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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Ultrasonic evaluation of biomechanical properties of the interosseus membranes of the forearm. I. Selection of a quality index].

In the article is presented the echographic semiotics of the forearm interosseous membrane, based on the results of 10 forearm examinations. Qualitative echographic parameters, describing the forearm interosseous membrane geometry in different biomechanical situations, have been analysed. It has been determined that the ultrasound echography permits to visualize for certain the forearm interosseous membrane. As the criteria of the membrane geometry can be used such indicators as its area and profile height. Ultrasound echography permits to detect interosseous membrane tissue strain in case of forearm rotation and external compression in interosseous space, due to which its elasticity is evaluated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of forearm vascular and catecholamine responses of hypertensive patients to baroreceptor stimulation.

The relationship between changes in forearm vascular hemodynamics and plasma catecholamine levels during the performance of the Valsalva maneuvre by pretrained hypertensive patients was examined. Eleven mild to moderate hypertensives (supine diastolic pressures from 95 to 105 mmHg), experienced in the consistent performance of the Valsalva maneuvre, had their previous medications withdrawn over a period of one week and were then administered placebo twice daily for the next four weeks. At the end of this period, and 3 h after the last dose of placebo, each patient had a retrograde catheter inserted into an antecubital vein followed by a 30 min rest period in the supine position. Blood was sampled for resting catecholamine determination, followed by measurement of resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures together with forearm bloodflow. Each patient then performed the Valsalva maneuvre (40 mmHg, 40 s) with continuous recording of heart rate. Forearm bloodflow was again recorded after 25 s of straining while blood was sampled at the point of bradycardia after straining. During a duplicate Valsalva maneuvre, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded after 30 s of straining. All patients exhibited the appropriate heart rate responses to the Valsalva maneuvre (resting 76 +/- 15 beats/min; tachycardia 101 +/- 13, P less than 0.001; bradycardia 65 +/- 18, P less than 0.01). Forearm bloodflow was reduced (P less than 0.001) during the maneuvre while mean arterial pressure (P less than 0.001), forearm vascular resistance (P less than 0.001), plasma noradrenaline (P less than 0.001) and adrenaline (P less than 0.05) levels were all increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of regional vascular tone: the role of angiotensin conversion in human forearm resistance vessels.

Inhibition of the action of endothelially-located angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in blood vessels of the human forearm was studied using enalaprilat, the active metabolite of the prodrug enalapril. In a dose of 5 micrograms/min enalaprilat inhibits arteriolar vasoconstriction in response to angiotensin I (Ang I) and enhances vasodilation in response to bradykinin. At this dose enalaprilat had no effect on resting forearm blood flow, or on the reduction in forearm blood flow in response to application of lower body negative pressure, in subjects with normal sodium intake. Following sodium depletion, however, enalaprilat produced an increase in resting forearm blood flow compared with the response in the same subjects under normal-sodium conditions. It appears that local ACE within forearm resistance vessels of healthy volunteers is unlikely to play an important role in regulation of local vascular tone in the sodium-replete state. However, in sodium-depleted subjects, and perhaps also in other circumstances where circulating concentrations of Ang I are elevated, local ACE may significantly affect vascular tone.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Forearm haemodynamics in obese normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

Forearm haemodynamics using pulsed Doppler flowmetry were studied in 83 men: 15 non-obese and eight obese normotensive subjects; 30 non-obese and 30 obese hypertensive patients. Mean ages were similar in the four subgroups. The blood pressure of normotensives and hypertensives was identical in obese and non-obese subjects. Blood flow, expressed in ml/min, was significantly higher in obese subjects, whether normotensive or hypertensive. However, when blood flow was expressed per unit litre of forearm volume, it was similar in the four subgroups. Forearm vascular resistance, whether expressed as absolute or normalized values, was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in non-obese hypertensives. When obese and non-obese hypertensives were compared, the former were characterized by higher values of blood flow velocity and blood flow, and lower values of vascular resistance, whether absolute or normalized values were used. This study shows firstly that forearm vascular resistance in hypertensives is increased exclusively in non-obese subjects, and secondly that obese hypertensives, when compared with non-obese hypertensives, are characterized by a hyperkinetic forearm circulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Regional hemodynamics of the forearm. Comparison between obese and non-obese hypertensive patients].

Forearm hemodynamics using pulsed Doppler flowmetry were studied in 83 men: 15 non-obese and 8 obese normotensive subjects; and 30 non-obese and 30 obese hypertensive patients. Mean ages were similar in the four subgroups. The blood pressure of normotensives and hypertensives was identical in obese and non-obese subjects. Blood flow expressed in ml/mn was significantly higher in obese subjects whether normotensive or hypertensive. However, when blood flow was expressed per unit liter of forearm volume, it was similar in the four subgroups. Forearm vascular resistance, whether expressed as absolute of normalized values, was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in non-obese hypertensives. When obese and non-obese hypertensives were compared, the former were characterized by higher values of blood velocity and blood flow, and lower values of vascular resistance, whether absolute or normalized values were used. The present study shows that: (i) forearm vascular resistance in hypertensives is increased exclusively in non-obese subjects, and (ii) obese hypertensives, when compared with non-obese hypertensives, are characterized by a hyperkinetic forearm circulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Use of the free forearm flaps in cervicofacial surgery. Apropos of 5 cases and review of the literature].

The free fasciocutaneous forearm flap has been described only recently. Five cases of pharyngeal or oral repair with a forearm flap (FAF) are reported and used as a basis to discuss anatomical features and the technique used for removal of the flap. The relevant literature is reviewed. The FAF appears to be the flap of choice for reparative surgery of pharynx or mouth regions in oncology, the principal advantages of this flap being: fineness, flexibility and plasticity of the skin, reliability and lack of morbidity, and function effectiveness with respect to phonation and feeding. Indications for forearm and myocutaneous flaps in oncology of upper respiratory and digestive tracts are assessed critically, other indications for the forearm flap being cutaneous repair of cervicofacial lesions due to tumor or injury. The forearm flap is of pronounced value for cervicofacial repair surgery and constitutes a new step in the plastic conception of these repair procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Forearm vascular responses in normotensives and hypertensives after sublingual nifedipine.

Some hemodynamic variables of ten untreated hypertensives and nine normotensives were compared before and at 10, 30, and 60 min after nifedipine 10 mg sublingually. Serum nifedipine concentration was measured at each of these times, and was similar between groups. Resting forearm venous compliance did not differ between groups, and did not change after nifedipine. Nifedipine did not change mean arterial pressure significantly, but heart rate was increased in both groups. Resting forearm blood flow was significantly higher in hypertensives than normotensives and forearm vascular resistance was correspondingly lower. Forearm blood flow increased and vascular resistance fell after nifedipine in normotensives, but did not change significantly in hypertensives. Our data do not suggest any effect of nifedipine on peripheral venous compliance. We do not confirm the reported decrease in forearm venous compliance in hypertensives, but the characteristics of blood flow, vascular resistance, and lack of effect of nifedipine on blood pressure likely reflect a predominance of early hypertensives in our study population.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

[Experimental study on rotation of the forearm--functional anatomy of the interosseous membrane].

In an attempt to elucidate the function of the interosseous membrane of the forearm, the anatomy of the interosseous membrane and the kinematics of the forearm during pro-supine movement were studied. Results and Conclusions; The rotation axis coincides with the line drawn from the ulnar head to the radial head. The motion of the radius is an arc of a circle about it. At one-fourth the length of the forearm from the distal end, the axis coincides with the edge of the interosseous border of the ulna. The most prominent fibers of the interosseous membrane are those being attached to this part. Therefore, tension of these most prominent fibers is constant. The interosseous membrane of the forearm apparently shows a structure meeting the needs for stabilizing two bones, transmitting thrusts and giving the origin to the muscles without interfering with the pro-supine movement of the forearm.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Forearm vasoconstrictor response to ouabain: studies in patients with mild and moderate essential hypertension.

The dependence of arteriolar vasoconstrictor tone on the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase was studied in 17 normotensive subjects (NT) and 28 patients with essential hypertension (EH) by measuring the response in forearm blood flow and vascular resistance to intraarterial infusion of the Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain. Basal plasma aldosterone concentrations were elevated in mild (n = 14) and moderate (n = 14) EH patients as compared with NT (p less than 0.001 for both) and correlated positively with intraarterial diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.551, p less than 0.001). Ouabain in incremental doses of 0.4-16 micrograms/100 ml tissue induced a vasoconstrictor response in the forearm with a maximal effect to 8 micrograms/100 ml tissue, which was not associated with an increase in regional noradrenaline release. The vasoconstrictor response to ouabain, 8 micrograms/100 ml, expressed as the percentage change in the ratio of forearm vascular resistance (FR) on the experimental side versus the control side, was 29.6 +/- 6.8% in NT (p less than 0.001); 51.9 +/- 8.4% in mild EH (p less than 0.001), and 36.0 +/- 12.7% in moderate EH (p less than 0.05). The vasoconstrictor response was greater (p less than 0.05) in patients with mild EH than in NT but did not differ in NT and patients with moderate EH. Vascular reactivity in the forearm, as assessed by intraarterial infusions of noradrenaline (3, 8, and 20 ng/min/100 ml tissue), did not differ in NT (n = 9) and patients with mild (n = 9) or moderate (n = 9) EH. The results suggest increased activity of arteriolar Na+,K+-ATPase in mild EH, which may represent a mechanism counteracting an accumulation of intracellular sodium and thereby an early increase in forearm vascular resistance (FR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Forearm flap with its various possibilities of application].

The authors describe the different possibilities of the forearm flap as a free and pedicle flap. The forearm flap is arterialized by the A. radialis, the venous outflow goes through the Venae comitantes of the A. radialis or the big veins of the forearm (V. cephalica and basilica). Sensation can be preserved through the three cutaneous forearm nerves. The advantage of the flap is based on the constant anatomy, the big vessels and nerves, the quality and quantity of the forearm skin as well as the relatively thin layer of subcutaneous fat.

Arteries↗
PubMed1984

Management of deformities of the forearm in multiple hereditary osteochondromas.

A patient with multiple hereditary osteochondromas may have any of several severe deformities of the forearm, the most common of which are ulnar deviation of the wrist associated with relative shortening of the ulna, bowing of either or both of the bones of the forearm, shortening of the forearm, and late dislocation of the radial head. The natural history of these deformities is progression, with variable weakness, functional impairment, and cosmetic deformity of the extremity. We describe the results, after a follow-up of at least two years, in eighteen patients who underwent major surgical procedures: excision of the osteochondromas (ten patients), ulnar lengthening with excision of the osteochondromas (three patients), and ulnar lengthening with radial hemiepiphyseal stapling (seven forearms of five patients). Early excision of the osteochondromas alone did not slow the progression of the deformity. Ulnar lengthening did, on occasion, correct the ulnar drift at the wrist, but the relative shortening of the ulna recurred. Distal radial hemiepiphyseal stapling should accompany ulnar lengthening if radiocarpal angulation or subluxation of the lunate occurs with ulnar shortening. Deformities of the forearm should be treated early and aggressively to prevent disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Immediate haemodynamic and metabolic effects of intravenous labetalol in the exercising forearm.

Dynamic forearm exercise was performed in healthy subjects before and after intravenous labetalol, 1 mg/kg body weight. Labetalol produced a sustained fall in arterial blood pressure. Forearm blood flow decreased by 17.2% partly due to the reduced driving pressure and partly due to an increased vascular resistance. Forearm oxygen uptake decreased by 14.6%, suggesting an increased mechanical efficiency. Lactate release from the exercising forearm decreased by 17.6%. Forearm uptake of glucose and free fatty acids remained unchanged.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1995

[Asynergia in cerebellar ataxia--the significance of impairment of elbow fixation in forearm pronation-supination test].

Patients with cerebellar ataxia often show swing of the upper arms or the elbows in forearm pronation-supination test (FPS test). Eleven healthy volunteers and sixteen patients with cerebellar ataxia were examined. We observed FPS test of the subject with their shoulder and elbow joints being flexed at a right angle respectively in sitting position, and recorded them by VTR. We noticed following four points in FPS movement: 1) velocity and regularity, 2) amplitude, 3) finger posture, 4) state of elbow fixation. We recorded surface EMG of the upper arm-fixing muscles (deltoid, pectoralis major, infraspinatus) and the forearm-moving muscles (biceps brachii, pronator teres). In controls, FPS movements were regular and speedy. The upper arm was so well fixed that the elbow did not swing. Continuous discharges were recorded from upper arm-fixing muscles when the upper arm was lifting. Reciprocal grouping discharges were recorded during FPS movements from upper arm-fixing muscles so that they were suppressing the swing of the elbow. In ataxic patients, FPS movements were dysrhythmic and slow. The elbow swung during FPS test. We observed internal rotation and abduction of the shoulder when forearm pronated, and outer rotation and adduction of the shoulder when forearm supinated. Reciprocal grouping discharges that were reverse of normal ones were recorded from upper arm-fixing muscles so that they were aggravating the swing of the elbow. Synergia is an ability to accomplish the various muscle contractions coordinately when making up a certain action. Asynergia is one of the characteristic features of disturbance of the association of muscle contractions of the upper arm and the forearm. FPS test is easy and useful to detect asynergia of the upper extremity in cerebellar ataxia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Capillary rarefaction in the forearm skin in essential hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a reduction in human forearm skin capillary density in essential hypertension. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We compared the number of capillary loops in the forearm skin of 12 patients with established, uncomplicated essential hypertension (mean blood pressure 180/109 mmHg) with that in carefully matched control subjects, using intravital capillaroscopy and fluorescein angiography. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in forearm skin capillary density in the hypertensive patients compared with the normotensive subjects. This represents a reduction by approximately 20% in capillary density. Capillary density was inversely correlated with blood pressure in the hypertensive patients alone (r = -0.4, P < 0.05) and in the whole group. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates a reduction in capillary density in the forearm of patients with essential hypertension. If this rarefaction in the forearm is also present in other vascular beds, it could result in an approximately 20% increase in peripheral resistance, which might play an important additional role in determining blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Retrograde-flow neurocutaneous island flaps in the forearm: anatomic basis and clinical results.

The neurocutaneous island flap is an axial flap whose arterial vascularization is provided by the vascular plexus around and inside the cutaneous nerve. In previous studies we successfully harvested neurocutaneous island flaps in the hand and in the forearm. Here we report on reverse-flow neurocutaneous island flaps for reconstructions in the distal third of the forearm. The vascularization of the cutaneous nerve of the forearm was studied in 15 fresh human upper limbs injected with polyester resin. The vascularization of the cutaneous nerve was found to be very closely connected with the vascularization of the skin. A vascular arcade followed the cutaneous nerve of the forearm. These paraneural vessels linked the neurocutaneous perforators and together with the cutaneous nerve overlay a major vascular axis. A close relationship between the cutaneous nerve and the neurocutaneous perforators was clearly identified. The cutaneous nerve crossed in every instance the point at which the neurocutaneous perforators reached the skin. Anastomosis between the paraneural vessels and the intraneural circulation was consistently found. On the basis of these anatomic findings, reverse-flow neurocutaneous island flaps were raised on the forearm of three patients and are reported on.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Compensatory hyperinsulinemia and the forearm vasodilator response during an oral glucose-tolerance test in obese hypertensives.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether obese hypertensive patients manifest a diminished regional vasodilator response to an oral glucose challenge. METHODS: Nineteen obese hypertensives (body mass index 34.1 +/- 1.3 kg/m2, blood pressure 144 +/- 3/96 +/- 2 mmHg) and 13 lean controls (23.6 +/- 0.3 kg/m2, 127 +/- 4/83 +/- 3 mmHg) were studied. After 1 week on a standard diet, forearm blood flow (plethysmography), systemic hemodynamics (impedance cardiography), glucose and insulin levels were measured at baseline and again at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min during an oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS: Forearm blood flow increased after the oral glucose ingestion in obese hypertensives and lean controls. The rise in forearm blood flow was greater in obese hypertensives than in lean controls during the 2-h OGTT. Insulin levels also increased more in obese patients after the glucose load. During the second hour of the OGTT the ratio of changes in forearm blood flow and insulin level, an index of vascular insulin resistance, was similar in both groups. In contrast to the regional hemodynamic findings, total systemic vascular resistance decreased in lean controls but did not change in obese hypertensives during the second hour of the OGTT. CONCLUSION: The forearm vasodilator response to oral glucose in overweight, non-diabetic hypertensives is not impaired. If dynamic increases in flow are indeed important to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, then these observations raise the possibility that the greater increase of regional blood flow during an OGTT in obese hypertensives represents a component of the compensatory response for their defect in glucose metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Biomechanics of the elbow and forearm.

The elbow joint functions as a link between the shoulder and wrist providing an exceptional amount of stability and motion. The elbow joint should not be considered a simple hinge joint; rather there are important out-of-plane motions that affect implant design and surgical reconstruction of the elbow. Forearm rotation, which occurs as the radius wraps around the ulna, guided by the soft tissues at the wrist and elbow joints, also contributes to upper extremity mobility. Force transmission in the forearm is a complex interaction of the radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane. Forces at the wrist affect the transmission of force through the forearm to the elbow joint. During some activities, forces at the elbow joint can reach several times body weight. These motion, stability, and force interactions allow for the forearm's function. It should be recognized that an event at the elbow joint affects the forearm and the wrist, and conversely injury or disease at the wrist joint can affect the elbow.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1995

Forearm vasoconstriction to endothelin-1 is mediated by ETA and ETB receptors in vivo in humans.

The role of endothelin (ET)-B (ETB) receptors in mediating vasoconstriction in humans is unclear. As yet, in vitro data have been contradictory, and there have been no in vivo studies in resistance vessels. We investigated the function of ETB receptors in vivo in human forearm resistance vessels using ET-1 as a nonselective agonist at ETA and ETB receptors and ET-3 and sarafotoxin S6c as ETB receptor agonists. Brachial artery infusion of ET-1 and ET-3 caused slow-onset, dose-dependent forearm vasoconstriction. Although ET-3 caused significantly less forearm vasoconstriction than ET-1 at low doses, vasoconstriction to the two isopeptides was similar at the highest dose (60 pmol/min). ET-3 caused initial transient forearm vasodilatation at this dose, whereas ET-1 showed only a nonsignificant trend toward causing early vasodilatation. Intra-arterial sarafotoxin S6c caused a progressive reduction in forearm blood flow, although less than that to ET-1. Therefore, ETB receptor agonists contract human resistance vessels in vivo. The effects of ET-3 and sarafotoxin S6c, compared with ET-1, suggest that both ETA and ETB receptors mediate vasoconstriction. Antagonists at both ETA and ETB receptors, or inhibitors of the generation of ET-1, may be necessary to completely prevent vasoconstriction to endogenously generated ET-1.

Adult↗