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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Immunoreactivity in pulmonary echinococcosis. 2. Evaluation of antibody response.

The part played by certain factors in determining the antibody response in pulmonary echinococcosis has been studied. Five immunodiagnostic procedures were used-complement fixation, latex agglutination, bentonite flocculation, passive haemagglutination, and intradermal tests-and parasitological and pathological examinations were carried out. The number of hydatid cysts had only a small influence on the qualitative nature of the immune response while the quantitative effect was considerable. The immune response did not vary significantly in relation to the size of hydatid cysts but it was affected by changes within the cysts and the surrounding lung tissue. In patients with cysts full of clear hydatid fluid the proportions with negative results and relatively low antibody titres were highest. In these patients the size of hydatid cyst appeared to be significant-the smaller the size, the lower the antibody level. The immune response is weak or completely absent when the hydatid cyst has a thick fibrous capsule. When suppurative changes are present in the hydatid fluid and/or in the fibrous capsule, and when there is inflammatory involvement of the surrounding lung tissue an easily detectable immune response may be seen at an early stage, sometimes even with a high antibody level, but later it usually decreases and may disappear completely. A hypothesis for the explanation of immunological reactivity in pulmonary hydatid disease is discussed.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1995

Introduction of flocculation into industrial yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae saké, by protoplast fusion.

Protoplast fusion was applied to obtain intraspecific fusion in yeast strains in order to overcome restrictions imposed by the natural mating system. Acriflavine was used to construct petite mutants from non-flocculent industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae saké strain. UV radiation was used to construct ura- mutants from a respiratory competent and highly flocculent S. cerevisiae NCYC869 strain. Fusion products were selected by complementation on minimal medium. The frequency of appearance of prototrophic hybrids was five per 10(5) protoplasts. The stable hybrids showed not only the S. cerevisiae saké characteristics but also flocculation ability, thereby confirming the success of the fusion.

Cell Fusion↗
PubMed1980

A quantitative enzyme immunoassay for IgM rheumatoid factor using human immunoglobulin G as substrate.

A quantitative "sandwich" enzyme-immunoassay for IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) using human immunoglobulin G as substrate covalently bound to small plastic discs is described. The findings indicate that it is a simple, sensitive, reproducible, and specific method for measuring RF activity. Test results are reported in IU/ml on the basis of the World Health Organization reference RF serum, permitting standardized reporting of this determination between laboratories using this method. Interassay and interlaboratory variability of results are less than 7%. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results correlated well with those found by latex and bentonite flocculation titrations. A number of ELISA RF-positive specimens that were latex-negative and/or Waaler-Rose-negative were confirmed positive by inhibition of the assay with soluble aggregated human IgG, but not with nonaggregated human IgG. Comparison was made between ELISA RF results when using goat or human IgG as substrate. Human IgG was usually more reactive with RFs than was goat IgG.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

The effect of hyperimmunization with Neisseria gonorrhoeae on the presence of gonococcal antibody in serum, tissues, and secretions of the rabbit.

Antibody responses in sera, tissues, and secretions of the urogenital tract and lower respiratory tract of rabbits hyperimmunized with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined. Antibody was detected by passive hemagglutination, whole-cell agglutination, bentonite flocculation, and in some cases immunodiffusion-in-gel. Immunization of rabbits either intravenously or intramuscularly resulted in the presence of gonococcal antibodies in the sera, spleens, and tissue of the urogenital tract (vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes). Gonococcal antibody was also found in secretions bathing the mucosa of the urogenital tract and lower respiratory tract. Antibodies were not detected in sera, tissues, and secretions of non-immunized rabbits. The spleen was shown to synthesize gonococcal antibody in vitro in response to hyperimmunization. Tissues of the urogenital tract did not appear to synthesize gonococcal antibody thus suggesting and antibodies present in secretions of the urogenital tract were derived mainly from serum.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2004

Preparation of polyelectrolytes for wastewater treatment.

Liquid-phase polymerisation of acrylamide-acrylic acid to form polyelectrolytes used in wastewater cleaning was examined using accelerated electron beam and microwave irradiation methods. Polymerisation was carried out in aqueous solutions at temperatures approximately 60 degrees C. Monomers total concentration was established at 40% (36% acrylamide and 4% acrylic acid). Only using the features of simultaneous radiation-induction and microwave heating can result in the formation of linear polymer chains with good water solubility and low residual monomer concentration. The flocculation capacity of the obtained polymers was tested using two wastewaters, one sampled from a slaughterhouse and the other from a vegetable oil plant. Quality indicators such as total suspended matters (TSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and fat, oils and grease (FOG) were measured before and after the treatment with polymeric flocculants and compared with the results obtained in classical treatment with Al(2)(SO(4))(3). It was found that the combined treatment with polymers and Al(2)(SO(4))(3) increases the degree of purification of both wastewaters up to 99%.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of commercial beef extracts and similar materials for recovering viruses from environmental samples.

Microbiological- and food-grade beef extracts, protein hydrolytic, enzymatic and autolytic digestion products, and whole protein materials were examined for their potential effectiveness for eluting adsorbed enteroviruses from membrane filters with observed efficiencies ranging from less than 1 to 69%. Concentration of enteroviruses from solutions of these protein and protein-derived products by organic flocculation ranged in efficiency from 2 to 125%. Both elution and concentration were dependent upon virus type, as well as nature, source, and production lot of the material being tested. Determining the efficiency of virus concentration was complicated by virus aggregation and apparent virus inactivation by low pH. Effectiveness of concentrating viruses by organic flocculation from solutions prepared with the various test materials seemed independent of the amount of precipitate produced during the flocculation procedure. Quality assurance tests were proposed by which solutions prepared from beef extracts, whole protein, and protein-derived materials could be evaluated for use in eluting adsorbed viruses from membrane filters and for concentrating viruses by organic flocculation. Food-grade beef extract seemed equal to microbiological-grade beef extract in terms of both virus elution and concentration. Several of the nonbeef extract materials evaluated were as effective as beef extract for virus concentration, but were less effective for virus elution.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1975

Studies of immunoglobulins, bentonite flocculation and IgE, IgG and IgM antibodies in serum from patients with trichinosis.

Serial serum samples were obtained from two patients from a family of four who ingested raw pork at a known time and in whom trichinosis developed. Single and occasionally two serum samples were obtained from other patients with proved trichinosis. Studies of these serum samples showed that elevations of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels do occur but not in all serum samples and that even when these levels are elevated, they are not high enough to be of diagnostic value. This is also true for serum immunoglobulin M (IgM). Using a solid phase radioimmunoadsorbent test, IgE, IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in the serums. The IgE antibody activity appeared early but was not present in all samples. The IgM antibody activity appeared later than the IgE and IgG antibody activity, and there was a statistically significant correlation between IgM antibodies as determined by radioimmunoassay and the bentonite flocculation titers suggesting that the bentonite flocculation is due to IgM antibody. IgM antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay were positive in all serum samples from patients with trichinosis except for a sample obtained 3 days after the onset of symptoms. The early increase in IgG antibodies and the occurrence of these antibodies in all serum samples obtained more than 3 days after onset of symptoms suggest a potential diagnostic use if serial samples are available early in the course of the disease.

Bentonite↗
PubMed2005

Coagulation-flocculation pretreatment of a partially stabilized leachate from a sanitary landfill site at Alhendin (Granada, Southern Spain).

Leachate recirculation, biological, and physicochemical treatment processes are used to treat leachate landfill, but all treatment technologies seem to need a combination of two or more methods to obtain an effluent with suitable properties to eliminate environmental problems. In spite of the considerable literature focused on the coagulation-flocculation applied to landfill leachate before biological treatments, most investigations are developed to study different operating variables as leachate characteristics, type, and concentrations of chemical products applied. Two ferric coagulants (ferric chloride and Ferriclar), two aluminum coagulants (PAX-18 and SAL-8.2), an organic coagulant and flocculant (Chemifloc PA-15), several anionic flocculant (Chemifloc A05.L, A10.L, A20L, and A30.L), and a non-ionic flocculant (Chemifloc N01) were used in jar-test experiments to determine the best conditions for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total solids (TS) from a partially stabilized leachate collected at a sanitary landfill site at Alhendín (Granada, Southern Spain). The organic coagulant-flocculant PA-15 showed highest (17%) COD and TS removal efficiencies at a concentration of 2 mL/L. All combinations of coagulants and flocculants enhanced the COD removal efficiency. The best results (more than 25% COD removal) were obtained with a combination of ferric or aluminum-based salts in combination with high molecular weight flocculants.

Flocculation↗
PubMed2003

Coagulation-flocculation pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachates.

Sanitary landfill leachates are considered as heavily polluted industrial wastewaters, presenting significant time and spatial variations of their physical-chemical parameters. Special care is required for their efficient treatment and disposal. The main aim of this work was to examine the application of coagulation-flocculation for the treatment of raw and partially stabilized leachates. Jar-test experiments were employed in order to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of organic matter and color, i.e. coagulant-flocculant combination, effective dosage and pH control. Ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate and lime were tested as conventional coagulants, whereas four commercial polyelectrolytes were co-examined: one anionic, two cationic and a non-ionic polymer. High chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal capacities (about 80%) were obtained during the addition of ferric chloride to the partially stabilized leachates, whereas low COD reductions (i.e. lower than 35%) were measured during the addition of coagulants in the raw samples. The addition of polyelectrolytes and pH adjustment in the alkaline region were found to affect slightly the removal of pollutants. The physico-chemical process may be used as a useful pretreatment step, especially for fresh leachates, prior to biological treatment, or as a post-treatment (polishing) step for partially stabilized leachates.

Alum Compounds↗