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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Motivation and ability to walk for a food reward in fast- and slow-growing broilers to 12 weeks of age.

Poor physical abilities of broilers may prevent them from performing behaviours for which they are motivated. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of physical ability and motivation on the performance of broilers in short physical tasks. We tested birds from a fast- and a slow-growing broiler strain in a runway to 12 weeks of age. To manipulate motivation, half of the birds of each strain was feed deprived for 3h and the other half for 24h before testing. Each bird was tested in a control and a slalom runway test once a week. With a similar motivation, slow growers had a shorter latency to start walking and walked faster through the runway than fast growers in both tests. In fast growers walking speed decreased faster with age than in slow growers. Slow growers vocalised more in both tests. In the slalom test, 24h deprived birds vocalised more than 3h deprived birds. Although the fast and slow growers have a different genetic background, the results indicated that motivation is the dominant determinative factor for walking in birds with a low body weight, while physical ability is the dominant determinative factor for walking in birds with a high body weight.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gastrin level in the blood serum fasting and after food intake in peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis with secretory failure].

Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the blood gastrin content in 45 patients and 14 healthy individuals. Examination was performed on an empty stomach and 20 and 40 minutes after trial breakfast. It was established that after the trial breakfast (35 g protein, 50 g fat, and 70 g carbohydrate) the greatest increment in the gastrin content, as compared to normal, was recorded in increased acid-forming gastric function (peptic ulcer with ulcer site in the duodenum). In patients with decreased acid production (peptic ulcer with ulcer site in the stomach, chronic gastritis with secretory failure), the gastrin content after the trial breakfast was lower than in healthy individuals and in duodenal ulcer patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Fast profiling of food by analytical pyrolysis.

The analytical application of direct pyrolysis (Py) field ionization (FI)-mass spectrometry (MS) und Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/FIMS) to various whole foodstuffs is described for the first time. The former technique yields highly differentiated information from the sample in typically 15 min, namely the molecular weight distribution of released volatiles and pyrolysis products in a single spectrum which, owing to the good reproducibility and high significance of the resulting data, has previously been shown to be suitable for the application of chemometric methods. Such mass spectral peaks are further characterized and assigned by high resolution mass measurement and/or by electron ionization after Curie-point pyrolysis and gas chromatographic separation of the components. In this first report, typical results are presented for ground roasted coffee, rosehip tea, wheatmeal biscuit, chocolate drink powder and milk chocolate. The FI mass spectrum obtained from the latter sample is compared with those obtained using the complementary soft ionization techniques of chemical ionization (CI) and direct chemical ionization (DCI).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Variability of water content of lean tissue of pregnant and nonpregnant rats and its effect on body fat estimation.

In humans, body fat is often estimated from body water. Measurements of the body water and estimates of the percent water in the lean tissue (WLT) are used to calculate the lean tissue which is then subtracted from body weight to estimate the quantity of body fat. The reliability of this method and the effect that pregnancy, obesity, fasting, and food restriction have on the body fat estimate derived from the mean WLT were assessed. Pregnant and nonpregnant rat carcasses were analyzed gravimetrically for water and for hexane extractable fat and the WLT was calculated. Mean WLT values differed significantly in pregnant and nonpregnant groups. In pregnant animals, prior food restriction or fasting significantly lowered the mean WLT. Estimates of individual fat content derived from the appropriate mean WLT varied from 63 to 332% of assay values. Thus body fat estimates derived from the mean WLT may be very inaccurate, particularly in fasted individuals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

IgG4 FAST test in food allergic individuals: preliminary results.

We feel that one, the double blind oral food provocation protocol offers a reliable, realistic and objective method to make an observation and correlation of specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies to food allergy; second, these preliminary results thus far suggest a lack of "correlation" between history and skin tests, although there appears to be a better "correlation" between history and in vitro tests; third, these studies demonstrate a lack of "correlation" between skin tests and the presence of specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies to milk; and fourth, in spite of the positive symptom scores of the subjects, there was no direct relation between the numerical values of specific IgE and IgG4 milk antibodies to the oral milk provocation results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Blood levels of insulin and growth hormone during exercise test in obese patients with normal glucose tolerance and with diabetes mellitus after food intake and fasting].

Ten obese patients with normal glucose tolerance, 11 obese with type II diabetes and 15 normal non-obese controls were studied. The submaximal exercise test was made before fasting in all the mentioned 3 groups of patients and in the obese patients after a 10 days fast. The exercise on normal diet did not cause any changes in serum insulin in all groups. The growth hormone secretion, however, rose in all the groups studied. Fasting did not modify the insulin secretion following the exercise in both groups of the obese. The growth hormone secretion, exercise stimulated, was elevated by fasting as well in the obese with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. We believe that a marked energetic deficit due to exercise on fasting may supplement the deficit of the growth hormone which usually occurs in obesity. This might be therapeutically usefull in treating obesity in selected cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of epidural morphine and epidural bupivacaine on gastroduodenal motility during the fasted state and after food intake.

The effects of a thoracic epidural analgesia with morphine or bupivacaine on gastroduodenal motility during the fasted state and after food intake were evaluated in healthy volunteers. Nine volunteers were studied on two occasions, separated by at least 2 weeks, and were randomly allocated to receive either epidural morphine or epidural bupivacaine at the T6-T7 level on each occasion. Gastroduodenal motility was measured by manometry. Acetaminophen absorption was used as an indirect measure of the rate of gastric emptying and orocecal transit time was determined by use of the hydrogen breath test after ingestion of raffinose. During the control measurements, before the epidural analgesia, there were no differences in gastroduodenal pressure activity between the morphine and bupivacaine groups. Compared to epidural bupivacaine, epidural morphine significantly changed the pressure activity with a higher number of contractions in the duodenum, both during the fasted state and after food intake. Retrograde pressure activity was seen in the duodenum after epidural morphine but not after epidural bupivacaine. There were no significant differences in the pressure activity in the stomach after epidural morphine compared to epidural bupivacaine. Gastric emptying was delayed and orocecal transit time prolonged after epidural morphine. This study in volunteers showed that epidural morphine, compared to epidural bupivacaine, significantly changed the gastroduodenal motility, both during the fasted state and after food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Optimization and evaluation of low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the fast analysis of multiple pesticide residues in a food commodity.

A fast method of analysis for 20 representative pesticides was developed using low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LP-GC-MS). No special techniques for injection or detection with a common quadrupole GC-MS instrument were required to use this approach. The LP-GC-MS approach used an analytical column of 10 m x 0.53 mm I.D., 1 microm film thickness coupled with a 3 m x 0.15 mm I.D. restriction capillary at the inlet end. Thus, the conditions at the injector were similar to conventional GC methods, but sub-atmospheric pressure conditions occurred throughout the analytical column (MS provided the vacuum source). Optimal LP-GC-MS conditions were determined which achieved the fastest separation with the highest signal/noise ratio in MS detection (selected ion monitoring mode). Due to faster flow-rate, thicker film, and low pressure in the analytical column, this distinctive approach provided several benefits in the analysis of the representative pesticides versus a conventional GC-MS method, which included: (i) threefold gain in the speed of chromatographic analysis; (ii) substantially increased injection volume capacity in toluene; (iii) heightened peaks with 2 s peak widths for normal MS operation; (iv) reduced thermal degradation of thermally labile analytes, such as carbamates; and (v) due to larger sample loadability lower detection limits for compounds not limited by matrix interferences. The optimized LP-GC-MS conditions were evaluated in ruggedness testing experiments involving repetitive analyses of the 20 diverse pesticides fortified in a representative food extract (carrot), and the results were compared with the conventional GC-MS approach. The matrix interferences for the quantitation ions were worse for a few pesticides (acephate, methiocarb, dimethoate, and thiabendazole) in LP-GC-MS, but similar or better results were achieved for the 16 other analytes, and sample throughput was more than doubled with the approach.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed2003

Fasting-induced increases in food hoarding are dependent on the foraging-effort level.

Two strategies that have evolved to help animals meet energy demands are increases in body fat and in hoarded food. Reliance on each varies, but both are characterized by energy stored in excess of current demands for future use. Fasted Siberian hamsters decrease their lipid stores and, upon refeeding, food hoarding rather than food intake increases. Here, we tested the effect of foraging-effort level on fasting-induced increases in food hoarding and whether decreases in total body fat or individual fat pad masses were associated with the hoarding increases. This was accomplished by housing female Siberian hamsters in a foraging/hoarding system where they earned food pellets upon completion of a programmed number of wheel revolutions (10, 75 or 200 per 75-mg pellet), or had no foraging requirement (free food and an active or blocked running wheel). After baseline, half the hamsters in each group were food deprived for 32 h and then refed (control hamsters were killed after the fast without refeeding). Fasted-refed hamsters increased foraging and food hoarding, especially at the lowest foraging effort, but not food intake, with few exceptions. These responses became progressively smaller as foraging effort increased. Fasting induced similar losses in carcass lipid across foraging efforts, but the lipid loss was not uniform across the fat pads and was not clearly related to hoard size. Collectively, the fasting-induced, increased food hoarding may be triggered by an overall change in energy metabolism rather than by a general or fat-pad-specific decrease in lipid stores.

Adipose Tissue↗