Environmental factors bearing on medical education in the developing countries. B. Economic factors and medical education in the developing countries.
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Economics↗
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International migration and national development.
"In this review, we examine theories, data, and research on the macroeconomic relationship between international migration and national development in all world regions. Earlier reviews have generally been pessimistic about the prospects for economic development as a result of international migration. Until recently, however, theories and data have not recognized the complex, multifaceted, and often indirect ways that international migration can influence the economic status of households, communities, and nations, and they have generally failed to appreciate how these relationships can change over time. When these complexities are incorporated into theoretical models, research designs, and data collection, a more nuanced and far more positive picture emerges. Given a supportive mix of macroeconomic policies and infrastructure, international migration may function as a dynamic force promoting economic growth and national development, so long as it does not bring about the selective emigration of scarce human capital needed for development at home."
Demography↗
Concurrency: a system design approach to environmental management and sustainability.
The lessons of history indicate that mismanagement of natural resources and the environment often leads to potentially adverse consequences. The increasing interest in economic development, particularly in the developing countries of the world coupled with increasing population pressures and the globalization of economic activity is placing noticeable stresses on the ultimate sustainability of both human and environmental systems. Sustainable development is not a new concept. It has been an area of concern for different elements of society for some time. Yet efforts to understand the implications of sustainable development have not, until recently, been formalized. We have focused singularly on economic development and environmental quality as if they were mutually exclusive. This paper focuses on the concept of concurrency as both a conceptual framework and practicable method of understanding and implementing the ecology and economy of sustainability.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
Endogenous fertility, mortality and growth.
This paper presents a model that illustrates the joint determination of population and development. "Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation.... In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development."
Demography↗
[Cultural dynamics in sexual and reproductive health. Reflections on prevention programs in Latino communities in the United States].
This presentation focuses on the thesis that successful attainment of sexual and reproductive health promotion goals in U.S. Latino communities depends on: 1) the effect of the transcultural and transnational experience in explanatory models of sexuality and human reproduction, 2) the reassessment and redefinition of women's power, 3) the inclusion of men in sexual health education programs, 4) the integration of sexual health education in community systems, and 5) the development of education interventions with economic development components.
Attitude to Health↗
A critical review of theory and practice: the case of Turkey.
"This article makes use of empirical research and studies to investigate migration and development in Turkey. The size and nature of the international labor migration from Turkey is presented. The effects of international labor migration on the national, local and regional levels are then discussed in relation to economic development, the congruence between contributions of migration and needs for development and whether the economic system is willing and able to use the potential advantages of migration."
Asia↗
Development, dependence, and gender inequality in the Third World.
While there has been much recent empirical investigation of the relationship between economic development, dependence, and income inequality, the issue of gender inequality has received less systematic attention. This exploratory study is a cross-sectional investigation of the effects of industrialization and investment, debt, and export dependency on levels of female education, and on rates of female economic participation, both absolutely and relative to male rates in 60 less developed countries. Although some of the macroeconomic indicators emerge as significant predictors of gender inequality in several of the regression equations, the most important explanatory variable is cultural region. These findings fail to lend strong empirical support to either the modernization or the dependency/world system theoretical perspective. The concluding discussion speculates on the interpretation of the research findings, offers some observations on the conceptual distinctions between class and gender stratification, and suggestions some directions for future research.
Agriculture↗
The distinguishing features of urbanization in socialist countries.
Urbanization in developing socialist countries (DSC) is described and compared with urban growth in market-economy countries. The author finds that "the common characteristics of DSC urbanization are mainly composed of two...factors: firstly, they all use a similar set of economic development models. This set of models is different from the development models of capitalist countries. Secondly, compared with population movement in a so-called 'state of anarchy' in an urban economy, socialist countries stress that population movement, just like the deployment of other productive force elements, must submit to central economic planning, and population movement should occur in a 'planned' way."
Demography↗
International and return migration: the experience of Yemen.
"This study deals with the impact of...return migrants (or returnees) on the social and economic development of the Republic of Yemen in both the short and long terms, and assesses the possibility of their integration into the society and economy of the new Republic. The first section offers a brief history of Yemeni migration and description of the demographic and economic characteristics of the returnees compared with those of the non-migrant population. It also discusses the volume of remittances.... The second section...discusses the problems encountered in integrating [returnees] into the socio-economic fabric of the new State, the absorptive capacity of the various economic sectors, and the prospects for their employment in the short and medium run."
Acculturation↗
Public pensions. The role of public choice and expectations.
"In this paper the public-choice approach to explaining the evolution of public pension schemes [in developed countries] is surveyed. Emphasis is laid on the relation between expectations on future political decisions and future demographic and economic developments, on the one hand, and current political and economic decisions, on the other hand."
Behavior↗
Refining the issues for realistic population-development policies in Africa.
"Varied population issues have sprung up as the population-development question has received more attention with time.... This paper takes up [critical population] issues and refines them in the perspective of African realities for long-term development. It is argued that the assumptions on which the Coale-Hoover model is based are untenable in the African circumstances.... The issues [considered in this paper] and having a common denominator, namely, reduction of current high fertility, are as follows: (a) old age structure and prospects for economic development; (b) the danger for Africa of rapid decline in fertility; (c) maternal and child health advantages; and, (d) environmental protection."
Africa↗
Outcomes of cataract surgery: implications for the developing world.
Cataract surgery has virtually eliminated cataract blindness in the developed world. However, in the economically developing areas of the world it is a staggering and escalating problem where it is the leading cause of blindness affecting 16-20 million people. Outcomes research has clearly shown that modern cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective means of restoring visual function and improving vision-related quality of life. Several recent developments provide hope in the global fight against cataract blindness: decrease in the cost of modern surgery; available models of infrastructure development; and a global plan for the elimination of avoidable blindness.
Blindness↗
A successful academic-community partnership to improve the public's health.
As academic health center seek to address the changes in the health care system and in medical education, several approaches have been tried, some successfully, others not. The authors describe a successful approach that involves a close partnership between the health professions schools at two academic institutions, and agencies from the surrounding community. Specifically, the Center for Healthy Communities, begun in 1991 and formally institutionalized in 1994 in Dayton, Ohio, is a partnership among the schools of medicine, nursing, and professional psychology at Wright State University (WSU); the department of social work at WSU; the Allied Health Division of Sinclair Community College; more than 200 individuals (from grassroots neighborhood people to civic leaders); and 50 health and human services organizations in the Dayton area. The Center is recognized as a force for change in health professions education and health care delivery both in the community and in the academic settings. The authors explain how the Center was formed, list its goals (such as establishing strong partnerships among community educators and providers and educating students in the delivery of primary health care in the community), explain three principles that have been followed and that were crucial to the success of the Center (for example, individuals in the community must become empowered to capitalize on their strengths), and discuss the major difficulties that the community and the academic institutions encountered and strategies for meeting them (such as the importance of building trust and the importance of learning the needs identified by the community partners, not just those identified by the academic partners). The authors maintain that a successful community-academic partnership must be built on the foundation of community health development, a concept analogous to economic development, and that such a partnership can be a powerful tool for making a difference in the community's health.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Can there be a meaningful participation of Croat expatriates in Croatian science?
The author discusses the possible role for Croat expatriate scientific community in Croatian science. He argues that proper leadership could engage Croatian expatriate scientific community in supporting the foundation of a multidisciplinary science institute in Split, Croatia. The institute could play a key role in regional economic development focused on health, energy, and environment. Establishment and maintenance of a program of such magnitude requires a diminished and more flexible role of the government and introduction of the private sector in a government-private partnership. Development of necessary attitudes and economic base will take time.
Croatia↗
[Rehabilitation of the handicapped caught between content programming and economic justification].
Notwithstanding the wide socio-cultural scope of theoretical social policy, those, at any rate, who are involved in practical social policy making time and again face the task of providing an economic justification for their respective programmes; the field of rehabilitation of the disabled is no exception to this rule. An economic justification of rehabilitation service provision would however imply their flexibility within economic development: content programming continuity and economic justification will clash as the economic situation changes. Maintaining, or honouring, present rehabilitation service programming will jeopardize economic justification, whereas orientation of rehabilitation practice toward economic justifiability would imply the need to abandon redemption of present content programming. This entails a normative dilemma between rehabilitation content programming, or goal-setting, on the one hand, and its economic-functional, theoretical justification as reflecting given economic circumstances on the other. This normative dilemma gives rise to critically re-consider current practice in, and the rank accorded to, economic justification in rehabilitation service provision.
Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
Forecasting environmental equity: air quality responses to road user charging in Leeds, UK.
Sustainable development requires that the goals of economic development, environmental protection and social justice are considered collectively when formulating development strategies. In the context of planning sustainable transport systems, trade-offs between the economy and the environment, and between the economy and social justice have received considerable attention. In contrast, much less attention has been paid to environmental equity, the trade-off between environmental and social justice goals, a significant omission given the growing attention to environmental justice by policy makers in the EU and elsewhere. In many countries, considerable effort has been made to develop clean transport systems by using, for example, technical, economic and planning instruments. However, little effort has been made to understand the distributive and environmental justice implications of these measures. This paper investigates the relationship between urban air quality (as NO2) and social deprivation for the city of Leeds, UK. Through application of a series of linked dynamic models of traffic simulation and assignment, vehicle emission, and pollutant dispersion, the environmental equity implications of a series of urban transport strategies, including road user cordon and distance-based charging, road network development, and emission control are assessed. Results indicate a significant degree of environmental inequity exists in Leeds. Analysis of the transport strategies indicates that this inequity will be reduced through natural fleet renewal, and, perhaps contrary to expectations, road user charging is also capable of promoting environmental equity. The environmental equity response is, however, sensitive to road pricing scheme design.
Air Pollution↗
Population migration in the United States: a survey of research.
"Migration behavior can strongly influence a region's economic development. Understanding the motivations for migration is important to state and local policymakers because in-migrants can fuel job growth and stimulate construction activity, but they can also overburden roads, schools, and other infrastructure. This article provides insights into the determinants of migration through an overview of theories on the subject and a survey of relevant literature. The author also reports the findings of his own empirical work concerning the influence of certain economic variables." The geographical focus is on the United States.
Americas↗
[Situation of tuberculosis in the world and the role expected of Japan in the global fight against tuberculosis].
The whole world is divided into 3 groups by the magnitude of tuberculosis problem: namely, developed countries in which tuberculosis is already a minor health problem and continues to decline; NIES and some oil-producing countries in which tuberculosis started to decline significantly; and most developing countries in which tuberculosis is still highly prevalent and no or only a slow decline. Number of new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the whole world in a year is estimated at about 4.5 million, and adding smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, total number of new tuberculosis patients amounts to 9 to 10 million, and nearly 3 million persons die every year from tuberculosis, and 97% of these cases occur in developing countries. Failure of tuberculosis control in most developing countries could be explained by slow economic development of financial crisis, which caused poor allocation of budget for health including tuberculosis programme and slow development of primary health care. Activities of tuberculosis supervisory teams are weak. Tuberculosis programmes succeeded in developed countries could not be implemented easily in developing countries. New obstacles to the rapid decline of tuberculosis are the epidemic of AIDS, movement of population and lowering concern on tuberculosis problems, and tuberculosis will remain as one of serious global health problems at least for coming several decades. Maintenance of research and training facilities for tuberculosis is needed, however, they have been disappearing in developed countries. Facilities in developing countries might have difficulties to maintain unless financial and technical support is given from developed countries. Japan is the second biggest economic power in the world, and it is our duty to increase ODA for developing countries. In the field of health, Dr. Nakajima started to work as the director-general of WHO since 1988. We have to intensify our technical cooperation in health. As we succeeded to control tuberculosis in the past 40 years and still maintain research and training facilities for tuberculosis, they should be used for the sake of developing countries. Multi-and bi-lateral cooperation in tuberculosis control should also be intensified. The author would like to urge members of the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis to talk about the importance of tuberculosis problem and role expected to Japan in the global fight against tuberculosis to people outside the society so as to have appropriate understanding on global tuberculosis problems.
Developing Countries↗