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PubMed2004

Identification of virgin olive oil from different cultivars by analysis of DNA microsatellites.

DNA analysis enables genome fingerprinting with consequent identification of different individuals. In the agro-food industry, this can have interesting applications for the identification of species and cultivars of both raw materials and processed food. In this investigation, the efficiency of DNA microsatellite analysis in identifying virgin olive oils from different cultivars was evaluated. Ten virgin oils were obtained in the laboratory from olives of 10 different cultivars and the DNA extracted from the cell residues, recovered by oil centrifugation, was used as a template with seven different primer pairs of microsatellite sequences. The electrophoretic patterns showed an adequate level of amplification and were identical to those obtained from leaves and drupes of the same cultivar. By analyzing all the patterns obtained, the smallest number of microsatellites able to distinguish the examined oils was established and an identification key for the different oils was developed.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2004

Phloroglucinol from phlorin hydrolysis for testing quality of commercial orange juices and beverages.

The European Association of Juices and Nectars Producers (AIJN) is evaluating the opportunity to introduce the content of phlorin (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside), a peel marker for oranges, as a parameter for testing the quality of orange juices. Because of the lack of a commercial standard of phlorin and its laborious isolation procedures, in this contribution is developed a simple and reliable method for measuring the phlorin level as the corresponding aglycon phloroglucinol, obtained after a total enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample. The method was applied to the quantification of phloroglucinol in several industrial and commercial blond and pigmented orange juices and beverages based on 12% orange juice. Under the same extraction procedure, the phloroglucinol content in the pigmented juices was higher than in the blond ones. No significant difference was obtained between not from concentrate juices and reconstituted from concentrate juices. The marker amount increases in the highly processed orange fruits and in the byproducts of citrus processing due to the contact of the juice with the albedo, which is the major source of phlorin. In orange-based beverages the phloroglucinol content revealed a large heterogeneity and a poor quality of the raw juices used.

Beverages↗
PubMed1982

Nasal cancer in the Northamptonshire boot and shoe industry: is it declining?

This paper reports a survey of nasal cancer in Northamptonshire during the period 1950-79. An increased risk of various histological types of nasal tumour has been observed within the footwear manufacturing industry, which seems to be limited to the minority of men and women exposed to the dust of leather soles and heels. In Northamptonshire this exposure has usually occurred in the preparation, press and finishing rooms of factories making boots and shoes by the welted process. This type of leather is tanned by treatment with vegetable extracts, not chrome salts. Although the population of workers involved has diminished over the period of the study there has been no evidence of a decline in incidence of these tumours within it.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry: a versatile technique for real world samples.

The versatility of FTIR spectrometry was explored by considering a variety of samples drawn from industrial applications, materials science and biomedical research. These samples included polymeric insulators, bauxite ore, clay, human hair and human skin. A range of sampling techniques suitable for these samples is discussed, in particular FTIR microscopy, FTIR emission spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance and photoacoustic FTIR spectrometry. The power of modern data processing techniques, particularly multivariate analysis, to extract useful information from spectral data is also illustrated.

Hair↗
PubMed1989

Genetic engineering of bacteria from managed and natural habitats.

The genetic modification of bacteria from natural and managed habitats will impact on the management of agricultural and environmental settings. Potential applications include crop production and protection, degradation or sequestration of environmental pollutants, extraction of metals from ores, industrial fermentations, and productions of enzymes, diagnostics, and chemicals. Applications of this technology will ultimately include the release of beneficial agents in the environment. If safely deployed, genetically modified bacteria should be able to provide significant benefits in the management of environmental systems and in the development of new environmental control processes.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Removal of nitroaromatics from synthetic wastewater using two-step zero-valent iron reduction and peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative polymerization.

Degradation of nitroaromatics, which are significant environmental pollutants, is difficult to achieve. Zero-valent iron reduction of nitroaromatics coupled with peroxidase-catalyzed capture of the resulting anilines as a two-step strategy for removing nitroaromatics from wastewater and process water is investigated here. The concentration range of nitroaromatics studied was that which would be present in industrial wastewater streams. Studies were done in continuous-flow columns. The enzymatic treatment following zero-valent iron reduction was carried out in a plug-flow reactor using a crude preparation of the enzyme soybean peroxidase extracted from soybean hulls. The complete reaction time for the two steps was 5 to 5.5 hours. Operating parameters including pH, peroxide/substrate ratio, enzyme concentration, and alum concentration were optimized. Optimum conditions obtained were approximately neutral pH with a hydrogen peroxide/substrate molar ratio of 1.5 for all of the nitroaromatics tested. Alum concentrations between 50 and 100 mg/L were useful in removing the apparent color from the treated water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic↗
PubMed1976

Effect of processing soybeans on their use by calves.

Full-fat soybeans processed by grinding, roasting, or heating by microwave were used to supply the protein in rations fed Holstein calves. Nitrogen digestibilities of the rations were not significantly different. Nitrogen retention for the roasted soybean ration was higher than that of raw or microwave-heated soybean rations. Nitrogen solubility of the roasted soybeans was lower than that of the other soybeans. Protein hydrolysis, as measured by a new in vitro technique, was higher for the roasted soybeans than for the raw or microwave-heated beans. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, ether extract, or nitrogen free extract among the three rations. Digestibility of crude fiber was lower for the roasted ration than for the other rations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of brine treatment on pesticide residues during recycling of pickling brine.

The effects of 2 pickle brine recycling treatments on residues of selected insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are presented. Residues were determined in raw and brined cucumbers, in untreated brine, and in brine following pasteurization or chemical (NaOH) treatment. The samples were extracted with acetone, partitioned into methylene chloride, cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography, and quantitatted by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen/phosphorus, electron capture, and flame photometric detectors.

Food-Processing Industry↗
PubMed2002

Large-scale extraction of proteins.

The production of foreign proteins using selected host with the necessary posttranslational modifications is one of the key successes in modern biotechnology. This methodology allows the industrial production of proteins that otherwise are produced in small quantities. However, the separation and purification of these proteins from the fermentation media constitutes a major bottleneck for the widespread commercialization of recombinant proteins. The major production costs (50-90%) for typical biological product resides in the purification strategy. There is a need for efficient, effective, and economic large-scale bioseparation techniques, to achieve high purity and high recovery, while maintaining the biological activity of the molecule. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) allow process integration as simultaneously separation and concentration of the target protein is achieved, with posterior removal and recycle of the polymer. The ease of scale-up combined with the high partition coefficients obtained allow its potential application in large-scale downstream processing of proteins produced by fermentation. The equipment and the methodology for aqueous two-phase extraction of proteins on a large scale using mixer-settlerand column contractors are described. The operation of the columns, either stagewise or differential, are summarized. A brief description of the methods used to account for mass transfer coefficients, hydrodynamics parameters of hold-up, drop size, and velocity, back mixing in the phases, and flooding performance, required for column design, is also provided.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Application of semi-industrial monolithic columns for downstream processing of clotting factor IX.

It has been shown in a previous study that monolithic columns can be used for downstream processing of different concentrates of clotting factor IX [K. Branović et al., J. Chromatogr. A 903 (2000) 21]. This paper demonstrates that such supports are useful tools also at an early stage of the purification process of factor IX from human plasma. Starting with the eluate after solid-phase extraction with DEAE-Sephadex, the use of monolithic columns has allowed much better purification than that achieved with conventional anion-exchange supports. The period of time required for separation is also much reduced. In up-scaling experiments, separations are carried out with 8, 80 and 500 ml columns. A volume of 1830 ml of DEAE-Sephadex eluate, containing a total of 27.6 g of protein and 48500 IU of factor IX is applied to the 500 ml monolithic column. This corresponds to a separation on a pilot scale. The results of this separation after up-scaling are comparable to those obtained with the 8 ml column on a laboratory scale.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Enzymes in bast fibrous plant processing.

The program COST Action 847 Textile Quality and Biotechnology (2000-2005) has given an excellent chance to review the possibilities of the research, aiming at development of the industrial application of enzymes for bast fibrous plant degumming and primary processing. The recent advancements in enzymatic processing of bast fibrous plants (flax, hemp, jute, ramie and alike plants) and related textiles are given. The performance of enzymes in degumming, modification of bast fibres, roving, yarn, related fabrics as well as enzymatic bonding of lignocellulosic composites is provided.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2004

Fate of wood extractives in wastewater treatment plants at kraft pulp mills and mechanical pulp mills.

Extensive environmental effects of the forest industry led to implementation of activated sludge treatment of effluents in the 1980s. Although the existence of chlorinated compounds in the effluents has decreased, a discussion about the possible environmental effects of elemental-chlorine-free (ECF) and total-chlorine-free (TCF) bleached pulp mill effluents has arisen, and chronic effects on aquatic organisms have still been found. Recently, studies have mainly focussed on wood extractives and their role in the effects of effluents. Resin acids and unsaturated fatty acids are found to be toxic, and plant sterols are reported to have adverse endocrine effects on water organisms already at low concentrations. In this study, Finnish wastewater treatment plants of an ECF kraft pulp mill, a paper mill, and an integrated TCF kraft pulp and paper mill were sampled in order to ascertain how wastewater treatment plants, and especially activated sludge treatments, remove wood extractives. Concentrations of extractives in discharged wastewaters varied between 0.4 and 11 g/t kraft or mechanical pulp, and the concentrations decreased over 95% during the treatment processes. Of the wood extractives, 1.1-64% were adsorbed to biosludge and 35-99% were degraded or transformed to other forms during the activated sludge treatment. A major part of these compounds were discharged in particles (74-99%). The removal of extractives was efficient even in the effluent treatment plant, which was highly loaded during the sampling period.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2002

Calcium hypochlorite removal of mercury and petroleum hydrocarbons from co-contaminated soils.

Former oil and gas processing sites are often contaminated with both mercury and petroleum hydrocarbons. Traditional methods for treating these co-contaminated soils include thermal treatments and placement in landfills (Stepan et al. 1993). This study examines a chemical oxidation treatment, calcium hypochlorite, and its effectiveness in reducing both the petroleum and mercury content of several industrial soils. A sequential extraction method was used to determine the forms of mercury removed through the hypochlorite treatment. The forms included five organic forms of mercury, mercury associated with the mineral phase, ion exchangeable mercury, water phase mercury, and mercury associated with the petroleum hydrocarbons. The hypochlorite treatment did lower the mercury content of all five soils, but failed to remove the petroleum hydrocarbons from the soils. Prior to the hypochlorite treatment the dominant form of mercury was that associated with soil organic matter while after treatment most of the mercury remaining in the soil was associated with either the petroleum hydrocarbons or the mineral phase.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris B-1459].

The production of xantano from Xanthomonas campestris B-1459 was analyzed. The experiments were performed in shaked flasks at 250 rpm and 2.5 cm eccentricity. Using a base modified medium it was possible to achieve xantano concentration of 35 g/l in 72 h of process. The modified medium contained glucose as carbon source, and yeast extract, meat peptone, malt extract and amaranth meal as growth factors and nitrogen sources, in a KH2PO4/K2HPO4 buffer.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1989

Addition of cloned beta-glucosidase enhances the degradation of crystalline cellulose by the Clostridium thermocellum cellulose complex.

A thermostable beta-glucosidase from Clostridium thermocellum which is expressed in Escherichia coli was used to determine the substrate specificity of the enzyme. A restriction map of the beta-glucosidase gene cloned in plasmid pALD7 was determined. Addition of the E. coli cell extract (containing the beta-glucosidase) to the cellulase complex from C. thermocellum increased the conversion of crystalline cellulose (Avicel) to glucose. The increase was specifically due to hydrolysis of the accumulated cellobiose. A cellulose degradation process using beta-glucosidase to assist the potent cellulase complex of C. thermocellum, as shown here can open the way for industrial saccharification of cellulose to glucose.

Cellulase↗
PubMed2002

Study of the bacterial load in a gelatine production process focussed on Bacillus and related endosporeforming genera.

Gelatine is an animal protein with many industrial applications. Previous studies pointed out that endosporeforming bacteria, belonging to the genus Bacillus or related genera, might contaminate and survive the production process of gelatine, leading to products of low quality and safety. The aim of this study is to determine the bacterial diversity of contaminants isolated from a gelatine production chain with emphasis on aerobic endosporeforming bacteria. Contaminants were isolated from samples taken at five crucial points along two different production lines of a gelatine production process and from water supplies used for extraction and cooling. Gaschromatographic methyl ester analysis of fatty acids was performed to differentiate isolates at the genus level. Apart from members of the genus Bacillus or related endosporeforming genera, also members of Salmonella, Kluyvera, Staphylococcus, Burkholderia, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Streptococcus and Brevundimonas could be detected. Isolates identified as belonging to Bacillus and related endosporeforming genera were further characterised by gelatinase tests, rep-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. All these isolates showed the ability to liquefy gelatine. Endosporeforming isolates were assigned to Bacillus licheniformis, B. fumarioli, members of the B. cereus group, B. badius, B. coagulans, B. subtilis, Brevibacillus agri, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and a yet undescribed Paenibacillus species.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2002

Vermicomposting of a lignocellulosic waste from olive oil industry: a pilot scale study.

The vermicomposting with Eisenia andrei of dry olive cake, a lignocellulosic waste produced during the extraction of olive oil, either alone or mixed with municipal biosolids, was studied in a nine-month pilot scale experiment. Number and biomass of earthworms and enzyme activities were periodically monitored and relevant properties of the final products were determined. In the assayed substrates, the total biomass of earthworms increased at the end of the experimental period between 9 and 12-fold respectively in comparison with the earthworm biomass initially inoculated. The increase in hydrolytic enzymes and overall microbial activity during the vermicomposting process indicated the biodegradation of the olive cake and resulted in the disappearance of the initial phytotoxicity of the substrate. However, the recalcitrant lignocellulosic nature of the dry olive cake prevented suitable humification during the vermicomposting process. For this reason, in addition to organic amendments, other management procedures should be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol.

Ethanol has been utilized as a fuel source in the United States since the turn of the century. However, it has repeatedly faced significant commercial viability obstacles relative to petroleum. Renewed interest exists in ethanol as a fuel source today owing to its positive impact on rural America, the environment and United States energy security. Today, most fuel ethanol is produced by either the dry grind or the wet mill process. Current technologies allow for 2.5 gallons (wet mill process) to 2.8 gallons (dry grind process) of ethanol (1 gallon = 3.785 l) per bushel of corn. Valuable co-products, distillers dried grains with solubles (dry grind) and corn gluten meal and feed (wet mill), are also generated in the production of ethanol. While current supplies are generated from both processes, the majority of the growth in the industry is from dry grind plant construction in rural communities across the corn belt. While fuel ethanol production is an energy-efficient process today, additional research is occurring to improve its long-term economic viability. Three of the most significant areas of research are in the production of hybrids with a higher starch content or a higher extractable starch content, in the conversion of the corn kernel fiber fraction to ethanol, and in the identification and development of new and higher-value co-products.

Biotechnology↗