold compared to control. The serum thromboxane B2 level was decreased by 35 and 42% respectively in linseed oil and fish oil enriched formulation fed rats, whereas, 6-keto- prostaglandin F1alpha level was decreased by 17 and 23% respectively in linseed oil and fish oil enriched formulation fed rats. The extent and rate of platelet aggregation was decreased significantly in n-3 fatty acids enriched formulation fed rats. This indicated that n-3 fatty acids enriched formulation beneficially reduces platelet aggregation and also enhances the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione transferase.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Does jejunal feeding with a polymeric immune-enhancing formula increase pancreatic exocrine output as compared with TPN? A case report.

This case report compares the pancreatic output with different feeding regimes in a patient who underwent a partial pancreatectomy for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. A postoperative secretin stimulation test demonstrated significant pancreatic reserve. There was no difference in pancreatic exocrine secretion when the patient was fed jejunally with a polymeric immune-enhancing formula or supported with two different formulations of total parenteral nutrition. This result suggests that jejunal infusion of a polymeric immune-enhancing formula may be safe to administer in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy and safety of once-daily nifedipine administered without food: the coat-core formulation compared with the gastrointestinal therapeutic system formulation in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Nifedipine Study Group.

A parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, forced-titration, multicenter study was done to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily nifedipine coat-core (NIF CC) and once-daily nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (NIF GITS) dosed in the fasting state in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Both formulations have been shown to effectively and safely lower blood pressure in placebo-controlled trials. After a 4-week placebo run-in period, 228 patients were randomized to 4 weeks of treatment with either NIF CC 30 mg daily or NIF GITS 30 mg daily. This period was followed by a forced-titration period to nifedipine 60 mg daily for an additional 4 weeks of double-blind therapy. After the 30-mg treatment period (the primary time point), there were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in mean change from baseline in trough supine diastolic blood pressure, the primary efficacy variable (NIF CC patients, -7.0 mm Hg; NIF GITS patients, -8.4 mm Hg; P = 0.139). Also, because the upper bound of the treatment difference confidence interval was < 3.0 mm Hg, equivalence--as defined in the protocol--was established. After the 60-mg treatment period, the change from baseline in trough supine diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater for patients treated with NIF GITS than for patients treated with NIF CC (NIF GITS patients, -12.0 mm Hg; NIF CC patients, -8.4 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Because the upper bound of the confidence interval was > 3 mm Hg, equivalence cannot be claimed. No statistically significant differences were noted for the comparison of mean 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring changes. Both formulations were well tolerated.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Suppression of the bitterness of enteral nutrients using increased particle sizes of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and various flavours: a taste sensor study.

An improved formulation of the enteral nutrient Aminoleban EN (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), has been commercially available since Spring 2004. Like the previous formulation, the improved product contains branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) L-isoleucine (L-Ile), L-leucine (L-Leu), and L-valine (L-Val), but the average particle size of these amino acids has been increased to 180 to 250 microm in the improved formulation, compared with 40 to 90 microm in the old product. The improved formulation has a significantly lower bitterness intensity score than the older formulation, as evaluated both in human gustatory tests and using the artificial taste sensor. We propose that this improved taste masking is due to the larger particle size of the BCAA crystals, due to which their release rates are reduced. The addition of improved flavours has also helped to reduce the bitterness of the improved Aminoleban EN formulation significantly. Analysis of the taste sensor data suggests that the sourness and sweetness of the added flavours were critical in diminishing the bitterness of Aminoleban EN.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗
PubMed2000

An investigation into the efficacy of the pectin based anti-reflux formulation-Aflurax.

The properties of the new pectin-based anti-reflux agent Aflurax (Ferrosan) were studied in vitro and in vivo. Aflurax had a significantly higher in vitro raft strength than the placebo which was matched to the active except for the pectin (4.66+/-2.10 and 0. 22+/-0.04 g, respectively). In the modified Rossett and Rice test, the pectin raft remained above pH 3 for 130 min, whereas the pH in the acid phase remained unchanged. A modification to the stirring speed of the Rossett and Rice test was required to obtain a neutralisation profile for the placebo. The neutralisation profiles for the Aflurax and placebo were the same since both contained 5 mEq of base per tablet. In the in vivo study, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, which either received radiolabelled food and unlabelled formulation, or unlabelled food and radiolabelled formulations. A pH probe was passed naso-gastrically and placed 5 cm from the cardia, and a small gamma detector was placed on the chest wall, coincident with the pH probe. The subjects received the test meal after an overnight fast. The pectin formulation or placebo was administered 30 min later. Each part of the study was performed as a single-blind two-way cross over with the active versus placebo. The reflux of radiolabel and acid was monitored for three hours postprandially. Aflurax reduced the H(+) concentration (total refluxed hydrogen ion index for Aflurax=3.5 x 10(3)+/-2.1 x 10(3), placebo=29 x 10(3)+/-16 x 10(3)) and amount of radiolabelled food reaching the oesophagus (total refluxed count index of food in counts x 1000 min(-1) Aflurax=19.2+/-2.3, placebo=525+/-423). The mean time for which the oesophageal pH fell below pH 4 was 2.58+/-1. 0 and 0.86+/-0.4 minutes for the placebo and Aflurax groups, respectively. The total amount of radiolabelled formulation which reached the oesophagus was 1000+/-660 for the placebo and 621+/-580 for the Aflurax.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Supplementation and delivery of n-3 fatty acids through spray-dried milk reduce serum and liver lipids in rats.

Indian diets comprising staples such as cereals, millets, and pulses provide 4.8 energy % from linoleic acid (18:2n-6) but fail to deliver adequate amounts of n-3 FA. Consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFA such as EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) is restricted to those who consume fish. The majority of the Indian population, however, are vegetarians needing additional dietary sources of n-3 PUFA. The present work was designed to use n-3 FA-enriched spray-dried milk powder to provide n-3 FA. Whole milk was supplemented with linseed oil to provide alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), with fish oil to provide EPA and DHA, or with groundnut oil (GNO), which is devoid of n-3 PUFA, and then spray-dried. Male Wistar rats were fed the spray-dried milk formulations for 60 d. The rats given formulations containing n-3 FA showed significant increases (P < 0.001) in the levels of LNA or EPA/DHA in the serum and in tissue lipids as compared with those fed the GNO control formulation. Rats fed formulations containing n-3 FA had 30-35% lower levels of serum total cholesterol and 25-30% lower levels of serum TAG than control animals. Total cholesterol and TAG in the livers of rats fed the formulations containing n-3 FA were lower by 18-30% and 11-18%, respectively, compared with control animals. This study showed that spray-dried milk formulations supplemented with n-3 FA are an effective means of improving dietary n-3 FA intake, which may decrease the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

An anthology of advances in enteral tube feeding formulations.

This article summarizes several major advances in tube feeding formulas marketed in the United States. It traces the progress in tube feeding formulas, starting with blenderized formulas to commercially available intact-nutrient formulas and culminating in the introduction of the concept of immunonutrition. The impact of packaging is also described.

Drug Packaging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of formulations for parenteral nutrition. Analysis of consumption].

This paper tries to analyze the conditions of utilization of parenteral nutrition mixtures and quality level of its preparation section. And if it is possible we tried to get the relation price-efficacy results. We analyzed clinical practical results microbiological contamination, consumption, and cost.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMed1997

Evaluating and treating nutritional problems in older patients.

Up to 65% of elderly hospitalized patients are protein-energy undernourished at admission or acquire nutritional deficits while hospitalized. For the elderly patient who requires nutritional support therapy, a strategy of intervention should be carefully formulated based on the results of a clinical assessment. While receiving nutritional support, the patient should be monitored carefully for complications and changing metabolic requirements. Modifications to the original regimen should be made to meet the patient's needs as necessary.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis by a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in patients with atopic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, prospective trial.

BACKGROUND: Leukotriene inhibitors and leukotriene-receptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as asthma. A search of the entirety of MEDLINE using the terms diet plus leukotrienes identified numerous studies that have explored dietary-management strategies to reduce leukotriene levels through supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, the search found no studies on the use of combinations of these fatty acids in patients with asthma. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of daily intake of an emulsion (PLT 3514) containing dietary GLA and EPA on ex vivo stimulated whole blood leukotriene biosynthesis in patients with atopic asthma. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, prospective trial in patients with mild to moderate atopic asthma. Patients consumed 10 g PLT 3514 emulsion (containing 0.75 g GLA + 0.5 g EPA), 15 g PLT 3514 emulsion (containing 1.13 g GLA + 0.75 g EPA), or placebo (olive oil) emulsion daily for 4 weeks. Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography, and stimulated whole blood leukotrienes were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection using a diode array detector. RESULTS: Forty-three patients (33 women, 10 men) participated in the study. Leukotriene biosynthesis was significantly decreased in patients consuming 10 or 15 g PLT 3514 compared with placebo (P < 0.05, analysis of covariance). No clinically significant changes in vital signs were observed throughout the study, and there were no significant between-group differences in treatment-emergent adverse events or mean clinical laboratory values. CONCLUSION: Daily consumption of dietary GLA and EPA in a novel emulsion formulation inhibited leukotriene biosynthesis in this population of patients with atopic asthma and was well tolerated.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in healthy adult subjects.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have explored dietary-management strategies for decreasing leukotriene synthesis by inflammatory cells through supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the optimal daily intake, ratios, and formulation of dietary GLA and EPA required to safely reduce leukotriene biosynthesis in healthy individuals, and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of such a formulation. METHODS: Two preliminary trials were conducted to determine the minimum effective levels of GLA and EPA intake needed to reduce leukotriene biosynthesis and prevent increases in plasma arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations. These preliminary trials were followed by a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, escalating-intake inpatient trial of a dietary GLA/EPA emulsion (PLT 3514) in healthy adult subjects. Subjects consumed either 10, 20, or 100 g of the PLT 3514 emulsion (respectively containing 0.75 g GLA + 0.5 g EPA, 1.5 g GLA + 1 g EPA, and 7.5 g GLA + 5 g EPA), or a placebo emulsion containing olive oil daily for 14 days. Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography Stimulated whole blood leukotrienes were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. RESULTS: Thirty subjects were included in the preliminary trials; 47 subjects were enrolled in the escalating-intake trial, of whom 42 completed the study. In the preliminary trials, intake of GLA 1.5 g/d in gelatin capsules decreased the capacity to synthesize leukotrienes but increased plasma levels of AA (both, P < 0.05). Inclusion of 0.25 or 1 g of dietary EPA prevented the increase in plasma AA concentrations. Dietary GLA and EPA showed significantly enhanced bioavailability when consumed in 20 g PLT 3514 emulsion compared with consumption in gelatin capsules (P < 0.05), resulting in a reduction in the amount of intake required to block leukotriene biosynthesis. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that fasting plasma GLA and EPA levels plateaued within 7 days' daily consumption at all levels of intake, whereas the time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was shorter for GLA than for EPA. The Tmax was similar on days 1 and 14 for both GLA and EPA. There were no clinically significant between-group differences in changes in vital signs, mean clinical laboratory values, or abbreviated hematology laboratory tests, or significant differences in the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events between the group consuming up to 20 g/d of the GLA/EPA emulsion and the group consuming placebo. CONCLUSION: Consumption of specific proportions and intake levels of dietary GLA and EPA in a novel emulsion formulation inhibited leukotriene biosynthesis and appeared to be well tolerated in this population of healthy adult subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Safety and tolerance of medical nutritional products as sole sources of nutrition in people on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: Establish and compare the safety and tolerance of three medical nutritional products when used as sole sources of nutrition in stable hemodialysis patients. DESIGN: Prospectively randomized, controlled, single blind, parallel design. SETTING: Three outpatient hemodialysis clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-nine normally nourished, stable, anuric, adequately dialyzed, adult outpatients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and requiring thrice weekly hemodialysis. INTERVENTION: A 3-week trial was conducted. During the first week, baseline medical history and physical examination, gastrointestinal symptom, urea kinetic, bowel habit, and biochemical data were collected while participants ingested their usual diet. During the last 2 weeks, the same data were collected while participants orally ingested 35 kcal/kg actual weight/d of one of three medical nutritional products as a sole source of nutrition. Products were a standard medical nutritional (EN-9527) and two renal nutritionals (EN-9528 and EN-9529). The latter product was a reformulation of EN-9528 and contained added beta-carotene and fructooligosaccharides. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gastrointestinal symptoms, bowel habits (stool frequency and consistency), routine blood chemistries, urea kinetics, and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) RESULTS: All three groups achieved a mean energy and protein intake of approximately 35 kcal/kg/d and 1.25 g protein/kg/d during the last 10 days of the sole source feeding period. Adherence with the formula ingestion targets was assessed using both a patient-completed product consumption log and nPCR. By intent to treat analysis, there were no changes in number or severity of gastrointestinal symptoms, stool frequency or stool consistency, or urea kinetics between the baseline week and during product consumption. In comparison to the standard formulation, the disease-specific formulations resulted in improved serum phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product. Patients receiving the fructooligosaccharide-containing product (EN-9529), by Chi-squared analysis, had less constipation than for the comparable product without oligosaccharides (EN-9528) or the standard medical nutritional (EN-9527). CONCLUSION: Use of enteral nutritionals as a sole source of nutrition is both possible and well tolerated in hemodialyzed patients. Selection of a disease-specific formulation offered advantages over a standard formulation in the management of biochemical complications of renal disease when the products were used as a sole source of nutrition.

Blood Urea Nitrogen↗